定语从句讲解和高考真题及答案

PAGE6PAGE6定语从句(一）（一）定义及相关术语1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1．who指人，在定语从句中作主语。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.2．whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3．Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.4．that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.5．Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.注意：１．含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(正)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(误)２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(正)Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(误)３．“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.（四）关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.2.where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.3.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.且通常可以省略。如：Theway(that/inwhich)heansweredthequestionswassurprising.Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（所担当的成分）。试比较：A.Iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic.。Iknowaplacewhich/thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.B.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether.Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.C.Thisisthereasonwhyhewasdismissed.Thisisthereasonthat/whichheexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.高考真题1．(2015·江苏高考)Thenumberofsmokers,________isreported,hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.2．(2015·湖南高考)Itisatrulydelightfulplace,________looksthesameasitmusthavedone100yearsagowithitswindingstreetsandprettycottages.3．(2015·北京高考)OppositeisSt.Paul'sChurch,________youcanhearsomelovelymusic.4．(2015·浙江高考)Creatinganatmospherein________employeesfeelpartofateamisabigchallenge.5．(2015·重庆高考)Hewrotemanychildren'sbooks,nearlyhalfof________werepublishedinthe1990s.6．(2015·陕西高考)Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily,Alexisalwayslongingforthetime________heshouldbeabletobeindependent.7．(2015·四川高考)Thebooksonthedesk,________coversareshiny,areprizesforus.8．(2015·天津高考)Thebossofthecompanyistryingtocreateaneasyatmosphere________hisemployeesenjoytheirwork.9．(2015·安徽高考)Someexpertsthinkreadingisthefundamentalskillupon________schooleducationdepends.10．(2015·福建高考)ChinaTodayattractsaworldwidereadership,________showsthatmoreandmorepeopleallovertheworldwanttolearnaboutChina.高考模拟题1．(2015·重庆南开中学月考)Thedirectormadetwofilmslastyear,oneof________wassetinChongqing.2．(2015·三峡名校联盟联考)Iamdoingajob________Ihavetodothesamethingdayafterday.Oh,it'sjustterrible.3．(2015·扬州中学月考)ThecourseaboutChinesefoodattractsover100studentsperyear，of________uptohalfarefromoverseas.4．(2015·北京昌平统考二)TheVoiceofChinahassetupastage________somepeoplecanrealizetheirdreams.5．(2015·湖南怀化二模)Formoreinformation,pleasesendane－mail，________youcanalsoincludeyouradvicetous.6．(2015·浙江江山实验中学月考)Themajorityofruralmigrantsareengagedinthemostpainstaking，mosttiringanddangerouswork，________collegegraduatesarereluctanttodo.7．(2015·福建清流一中段考)Therewasatime________Soapyhadtobegfromdoortodoortomakehimselfalive.8．(2015·江苏启东中学月考一)Thehouse，________dooroftenstaysopenuntillateatnight,worksasahomefortheguards,someof________arefromthecountryside.9．(2015·湖南长沙一中月考)ThenewsspreadquicklyacrossthecountrythatChang'e－Ihasbecomeaplanetofthemoon，________isreallyabreakthroughforChina'souterspacetechnology.10．(2015·重庆南开中学月考)Lookout！Don'tgettooclosetothehouse________roofisunderrepair.高考真题答案1．as[句意：据报道，吸烟者的数量在一年内下降了17%。as引导的定语从句，在这里作主语，意为“正如……，这一点”，代替整个主句的内容。]2．which[句意：这真是一个令人开心的地方，它看起来和一百年前一模一样，有着蜿蜒的街道和漂亮的小屋。which代替先行词place，在定语从句中用作主语，引导非限制性定语从句。不可用that。]3．where[句意：对面是圣保罗教堂，在那里你可以听到一些优美的音乐。先行词是St.Paul'sChurch，从句主谓宾成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推断出关系词在从句中作的是地点状语，故用where。]4．which[句意：创造一种使员工感到自己是团队一部分的氛围是一大挑战。先行词为anatmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，此处inwhich相当于where。]5．which[句意：他写了很多的儿童书，其中接近一半是在20世纪90年代出版的。根据句子结构以及选项可知是考查非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语。此处关系代词which代指前面的books，作介词of的宾语。]6．when[句意：作为家里最小的孩子，Alex总是盼望着他有独立的时间。定语从句的先行词是time，后面的从句是完整的句子，先行词在从句中充当状语，所以填when。]7．whose[考查定语从句。句意：桌上的书是给我们的奖励，那些书的封面闪闪发光。先行词为thebooks，和名词covers之间是所有关系，故用whose作定语。]8．where[句意：该公司的老板试图创造轻松的氛围，这样他的员工就可以享受工作的乐趣。先行词为aneasyatmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，故要用where。]9．which[句意：一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。dependon/upon依靠，依赖。先行词为物，介词后用which来构成定语从句的引导词。]10．which[句意：《中国日报》吸引了全世界的读者，这表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。先行词是前面的整个主句，在非限制性定语从句中作主语，故用which来引导。不可用that。]高考模拟题答案1．which[句意：这名导演去年拍了两部电影，其中的一部是以重庆为背景拍摄的。先行词为twofilms，作介词of的宾语。]2．where[句意：我日复一日地不得不做同样的工作。啊，真是让人感到非常可怕。先行词为job表示“抽象的地点”，用关系副词where＝andin/duringthejob。]3．whom[句意：关于中国饮食的课程每年吸引100多个学生，其中多达一半的学生来自于海外。这里使用了定语从句，先行词是100students，因为表示是整体和部分的关系，用of＋whom引导，表示范围。]4．whe