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符号学基本概念简介演示文稿当前第1页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点(优选)符号学基本概念简介当前第2页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点thelinguisticsignis“thenatwo-sidedpsychologicalentity”,anditmayberepresentedbythefollowingdiagram.
Figure2.1NatureoftheLinguisticSign(Saussure,1972,2001:67)ConceptSoundPattern当前第3页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点能指与所指signifier&signified:
Saussuremovesfurthertoexplain:“Inourterminologyasignisthecombinationofaconceptandasoundpattern.Butincurrentusagethetermsigngenerallyreferstothesoundpatternalone,e.g.thewordformarbor…theambiguitywouldberemovedifthethreenotionsinquestionweredesignatedbytermswhicharerelatedbutcontrast.Weproposetokeepthetermsigntodesignatethewhole,buttoreplaceconceptandsoundpatternrespectivelybysignificationandsignal.Thelattertermshavetheadvantageofindicatingthedistinctionwhichseparateseachfromtheotherandbothfromthewholeofwhichtheyarepart.”(1972,2001:67)当前第4页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点Significationisthesenseofthesignwhichisthethingorideathesignrefersto,whilesignalistheform,inmostcasesthewrittenwords.Thetwoarerespectivelycalled‘signified’and‘signifier’laterbySaussure’sfollowers,forexampleRolandBarthes(1999).Signifiermayberegardedasthelinguisticformoflanguage,andsignifiedthecontent.Thedistinctionbetweensignifierandsignifiedrevealsthetwodimensionsoflanguage,namelythedimensionofexpressionandthedimensionofcontent.当前第5页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点三项式关系(triadicrelation):
ARepresentamenistheFirstCorrelateofatriadicrelation,theSecondCorrelatebeingtermeditsObject,andthepossibleThirdCorrelatebeingtermeditsInterpretant.InPeirce’sview,triadicrelation,whichisformedbythreecorrelates,namelythesignasthefirstcorrelate,theobjectasthesecondcorrelateandtheinterpretantasthethirdcorrelate,istheessentialcharacteristicofsign.
当前第6页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点Thistriadicrelationcanbeexpressedindiagramasbelow:Interpretant
Sign Object
Figure4.2Triadicrelation(seeEco,1990:67)当前第7页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点
ThediagramistransformedtoillustratetheTheoryofSemanticTriangleco-establishedbyOgden,C.andRichards,I.A.Thebasicprincipleofthistheorycanbeexhibitedbyatriangle:
Concept(Thought)
(Symbolizes)(Refersto)
Symbol(word)Referent(thing)
(Standsfor)Figure4.3Semantictriangle(see王铭玉2001:42;Eco1990:67)当前第8页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点皮尔士三分法
Atrichotomyofsigns:icon,index,andsymbol当前第9页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点
Peircedividessignsbythreetrichotomies(laterhediscoveredtentrichotomiesandsixty-sixclassesofsigns).Firstly,intermsofthecharacteristicsofthesignitself,asignmaybeamerequality,anactualexistence,oragenerallaw;Secondly,intermsofrelation,signsaredividedaccordingastherelationofthesigntoitsobjectconsistsinthesign’shavingsomecharacterinitself,orinsomeexistentialrelationtothatobject,orinitsrelationtoaninterpretant;Thirdly,accordingasitsInterpretantrepresentsitasasignofpossibleorasasignoffactorasignofreason.当前第10页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点Accordingtothesecondtrichotomy,aSignmaybetermedanIcon,anIndex,oraSymbol.1)ICON“AnIconisasignwhichreferstotheobjectthatitdenotesmerelybyvirtueofcharactersofitsown,andwhichitpossesses,justthesame,whetheranysuchObjectactuallyexistsornot”.(CPvol.2:143)Forinstance,map,picture,photosetc.areicons.Iconsassuchhavethesamecharacteristicsastheirobjects.当前第11页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点2)INDEX“AnIndexisasignwhichreferstotheObjectthatitdenotesbyvirtueofbeingreallyaffectedbythatObject.……Itdoes,therefore,involveasortofIcon……”(CPvol.2:143).IfthesignbeanIndex,itcanbeconsideredasafragmenttornawayfromtheobject,therelationbetweenthesignandtheobjectistherelationbetweenthewholeandapart.Anindexremindsusoftheexistenceofitsobject.Forexample,thecontentsofabookmaybeconsideredastheindexofthebookitself.Anotherexampleisfootprint.Footprintonthesandsmayremindofpresenceofamanwhohaswalkedawayfromhere.当前第12页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点3)SYMBOL“ASymbolisasignwhichreferstotheObjectthatitdenotesbyvirtueofalaw,usuallyanassociationofgeneralideas,whichoperatestocausethesymboltobeinterpretedasreferringtothatObject.Itisthusitselfageneraltypeorlaw,thatit,isaLegisign.……andthustheSymbolwillinvolveasortofIndex,…”(CPvol.2:144)Forinstance,pigeonisthesymbolofpeace,scalesarethesymbolofjustice.Symbolsstandfortheirobjectsbysocialandculturalconventions,forexample,theGreatWallsymbolizesChina,dragonalsosymbolizesChinabecausetheyareconventionallyconsideredso.当前第13页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点什么是符号学?
符号学的思想是在20世纪初由瑞士语言学家索绪尔(Saussure)首先提出的,在其《普通语言学教程》一书中写道:“我们可以设想有一门研究社会中符号生命的科学……我将把它叫做符号学。符号学将表明符号是由什么构成,符号受什么规律支配。因为这门科学还不存在,谁也说不出它将会是什么样子,但是它有存在的权利,它的地位预先已经确定了。”(索绪尔,1985:38)当前第14页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点
Whatissemiotics?Todefinethescience,Saussure(1857-1913)coinedtheterm‘semiology’.Whentalkingaboutthenatureoflanguage,hesays:Alanguageisasystemofsignsexpressingideas,andhencecomparabletowriting,thedeaf-and-dumbalphabet,symbolicrites,formsofpoliteness,militarysignals,andsoon.Itissimplythemostimportantofsuchsystems.Itisthereforepossibletoconceiveofasciencewhichstudiestheroleofsignsaspartofsociallife.Itwouldformpartofsocialpsychology,andhenceofgeneralpsychology.Weshallcallitsemiology.Itwouldinvestigatethenatureofsignsandthelawsgoverningthem.Sinceitdoesnotyetexist,onecannotsayforcertainthatitwillexist.Butithasarighttoexist,aplacereadyforitinadvance.Linguisticsisonlyonebranchofthisgeneralscience.(Saussure,1972,2001:15-16)当前第15页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点符号学的发展(TheDevelopmentofSemiotics):“符号学作为一门独立学科勃兴于60年代的法国、美国以及前苏联……目前符号学正以强劲的发展势头向各个学科进行渗透,对符号学的认识与运用整在形成一种科学大趋势。”(王铭玉,2005)ThepersonwhoactuallydevelopedsemioticsintoasciencewasanAmericanphilosopherCharlesPeirce.InCharlesPeirce’sopinion,semioticsisnothingbutanothernameforlogic(Guiraud,1988:4).Heclaims:“Logic,initsgeneralsense,is,asIbelieveIhaveshown,onlyanothernameforsemiotic,thequasi-necessary,orformal,doctrineofsigns”(Peirce,1985)InPeirce’sview,thescienceofsemioticshasthreebranches:puregrammar,logicproper,andpurerhetoric.Peirce’sdefinitionisrathervague,buthiscategorizesofthreebranchesareveryclear.当前第16页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点
AnotherAmericanphilosopherCharlesMorrisdevelopedPeirce’stheoryofsignfurther.Heregardedsemioticsasacomprehensivescienceaboutsymbolization,whichconsistsofaesthetics,cognitivesociology,andpsychology.Thesesubjectscomposethepracticalsectionofsemiotics,whilesemioticsplaysaroleof“organizingscience”forthesesubjects(Guiraud,1988:6).AccordingtoMorris,semioticsiscomposedofthreebranches–grammar,semantics,andpragmatics,onthebasisofwhichhedistinguishesthethreedimensionsofasign–semantic,syntacticandpragmatic.Correspondingtothethreedimensionsarehisthreecategoriesofsignmeanings,thatis,linguisticmeaning,referentialmeaningandpragmaticmeaningrespectively.当前第17页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点符号学与翻译
当前第18页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点符号学在翻译研究中的应用(theapplicationofsemioticsintranslationstudy)Jakobsonwasthefirstpersontoapplylinguisticsandsemioticsinthestudyoftranslation,asGorleé(1994:17)claimsthat“Jakobsonmustbeconsideredastheoriginatorofthesemioticapproachtotranslation”.InhisessayOnLinguisticAspectsofTranslationpublishedin1959,Jakobsondistinguishedthreekindsoftranslation:(1)Intralingualtranslationisaninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofothersignsofthesamelanguage;(2)Interlingualtranslationortranslationproperisaninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsomeotherlanguage;(3)Intersemiotictranslationortransmutationisaninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsignsofnonverbalsignsystems.(Jakobson,1959:233).Nidaisregardedastherepresentativeofthesociosemioticapproachtotranslation.TherearealsoChinesescholarstakingtheapproach,suchasChenHongwei,Keping,etc.当前第19页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点
翻译的符号学性质
Thesemioticnatureoftranslation:
Semiosisisasign-process,thatis,aprocessinwhichsomethingisasigntosomeorganism.Itisaprocessinwhichsignsareinterpretedandinwhichmeaningsandfunctionsofsignsarerealized.Inthissense,translatingisasemiosis,whichinterpretsthesourcetexttoproduceatranslatedtextandthetranslatoristheinterpreter.Translatedtextistheproductofsemiosis.当前第20页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点三种符号关系与相对应的符号意义Threesignrelationsandthecorrespondingmeaningsofthesign当前第21页\共有23页\编于星期一\8点
Morrisclaimedthatsemioticsiscomposedofthreeparts:semantics,grammar,andpragmatics.Accordinglyhecategorizesthreesignrelations,namelysemanticrelation,grammaticalrelationandpragmaticrelation. Semanticrelation:Therelationbetweenthesignanditsobject; Grammaticalrelation:Therelationbetweenthesigns; Pragmaticrelation:Therelationbetweenthesignandthesignuser.Correspondingtothethreecategoriesarethreemeaningsofsign,thatis,
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