语言学导论部分

语言学导论部分第一页，共十七页，编辑于2023年，星期三GuidelineFocuseddiscussiononLinguistics第二页，共十七页，编辑于2023年，星期三Linguistics

(05-12)考点1:核心概念概念提出者，概念本身的内涵，涵盖要素（尤其是具有区分性的要素）考点2:概念的应用具体语言现象注意点：综观七年来的21道试题，语言学综述部分考到8题，考察重要语言学家的2题，考察二级概念的11题；可见首要是对语言学整体框架要了解清楚；第二，要对试卷涉及过的（含选项中出现的）语言学家有所了解；对主要二级概念要认识明确，并可理解具体例子。第三页，共十七页，编辑于2023年，星期三语言学概述部分（见教材ppt）戴炜栋，何兆熊，(2002)，《新编简明英语语言学教程》，上海外语教育出版社。二级概念部分（同上）第四页，共十七页，编辑于2023年，星期三重要语言学家John(Langshaw)Austin(1911–1960)wasaBritishphilosopheroflanguage,borninLancasterandeducatedatShrewsburySchoolandBalliolCollege,OxfordUniversity.Austiniswidelyassociatedwiththeconceptofthespeechact

（言语行为）andtheideathatspeechisitselfaformofaction.Consequently,inhisunderstandinglanguageisnotjustapassivepracticeofdescribingagivenreality,butaparticularpracticetoinventandaffectthoserealities.Hisworkinthe1950sprovidedbothatheoreticaloutlineandtheterminologyforthemodernstudyofspeechactsdevelopedsubsequently,forexample,by(theOxford-educatedAmericanphilosopher)JohnR.Searle,WilliamP.Alston,FrançoisRécanati,KentBach,andRobertM.Harnish.第五页，共十七页，编辑于2023年，星期三John(Rogers)Searle(bornJuly31,1932inDenver,Colorado)isanAmericanphilosopherandpresentlytheSlusserProfessorofPhilosophyattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.SearlebeganhiscollegeeducationattheUniversityofWisconsin,andsubsequentlybecameaRhodesScholaratOxfordUniversitywhereheearnedanundergraduatedegreeandadoctorateinphilosophy.Widelynotedforhiscontributionstothephilosophyoflanguage,philosophyofmindandsocialphilosophy,hebeganteachingatBerkeleyin1959,where,amonghismanydistinctions,hewasthefirsttenuredprofessortojointheFreeSpeechMovement.HereceivedtheJeanNicodPrizein2000,andtheNationalHumanitiesMedalin2004.第六页，共十七页，编辑于2023年，星期三AvramNoamChomsky(bornDecember7,1928)isanAmericanlinguist,philosopher,cognitive（认知的）scientist,politicalactivist,author,andlecturer.HeisanInstituteProfessorandprofessoremeritusoflinguisticsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.Chomskyiswellknownintheacademicandscientificcommunityasoneofthefathersofmodernlinguistics.Sincethe1960s,hehasbecomeknownmorewidelyasapoliticaldissident,ananarchist,andalibertariansocialistintellectual.第七页，共十七页，编辑于2023年，星期三Inthe1950s,Chomskybegandevelopinghistheoryof

generativegrammar（生成语法）,whichhasundergonenumerousrevisionsandhashadaprofoundinfluenceonlinguistics.Hisapproachtothestudyoflanguageemphasizes“aninnate（天生的）setoflinguisticprinciplessharedbyallhumans"knownasuniversalgrammar,"theinitialstateofthelanguagelearner,"anddiscoveringan"accountforlinguisticvariationviathemostgeneralpossiblemechanisms.“HealsoestablishedtheChomskyhierarchy,aclassificationofformallanguagesintermsoftheirgenerativepower.第八页，共十七页，编辑于2023年，星期三In1959,ChomskypublishedawidelyinfluentialreviewofB.F.Skinner’stheoreticalbookVerbalBehavior

（《言语行为》）,whichwasthefirstattemptbyabehavioristtoprovideafunctional,operantanalysisoflanguage.Chomskyusedthisreviewtobroadlyandaggressivelychallengethebehavioristapproachestostudiesofbehaviordominantatthetime,andcontributedtothecognitiverevolutioninpsychology.Hisnaturalisticapproachtothestudyoflanguagehasinfluencedthephilosophyoflanguageandmind.第九页，共十七页，编辑于2023年，星期三M.A.K.Halliday(born1925)isanAustralianlinguistwhodevelopedaninternationallyinfluentialgrammarmodel,thesystemicfunctionalgrammar(whichalsogoesbythenameofsystemicfunctionallinguistics[SFL]系统功能语言学).第十页，共十七页，编辑于2023年，星期三Halliday(1975)identifiessevenfunctionsthatlanguagehasforchildrenintheirearlyyears.Childrenaremotivatedtoacquirelanguagebecauseitservescertainpurposesorfunctionsforthem.Thefirstfourfunctionshelpthechildtosatisfyphysical,emotionalandsocialneeds.Hallidaycallstheminstrumental,regulatory,interactional,andpersonalfunctions.Instrumental:Thisiswhenthechilduseslanguagetoexpresstheirneeds(e.g.'Wantjuice')Regulatory:Thisiswherelanguageisusedtotellotherswhattodo(e.g.'Goaway')Interactional:Herelanguageisusedtomakecontactwithothersandformrelationships(e.g.'Loveyou,mummy')Personal:Thisistheuseoflanguagetoexpressfeelings,opinionsandindividualidentity(e.g.'Megoodgirl')

第十一页，共十七页，编辑于2023年，星期三Thenextthreefunctionsareheuristic（启发式的）,imaginative,andrepresentational,allhelpingthechildtocometotermswithhisorherenvironment.Heuristic:Thisiswhenlanguageisusedtogainknowledgeabouttheenvironment(e.g.'Whatthetractordoing?')Imaginative:Herelanguageisusedtotellstoriesandjokes,andtocreateanimaginaryenvironment.Representational:Theuseoflanguagetoconveyfactsandinformation.第十二页，共十七页，编辑于2023年，星期三LeonardBloomfield(1887–1949)wasanAmericanlinguistwholedthedevelopmentofstructurallinguisticsintheUnitedStatesduringthe1930sandthe1940s.HisinfluentialtextbookLanguage（《语言论》）,publishedin1933,presentedacomprehensivedescriptionofAmericanstructurallinguistics.HemadesignificantcontributionstoIndo-Europeanhistoricallinguistics,thedescriptionofAustronesianlanguages,anddescriptionoflanguagesoftheAlgonquianfamily.第十三页，共十七页，编辑于2023年，星期三Bloomfield'sapproachtolinguisticswascharacterizedbyitsemphasisonthescientificbasisoflinguistics,adherencetobehaviorismespeciallyinhislaterwork,andemphasisonformalproceduresfortheanalysisoflinguisticdata.TheinfluenceofBloomfieldianstructurallinguisticsdeclinedinthelate1950sand1960sasthetheoryofGenerativeGrammardevelopedbyNoamChomskycametopredominate.第十四页，共十七页，编辑于2023年，星期三FerdinanddeSaussure(1857–1913)wasaSwisslinguistwhoseideaslaidafoundationformanysignificantdevelopmentsinlinguisticsinthe20thcentury.Saussureiswidelyconsideredtobeoneofthefathersof20th-centurylinguistics,andhisideashavehadamonumentalimpactthroughoutthehumanitiesandsocialsciences.第十五页，共十七页，编辑于2023年，星期三Saussure’smostinfluentialwork,CourseinGeneralLinguistics(Coursdelinguistiquegénérale)（《普通语言学教程》）,waspublishedposthumouslyin1916byformerstudentsCharlesBallyandAlbertSechehayeonthebasisofn