ell readersg6英语非母语学生读本655ancient libraries tiger lee

BuildExtendHistoryofandLabelsWordbyJoelleISBN0-328-14271-ScottForesmanbyJoelleISBN0-328-14271-

ì<(sk$m)=bechbc<+^-Ä-U-Ä-UbyJoelleSalesOffices:Needham,Massachusetts•Duluth,Georgia•Glenview,IllinoisCoppell,Texas•Sacramento,California•Mesa,ArizonaTigerLee独家推出，获取专业服务支持，请通过TigerLee淘宝 Publiclibrariesletyouborrowbooks,movies,CDs,andAlibraryisacollectionofbooksandotherprintedmaterials.Modernlibrariesalsohavecomputers, books-on-tapeorCD,andotherelectronicmedia.Librarieshavebeenaroundformorethan2,650Apubliclibraryisalibrarythatlendsbookstopeoplewholiveintheareanearthelibrary.Haveyoueverborrowedabookfromapubliclibrary?Itiseasy.Yougivethelibraryyourname,address,andphonenumbertogetalibrarycard.Youfindbooksyoulikeandcheckthemout.Thelibrarian lsyouwhentobringthemback.Youtakethemhomeandbringthemback.Youdonothavetopayanythingunlessyoubringthebooksbacklate. publiclibrariesopentheknowledgeoftheworldtoeveryone!Thefirstlibrarieswerenotopentothepublic.Thefirstlibrarieswereprivatelibraries.Thebooksinaprivatelibraryareownedbya ,afamily,oragroupofpeople.Privatelibrariescomeinallsizes.Aprivatelibrarymayhaveafewbooksormany—maybeevena2

LibrariesThatHaveInancienttimes,manygroupsofpeoplehadprivatelibraries.Manyoftheselibrarieshavedisappeared.TherewerelargecollectionsofmanuscriptsinMexicolongbeforetheSpanishconquest.TheMayanpeopleoftheYucatanhadthousandsofbooks.TheAztecsincentralMexicohadmanymore.Wedonotknowifthesewereprivateorpubliccollections.Allthemanuscripts,orwritings,wereburnedbySpanishconquerorsduringthe1500s.Inother ces,watercausedmanuscriptstorotaway.Someancientpapersdriedoutandcrumbledintopieces.Somelibrariesweredestroyedinwars.OnelibraryinGreecedisappearedwhenavolcanoerupted!Overtime,wehavelostmanypreciousbooks.ExtendLanguageWordWordfamiliesaregroupsofwordsrelatedtoabaseword.Forexample,libraryisabaseword,andlibrarianisrelatedtoit.Knowingthemeaningofabasewordcanhelpyouunderstandnewwords.Lookatthewordfamiliesbelow.Thinkaboutotherwordfamiliesasyouread.writewrittenwriterwritingsconquerconquerorconquestconquest:takingofthelandofanothergroupofYucatan:areainsoutheastern3

Aegean

Mediterranean

PersianTheancientGreco-RomanTheFirstKnownLibrary:Theremayhavebeenearlierlibraries,butthefirstlibrarywearesureofwasintheMiddleEast.ItwasbuiltbyAshurbanipal.AshurbanipalwasthekingofAssyriamorethan2,630yearsago.HiskingdomstretchedfromnorthernEgypttomodern-dayIraq.HislibrarywasinhispalaceintheancientcityofNineveh.Ashurbanipalwaswell-educatedandbilingual.HecouldreadbothSumerianandAkkadiantexts,andhewasaloveroflearning.Someofthebooksinhislibrarywerebilingual,ortwo-language,dictionaries.ScholarsusedthesebilingualdictionariestotranslatefromtheSumerianlanguageintotheAkkadianlanguage.palace:fancyhomeforakingortranslate:changewordsorinformationfromonelanguageintoanotherlanguage

Sumerianwritingusedcuneiforms,asshownonthistablet.Sumerianpeopleusedakindofpicturewritingcalledcuneiform(kyooNEEuhform).Cuneiformsweretriangularcharacterswritteninclaybypressingwithareed.Ittookalongtimetowriteincuneiform.Manyclaytabletsfromthepasthavenotdecayedorrotted.SomuseumsinEnglandandIraqstillhave20,000to30,000oftheSumeriantablets.ScholarscanstudythemandteachusabouttheancientMiddleEast.Ashurbanipal’slibrarywasaprivatelibrary.Thetabletswereorganizedintoroomsbysubject.Therewasasignnearthedoorthatnamedthekindofbooksintheroom.Someroomshadbooksabouthistory.Otherroomshadbooksaboutscience.Someroomshadbooksofpoetry.Ashurbanipalsharedhislibrarywithotherscholars.Tohelpthemfindtablets,peoplemarkedeachstackoftabletstoidentifythem.Thesemarkingswerelikethetitlesofbookstoday.Scholarscouldwalkpastastackoftabletsandknowwhatwasontheshelf. TigerLee独家推出，获取专业服务支持，请通过TigerLee淘宝 Thisartpieceshowsreadingawereheldandreadfromsideto

MorePrivateLibraries:ReadingwasmorecommoninancientGreecethaninancientAssyria.BoysinGreecelearnedtoreadatschool.Girlsdidnotgotoschool,butsomegirlslearnedtoreadathome.InancientGreece,peoplewrotewithpensonpapermadefromthepapyrus nt.Theyrolledthepaperintoascroll,orroll.Longermanuscriptsneededmorethanonescroll.Sopeoplekeptscrollsofthesamemanuscripttogetherinabasketorbucket.Around2,400yearsago,peoplestartedtoreadforpleasure,notjustforworkorstudy.Sometimelater,bookstoresstartedtoappearinthecityofAthens.Afewwealthypeoplebegantocollectbooksandcreateprivatelibraries.6

Scrollsoftenwerestackedonshelvesinancientlibraries.Atabattheendofthescrolltoldreaderswhatwaswrittenonthescroll.writingshavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.Peopleallovertheworldstillreadtheirworks.toandAristotlebuiltprivatelibrariesinAthens.Theirlibrariesweremainlyfortheirownuse.Aristotle’slibrarywasconsideredthefirstofitskind.Heinventedasystemtoorganizehislibrary.Hissystemwasusedlaterinthemostfamousancientlibraryofall—theoneinAlexandria,Egypt.system:wayofputtingthingsin7TheFirstPublicLibrary:Egypt,decidedtobuildapubliclibrary.TheythoughtEgyptwasthegreatestcountryintheworld,sotheywantedthegreatestlibraryintheworld.About2,285yearsago,theirwishcametrue.Alexandriawasanewcitywithmanybooks.MostofthebookswerewritteninEgyptian,butthewantedbookswritteninGreektoo.Theywantedscholarsfromallovertheworldtostudyintheirlibrary.PeopletraveledfromAlexandriatoothercitiestobuybooks.Iftheycouldn’tbuyabook,theycopiedit.Theywantedtogathereverybooktheycould.Theyespecially ysandpoetrybyfamousGreekwriters.Eventually,theyhadover500,000Zenodotuswastheheadofthelibrary.SomehistoriansbelievehehadheardofAristotle’ssystem.Heuseditandimproveduponit.Forthefirsttimeinhistory,alphabeticalorderwasusedtoorganizebooks.

MorePrivateLibraries:Bookswerevaluedinancienttimesbecauseeverybookhadtobewrittenbyhand.Therewerenoprintingpresses.Newcopiesofbookshadtobecopiedfromoldones.Bookswerehardtoget.Onewayofgettingbooksforanewlibrarywastocarrythemoffduringawar.About2,090yearsago,aRomanmannamedSullawholelibrarytoRome!Otherwealthymenboughtbooksfortheirlibraries.Thewealthyownersoftheselibrariessometimesletotherpeopleusetheirprivatelibraries.Alltheselibrariesneededworkers.Someonehadtoputscrollsbackonshelves.Someonehadtorepairdamagedscrolls.Someonehadtokeepeverythingorganized.Today,wecallthesepeoplelibrarians.historians:peoplewhostudy8

9TigerLee独家推出，获取专业服务支持，请通过TigerLee淘宝

reading

ThePalatineLibrary,likeotherRomanlibraries,hadhugereadingrooms.Theroomsweresurroundedbybookcasesfullofmanuscripts.NewPublicLibraries:Morethan2,000yearsago,JuliusCaesarwastheemperorofRomeandofmuchoftheancientworld.HedecidedtobuildRome’sfirstpubliclibrary.Hewantedtwohugerooms.HewantedoneroomforbookswritteninGreekandoneforbookswritteninLatin.Beforethelibrarycouldbebuilt,Caesardied.Afewyearslater,aRomanmilitaryleadernamedPollioreturnedfromawarwithmuchwealth.HeusedhiswealthtobuildCaesar’slibrary.Polliomayhavebeenthefirstpatronofapubliclibrary!Notlongafterthat,Romehadasecondpubliclibrary.ItwascalledthePalatineLibrary.Liketheearlierlibrary,itwasdividedintoLatinandGreekbuildings.Scrollswerestackedineachbuildingonwoodenbookcases.

ThispictureshowsasceneoftheTrajanMarket ceasimaginedbyJohannBernhard vonErlachinthe1700s.TheTrajanLibraryisthebuildingdirectlybehindTrajan’sColumn.ThegreatestoftheRomanlibrarieswasbuiltinabouttheyear110bytheemperorTrajan.Althoughthelibraryisinruinsnow,someofthebuildingisstillstanding.emperor:rulerofagroupof ruins:partsofabuildingthatareleftafterits Today,peopleinAlexandria,Egypt,havedesignedanewlibrary.inAlexandria2,300yearsago.togotoalibraryandborrowbooks.Wecanreadbooksinthelibraryortakethemhomeforaweekortwo.Wecanborrowallkindsofbooks.Wecanborrowsciencebooks,storybooks,booksofpoetry—anythingwewant.Wecanreadthebooksforfun,orwecanusethemtowriteaschoolreport.Likesomeoftheancientlibraries,manylibrariestodayhavebooksindifferentlanguages.Inmanylibraries,wecanalsoborrowtapes,CDs,andDVDs.Wecanusecomputersorsitandlistentoastory.wereevenlesscommon.Whatdoyoulikebestabout

TalkAboutWhatwerethelibrariesoftheancientworldWhyhavesomelibrariesoftheancientworldWriteAboutThinkofalibraryyouwouldliketodesign.Createadiagramofyourlibraryonaseparatesheetofpaper.Usetheartonpage10asanexample.Showwhereshelvesofbookswouldbe.Labelshelvesandtables.Includeroomsforcomputers,meetings,anddifferentkindsofbooks.ExtendThenounlibraryendsinthelettersry.Theletterycomesa