自主学习阶段01知识精讲

WhatisF1about?

Thebusinessorganization,itsstakeholdersandtheexternalenvironment(A)

Organizationalstructure,functionsandculture(B)

Corporate ernanceandinternalcontrolsystem(C)

Humanresourcemanagement(D)

Improving aleffectiveness(E)

Ethicsinbusiness(F)

PartB

Organizationalstructure,functionsandculture

Chapter8Culture

Learningobjectives

Culture

Culture

ØMullins:Thecollectionoftraditions,values,policies,beliefsandattitudes

ØSchwartz&Davies:Apatternofbeliefsandexpectationssharedbytheorganization'smembers.

ØThewaywedothingsaroundhere.

Whatshapesculture?

-Founder

-History

-Leadershipandmanagementstyle

-Environment

Theoriesofculture

ØEdgarSchein:keyaspectsofculture

ØHarrisonandHandy:linkbetweencultureandstructure

ØHofstede:nationalityandculture

EdgarSchein

Cultureisthesetofshared,takenforgrantedassumptionsthatagroupholdsandthatdetermineshowit

perceives,thinksaboutandreactstotheenvironment.

Scheinsuggeststhattherearethreelevelsconcerningculture:

observable/expressed/explicit

beneaththeobservable

foundamental

EdgarSchein

Firstlevel:Observable

ü Bbehavior:normsof alandinter albehavior;customsandrules

ü Artefacts:concreteexpression,e.g.officepremises,dresscodesandsymbols

ü Attitude:e.g.greetingstyles,businessformalities,socialcourtesiesandceremonies

Secondlevel:

üValuesandbeliefs;professedculturewhichgivesthebehaviorsandattitudestheirspecialmeaningandsignificance

Thirdlevel:

üAssumptions(unspokenrules);nolongerconsciouslyrecognizedorquestionedbytheculture,but“program”itswaysofthinkingandbehaving.

HarrisonandHandy

Powerculture Zeus

Roleculture Apollo

Taskculture Athena

culture Dionysus

HarrisonandHandy

Powerculture(Zeus)

ØAkeyowner/founder

ØCentralized

ØSuitssmallorganizationswithrelativelysimplestructure

2.2HarrisonandHany

Roleculture(Apollo)

ØCassical,rational,bureaucracy,stable

ØSlow-changing,formalized

ØEmphasisonpositionandfunction

2.2HarrisonandHany

Taskculture(Athena)

HarrisonandHany

culture(Dionysus)

ØFocusonindividualinterests

ØIndividualsareabovetasks

Exercise1–Level1

BZNess isanorganizationwithastrongtraditionaloutlook.Itisstructuredandmanagedaccordingtoclassicalprinciples:specialization,thescalarchainofcommand,

unityofcommandanddirection.Communicationisverticalratherthanla l.

WhatsortofculturedoesBZNess have?

Roleculture

Taskculture

Existentialculture

Powerculture

CultureandAnthony’shierarchy

Strategicmanagement-

Powerculture

Tacticalmanagement

-Taskculture

Operationalmanagement

-Roleculture

Hofstede

Culture:Thecollectiveprogrammingofmindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother.

① Powerdistance:theextenttowhichunequaldistributionofpowerisaccepted

权力距离型：对权利大小不均等的接受程度

② Uncertaintyavoidance：theextenttowhichsecurityispreferred

不确定性规避型：对不确定因素的规避程度

③ Individualism:theextenttowhichpeopleprefertoworkandliveinindividualist

型：对个人行为处事的偏爱程度

④ Masculinity:theextenttowhichsocialgenderrolesaredistinct

化特征：社会 /行为处事方式偏向 化的程度

2.4Hofstede

Powerdistance

Powerdistance:theextenttowhichunequaldistributionofpowerisaccepted

权力距离型：对权利大小不均等的接受程度

üHighPD:centralization;top-downchainofcommand;closersupervision;littleparticipationofstaff

üLowPD:lesscentralization;flatterorganization;moreinvolvement

2.4Hofstede

Uncertaintyavoidance

Uncertaintyavoidance:theextenttowhichsecurityispreferred

不确定性规避型：对不确定因素的规避程度

üHighUA:certainty;writtenrulesandregulations;standardization;strongneedforconsensus;notolerancefordeviance

üLowUA:flexibilityandcreativity;lesswrittenrules;moretolerancefordeviance;risk, anddeviancefromnorms

2.4Hofstede

Individualism

Individualism:theextenttowhichpeopleprefertoworkandliveinindividualist

型：对个人行为处事的偏爱程度

üHighIndividualism:autonomy;individualchoiceandresponsibility;individualinitiative

üLowIndividualism:interdependence;socialacceptability;relationshipismoreimportant

2.4Hofstede

Masculinity

Masculinity:theextenttowhichsocialgenderrolesaredistinct

化特征：社会 /行为处事方式偏向 化的程度

üHighmasculinity:assertiveness;competition;decisiveness;wealthandsuccess

üLowmasculinity(femininity):modesty;tenderness; alrelationship

Exercise2–Level3

Mr.Qismanagerofadivisionwhichisundergoingabusinessdownturn,Hetriestoshelterthework fromtheeffectsofdownsizing:takingtimeforconsultation,organisingcounsellingandrefusing