高考英语一轮复习语法专项突破第11讲特殊句式和主谓一致课件译林版

第十一讲特殊句式和主谓一致一、倒装种类倒装条件例句全部倒装(1)表示方式或方位的副词或

介词短语，如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，off，out，on

the

wall，under

thetree等置于句首，且主语是名词时。①Hearing

the

dogbarking

fiercely，awayfled

the

thief.温馨提示

上述情况中，若主语是人称代词，则不用倒装。②Away

they

went.(2)代词such放在句首，且在句中作表语时。Such

are

the

facts；noone

can

deny

them.种类倒装条件例句(3)为平衡句子结构或①Present

at

the

meeting

wereProfessor

White

and

manyother

guests.②Hanging

on

the

wall

is

abeautiful

picture.使上下文衔接紧密，全部常将作表语的形容词、倒装副词、分词或介词短语提到句首，引起全部倒装。种类倒装条件例句部分倒装(1)only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。①(2013·高考江西卷)Onlywhen

he

apologizes

for

hisrudeness

will

I

speak

tohim

again.②Only

then

did

I

know

theimportance

of

learning.(2)含有否定意义的副词或词组(never，seldom,little,hardly,by

no

means,

notuntil等)位于句首时。Never

before

has

she

seenanybody

who

can

playtennis

as

well

as

Robert.种类倒装条件例句(3)hardly...

when,

no

sooner...than,

not

only...

but(also)．..①Hardly

had

Ireached

the

bus

stop部分倒装等引导两个分句时，若hardly,no

sooner,not

only位于句首，前一个分句用部分倒装，后一个分句不变。when

the

bus

started.②Not

only

was

thecoat

soft，but

it

wasalso

warm.种类倒装条件例句(4)so/neither/nor置于句首，意为“也”或“也不”，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时。①He

is

a

doctor.So

is

hiswife.②Lily

can’t

ride，neither/nor

can

Lucy.部分倒装(5)so/such...that...句型中，当such＋n.或so＋adj./adv.位于句首时,主句部分倒

装,that从句不倒装。①So

small

was

themarket

that

I

couldhardly

see

it.②So

carelessly

did

thedrive

that

he

almost

killedhimself.种类倒装条件例句(6)though/as引导让步状语从①Try

as

he

would,

hemight

fail

again.②Unsatisfied

though

hewas

with

the

payment,he

took

the

job

just

toget

some

workexperience.句时，意为“尽管”，通常把句中状语、表语或动词提前；若表语是名词，其前不部分倒装用冠词。常见结构：状语/表语/动词＋though/as＋主谓结构。(7)当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had,were或should等时,如将if省略,则要将had,were或should等移到主语之前。Had

I

attended

themeeting,I

would

havemet

Jim.1．(2014·高考陕西卷)No

sooner stepped

on

the

stagethan

the

audience

broke

into

thunderous

applause.A．had

Mo

Yan B．Mo

Yan

hadC．has

Mo

Yan D．Mo

Yan

hasA解析：考查倒装句以及时态。句意：莫言一登上舞台，观众就发出了雷鸣般的掌声。nosooner...than...“一……就……”是一个固定搭配，而且主句通常用过去完成时态；nosooner置于句首时，其后用部分倒装，所以选择A

项。2．(2014·高考大纲全国卷) the

nurses

want

a

payincrease，they

want

reduced

hours

as

well.A．Not

do

onlyC．Only

not

doB．Do

not

onlyD．Not

only

do解析：考查倒装句。句意：护士们不仅要求提高工资，还要求缩短工作时间。notonly在句首引起句子时，该句用部分倒装，其结构为not

only

do/will/can

etc.，因此D项正确。DA．will

you

keepC．you

keptB．you

will

keepD．did

you

keep解析：考查倒装句。句意：唯有找到内心的宁静，方能维持人际关系的和谐。“only＋副词/介词短语/状语从句”置于句首时，句子(主句)要用部分倒装语序。本题中，时间状语从句

when

you

can

find

peace

in

your

heart

被only修饰，且置于句首，故主句用部分倒装结构。3．(2014·高考湖南卷)Only

when

you

can

find

peace

in

yourheart

A

good

relationships

with

others.二、强调句强调句(1)Itis/was...that/who可以对除谓语以外的成分进行强调.当强调部分为“人”时，可用that或who，其他情况下用

that。(2014·高考湖南卷)It’s

notdoing

the

things

we

like，but

liking

the

things

wehave

to

do

that

makes

lifehappy.(2)一般疑问句：Is/Was＋it＋...that/who...？特殊疑问句：疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that/who...？①The

patient

looks

muchbetter.What

is

it

that

hasmade

him

what

he

istoday？②Was

it

on

a

lonelyisland

that

he

was

savedone

month

after

the

boatwent

down？强调句(3)“not...until...”句型的强调句：It

is/was

notuntil...that...(2013·高考天津卷)It

was

not

until

near

theend

of

the

letter

that

shementioned

her

own

plan.谓语动词do/does/did＋动词原形(只用于肯定句，并且只有现在时和过去时)①I

do

hope

you

cantake

my

plan

intoconsideration.②He

did

write

to

youlast

night.A．whyC．whereB．whoD．that解析：考查强调句型。强调句型结构为：It

is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋剩余部分。强调句的判断方法是将It

is/was

与that

去掉，看剩余句子成分是否完整。经判断，“BecauseJackcame

latefor

school，Mr.Smithgotangry.”句子成分完整，因此可以断定本句是强调句，空格处应用that。另外，由“Wasit...？”可知本句为强调句型的一般疑问形式。1．(2014·高考四川卷)Was

it

because

Jack

came

late

forschool

D

Mr.Smithgotangry?2．(2014·高考福建卷)It

was

the

culture，rather

than

thelanguage，

made

it

hard

for

him

to

adapt

to

the

newenvironment

abroad.A．whereC．thatB．whyD．what解析：考查强调句型。句意：是文化而不是语言使他很难适应国外的新环境。该题强调主语the

culture，其中rather

thanthe

language

为插入语，是迷惑部分，所以空格处应用that。C三、省略状语从句当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或从句的主语为it且从句中有be动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。①(2015·芜湖一中高三模拟)Every

day

after

Iwent

home,if

not

tiredfrom

work,I

will

go

outfor

a

walk

with

my

wife.②(2013·高考天津卷)Although

small，thecompany

has

about1,000

buyers

in

over

30countries.宾语从句“替代性”省略：not与beafraid,hope,think,believe,suppose,expect等连用，代替否定的宾语从句，so代替肯定的宾语从句，但表示否定意义时，hope与be

afraid只用I

hope/amafraidnot的形式，而think,believe,suppose等有两种形式，即：I

think/

believe/supposenot和I

don’t

think/believe/supposeso。①—Do

you

think

itwill

rain？—I

hope

not/so.②—Do

they

mindyou

smoking

there？—I

don’t

think

so/Ithink

not.动词不定不定式符号(1)感官动词或使役动词(如feel,

see,hear,notice,watch,observe,

let,

make,

have等)后接不定式作宾语补足语时省略to，但在被动语态中不能省略(let除外)。①I

heardsomeone

sing

inthe

next

room.②My

motherwouldn’tlet

me

go

to

seethe

film.式to的省略(2)在do

nothing

but

do,can’thelp

but

do,why

not

do,would

rather

do...than

do...，prefer

to

do...rather

than

do...I

would

prefer

toswim

rather

thanplay

football.等句型中省略to。动词不定式不定式的省略(1)使用不定式符号to来代替不定式后被省略的动词，常在beafraid,

expect,

forget,

hope,intend,

like，love,

mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,want，wish等的I

asked

him

tosee

the

film,

buthe

didn’t

wantto.后边。(2)在某些形容词如glad，happy，pleased,delighted等后面使用不定式符号to来代替省略的动词。—Will

you

join

inthe

game？—I’d

be

glad

to.(3)如果不定式中含有

be，have，have

been，通常保留be,have和havebeen。—Are

you

a

sailor?—No,

but

I

used

tobe.1．(2014·高考湖南卷)Children，when

D

by

theirparents，are

allowed

to

enter

the

stadium.A．to

be

accompanied B．to

accompanyC．accompanying

D．accompanied解析：考查省略。when

引导时间状语从句，逻辑主语是题干的主语children

，把该时间状语从句补充完整为whenchildren

are

accompanied

by

their

parents。根据状语从句省略的条件，可以省去主语和系动词，故选D。2．(2013·高考新课标全国卷Ⅰ)The

driver

wanted

to

park

hiscar

near

the

roadside

but

was

asked

by

the

police

B

.A．not

to

do B．not

toC．not

do D．do

not解析：考查动词不定式符号to

的保留、不定式符号to

后面的省略以及不定式的否定形式。句意：那个司机想把他的小汽车停在路边，但是警察让他不要把车停在路边。通过分析题干，再结合句意可知，动词不定式符号to

后面省略了“park

hiscar

near

the

roadside”，全句补充完整是“The

driver

wantedto

park

his

car

near

the

roadside

but

was

asked

by

the

policenottopark

hiscar

near

theroadside.”。在此种用法中可以只在句中保留不定式符号to，从而把与前面重复的内容省略；动词不定式的否定形式是直接在不定式符号to

的前面加上否定副词not/never，故答案选B

项。四、其他句式1．祈使句的固定句式祈使句＋and＋简单句，可译为“如果……就……”。祈使句＋or/otherwise＋简单句，可译为“……否则……”。名词词组(多含有more，another)＋and＋简单句，可译为

“如果再……就……”。(2014·高考大纲全国卷)Call

me

tomorrow

and

I’ll

let

youknow

the

lab

result.明天给我打电话，我会让你知道实验结果的。2．感叹句的固定句式What＋a/an＋形容词＋单数名词＋主语＋谓语！＝How＋形容词＋a/an＋单词名词＋主语＋谓语！What＋(形容词)＋不可数名词/复数名词＋主语＋谓语！How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！How＋主语＋谓语！The

shocking

news

made

me

realize

what

terrible

problems

wewouldface.这个惊人的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么严重的问题。3．反意疑问句(1)祈使句的反意疑问句①肯定的祈使句，简短问句用will

you/won’t

you。②否定的祈使句，简短问句用will

you。③Let’s...，shall

we?④Let

us...，will

you?(2)主从复合句的反意疑问句，与主句的主谓语保持一致。但当陈述部分是I/Wethink/believe/expect/suppose加从句时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。There

is

little

doubt

in

your

mind

that

he

is

innocent，isthere?毫无疑问，你认为他是无辜的。难道不是吗？温馨提示

当陈述部分为否定式，反意疑问部分为肯定式时，其回答往往与汉语不一致，要特别注意！—Tom

doesn’t

know

it，does

he?——汤姆不知道这事，对吧？—No，he

doesn’t./Yes，he

does.——对，他不知道。/不，他知道。(2014·高考重庆卷)—I

spent

two

weeks

in

London

lastsummer.—Then

you

must

have

visited

the

British

Museum

duringyour

stay，you?B．haven’tD．hadn’tA．mustn’tC．didn’tC解析：考查反意疑问句。句意：——去年夏天，我在伦敦度过了两个星期。——那么，在此期间你肯定参观了英国博物馆，是不是？must

have

done结构在句中表示对过去事情的推测，当句末有反意疑问的语气时，可分为两种情况：(1)句中没有明确的过去时间状语时，反意疑问句结构为

“haven’t/hasn’t...”；(2)句中有明确的过去时间状语时，反意疑问句结构为“didn’t...？”。根据题干中的过去时间状语

last

summer以及during

your

stay可知，反意疑问句的结构应用第二种情况。五、主谓一致含all，most，half，rest等的名①All

of

my

classmates

workhard.②All

of

the

water

is

up

now.词词组作主语，所指的内容是复数意义时，谓语动词用复数；反之，用单数。在主谓倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。Between

the

two

windowshangs

a

picture.用and或both...and连接并列主①The

teacher

and

writer语，其内容是复数的，谓语动词has

already

come

to

the用复数。若and连接的两个单数meeting.主语指同一人、同一物或同一概②Both

my

brother

and念，谓语动词用单数。my

sister

are

workers.主语后面接连接性短语时，谓语动词的数与主语的数保持一致。此类连接性短语有as

well

as，as

much

as，along

with，with，like,rather

than，together

with，but，except,besides，including，in

addition

to等。①Your

sister

as

well

asyour

parents

is

verykind

to

me.②She，like

you

andBetty，is

very

clever.以or，either...or，neither...nor，notonly...butalso...等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的数应与就近的名词或代词一致。①Either

you

or

one

ofyour

students

is

toattend

the

meeting

thatis

due

tomorrow.②Are

not

only

you

butalso

he

wrong？lots

of，plenty

of，a

great/largenumber

of等以及分数、百分数表示

“许多”，后接可数名词复数时，①There

are

largequantities

of

food

in谓语动词用复数。(large)

quantitiesof修饰可数名词或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数；the

shop.②A

number

ofstudents

like

Englisha(large)quantity

of作主语时，谓语very

much.动词的单复数形式取决于后面的名词。the

number

of＋复数名词，theamount

of＋不可数名词等构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数。The

amount

of

moneyspent

on

the

project

isgreat.many

a＋名词单数，more

thanone＋名词单数，

“no/each/every/manya＋名词单数＋and＋no/each/every/many

a＋名词单数