世界大地构造学五

Thismapillustratesthe

break-upofthesupercontinent,Rodinia,whichformed1100millionyearsago.

TheLatePrecambrianwas

an"IceHouse"World,muchlikethepresent-day.Animalswithhard-shellsappearedingreatnumbersforthefirsttimeduringtheCambrian.

Thecontinentswerefloodedbyshallowseas.

ThesupercontinentofGondwanahadjustformedandwaslocatedneartheSouthPole.DuringtheOrdovicianancientoceansseparatedthebarrencontinentsofLaurentia,Baltica,SiberiaandGondwana.

TheendoftheOrdovicianwasoneofthecoldesttimesinEarthhistory.

IcecoveredmuchofthesouthernregionofGondwana.LaurentiacollideswithBalticaclosingthenorthenbranchoftheIapetusOceanandformingthe"OldRedSandstone"continent.

Coralreefsexpandandlandplantsbegintocolonizethebarrencontinents.BytheDevoniantheearlyPaleozoicoceanswereclosing,forminga"pre-Pangea".

FreshwaterfishwereabletomigratefromthesouthernhemispherecontinentstoNorthAmericaandEurope.

ForestsgrewforthefirsttimeintheequatorialregionsofArticCanada.DuringtheEarlyCarboniferousthePaleozoicoceansbetweenEuramericaandGondwanabegantoclose,formingtheAppalachianandVariscanmountains.

AnicecapgrewattheSouthPoleasfour-leggedvertebratesevolvedinthecoalswampsneartheEquator.DuringtheEarlyCarboniferousPangeaBeginstoForm.BytheLateCarboniferousthecontinentsthatmakeupmodernNorthAmericaandEuropehadcollidedwiththesoutherncontinentsofGondwanatoform

thewesternhalfofPangea.

Icecoveredmuchofthesouthernhemisphereandvastcoalswampsformedalongtheequator.Vast

desertscoveredwesternPangeaduringthePermianasreptilesspreadacrossthefaceofthesupercontinent.

99%ofalllifeperishedduringtheextinctioneventthatmarkedtheendofthePaleozoicEra.ThesupercontinentofPangea,mostlyassembledbytheTriassic,allowedlandanimalstomigratefromtheSouthPoletotheNorthPole.

LifebegantorediversifyafterthegreatPermo-Triassicextinctionandwarm-waterfaunasspreadacrossTethys.BytheEarlyJurassic,south-centralAsiahadassembled.

AwideTethysoceanseparatedthenortherncontinentsfromGondwana.

ThoughPangeawasintact,thefirstrumblingsofcontinentalbreakupcouldbeheard.ThesupercontinentofPangeabegantobreakapartintheMiddleJurassic.

IntheLateJurassictheCentralAtlanticOceanwasanarrowoceanseparatingAfricafromeasternNorthAmerica.

EasternGondwanahadbeguntoseparateformWesternGondwana.DuringtheCretaceoustheSouthAtlanticOceanopened.

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