版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
科技英语写作常见词及短语的用法AlotofAlotof是口语表达形式,在正式论文中应防止使用,而应改用many,much或agreatdealof等表达“许多〞的意思。AboveAbove可用于指称前面提到的资料,不过应以一个段落或前几个句子中曾出现过的资料为限。Above不能用来说明前几个段落甚至前几页中曾出现的资料,因为会感到迷惑,不清楚Above所指资料是什么。Theaboveexplanationwillhelpanswerthisquestion.假设刚提及该解释,那么这是正确写法,否那么就应该用以下写法·Wecanadopttheexplanationintroducedearliertoanswerthisquestion.·WecanapplytheexplanationintroducedinSection2toanswerthisquestion.Adopt,adaptAdopt具有“采用〞或“沿用〞的意思,而adapt却是“适应〞、“修改〞等意思。Affect,effectAffect是及物动词,其意思是“影响〞、“对……起作用〞。effect可以是动词,也可作名词。当effect作动词时,其意思是“实现〞、“到达〞、“引起〞、“产生〞。当effect作名词时,其意思是“效果〞、“操作〞。在科技论文中,effect常被用作名词。·Changingtheconcentrationofthesolutionaffectedthereactionrate.·Changingtheconcentrationofthesolutionhadeffectonthereactionrate.Aforementioned在撰写科技论文时,应该防止如Aforementioned或hereinafter之类的古语。生硬:Theywillnowapplytheaforementionedalgorithm(算法〕tocarryoutthecalculation.自然:Theywillnowapplythealgorithmdescribedabovetocarryoutthecalculation.自然:Theywillnowapplytheproposedalgorithmtocarryoutthecalculation.生硬:Thissetwillhereinafter〔在下文中〕bereferredtoassetS.自然:ThissetwillbereferredtobelowassetS.自然:WewillrefertothisassetS.Alternate,alternativeAlternate具有“轮流〞、“交替发生或出现〞之意;而alternative却表示“二者中择一〞或“数种可能之一〞。alternately是“先取其一,然后再取另一个〞之意;而alternatively却是“另一种选择〞之意。在提出另一个可能的选择时,通常使用alternative或alternatively而不使用alternate。·Youhavethealternativeofworkinghardandbeingsuccessfulorifnotworkinghardandbeingunsuccessful.·Alternatively,wecanadoptthefollowingalgorithm.AlthoughAlthough将让步状语从句与主句连接起来时,不能在句中同时出现although和but两个连词,必须在这两个连接词中选一个使用,并把另一个删除.误:Althoughthenewprocesshasmanyadvantages,buttherearesomeweakpointsinit.正:Althoughthenewprocesshasmanyadvantages,therearesomeweakpointsinit.正Thenewprocesshasmanyadvantages,buttherearesomeweakpointsinit..Among,betweenAmong表示三者以上之间的关系,或表示某事物和其他许多事物之间的关系。Between那么是指某种相对或一对一的关系,而不管关系者的数目,尤其是当有三方发生关系而每两方之间需分别考虑时。所以不要以为只要说三个以上事物之间的关系,就必须使用among。Amongallthemetalsironisthemostwidelyusedengineeringmetal.Whatisthedifferencebetweenamixtureandacompound?Earlymandidnotknowhowtoexplainthedifferencebetweengases,solidsandliquids.一般说来.想表示“从几个可能的选择中选出其中一个工程应该使用fromamong。Chooseabookfromamongthis.Thisalgorithmselectstheoptimalsolution〔最优解〕fromamongallpossible.Amount,numberAlargeamountof后接不可数名词,而alargenumberof后接可数名词。Alargeamountofoxygenwasaddedtothesystem.Alargenumberofsamplesareusedforourexperiments.And
英文句子通常不应以and开头。科技论文中更是不要把and放在旬首。差:Andthepurposeofdecisionmakingistodirecthumanbehaviortowardsafuturegoal.Iftherewerenoalternatives,therewouldbenoneedforadecision.佳:Moreover,thepurposeofdecisionmakingistodirecthumanbehaviortowardsafuturegoal.Iftherewerenoalternatives,therewouldbenoneedforadecision.And/orAnd/or是意义含混不清的表达方式。要么两者择一,要么采用or…orboth的形式。模糊:TheapplicationofthisnewrefrigerantmayimprovetheEERand/orreliabilityoftheairconditioner.清楚:TheapplicationofthisnewrefrigerantmayimprovetheEERandreliabilityoftheairconditioner.清楚:TheapplicationofthisnewrefrigerantmayimprovetheEERorreliabilityoftheairconditioner.Anymore〔不再,再也不〕
在科技论文中,含有anymore及否认动词的句子,应该改写nolonger与肯定动词组合的句子。差:Thehumidifier〔加湿器〕doesnotworkanymore.佳:Thehumidifiernolongerworks.Apparently“显然〞、“宛然〞、“俨然〞,但往往暗指“似乎(但不确定)〞、“似乎(但未必)为真〞。为防止模糊起见,科技论文中,不要用apparently来表示clearly或obvious1y之意。模糊:Apparently,differentfuelcelloperationtemperaturescorrespondtodifferentoptimalcycleconfigurations.清楚:Clearly,differentfuelcelloperationtemperaturescorrespondtodifferentoptimalcycleconfigurations.清楚:Obviously,differentfuelcelloperationtemperaturescorrespondtodifferentoptimalcycleconfigurations.Appendix〔附录〕假设著作、论文或研究报告只有一个附录,那么在文章中应该使用theAppendix(Appendix之前有定冠词)。假设有两个以上的附录,那么该用AppendixA,AppendixB等(或AppendixI,Appendixg等)来指称这些附录,而且Appendix前可不加定冠词。误:ThepropertiesofvariousmaterialsusedinthedesignandanalysisofheatpipesarepresentedintheAppendixC.正:ThepropertiesofvariousmaterialsusedinthedesignandanalysisofheatpipesarepresentedinAppendixC.ApproachApproach作为及物动词使用时,其后千万别紧接介词to。误:Whenxincreased,thevalueofthefunctionapproachestozero.正:Whenxincreased,thevalueofthefunctionapproacheszero.
Approach作为名词使用时,后面常紧跟介词to及另一个名词或动名词。该名词或动名词短语是用来修饰名词Approach的.例如:Dr.Kastenproposedanewapproachtosolvingthisproblem.句子中tosolvingthisproblem是词短语用来修饰approach。假设将此短语改成tosolvethisproblem.,那么此动词不定式短语是用来修饰动词propose.两者的作用不同,句子的意思自然也有区别。As单个as引出的从句有:时间从句,原因从句,让步从句,比较从句,方式状语从句,定语从句和表语从句。As引出的原因从句,它与主句一般有明显的因果关系。利用这一点,就可以把as引导的原因从句和时间从句区别开来,请看下面两例。Wecannotseesoundwavesastheytravelthoughair.Asheatenergymakesthingsmove,itisaformofenergy.第一个例旬中,as引出的是时间状语从句;第二个例旬中,as引导的是原因状语从句,因为从句与主句有明显的因果关系。不过,建议在英文科技论文中应尽量防止使用as表示“因为〞、“由于〞的意思,以免摸棱两可。AsfollowsAsfollows,thefollowing,asshownbelow都是正确的形式,而“Asfollowings〞.“asthefollowings〞,“asbelow〞等都是不正确的形式。正:Solutionsforequation(1)and(2)canbederivedasfollows:正:Thisresultsinthefollowingexpression:正:Commonlyusedmethodsincludethefollowing:Asfollows作为非限定的修饰词使用时,前面需加逗号。Asfo11ows和thefollowing后面通常紧跟一个冒号.然而,在某些情况下,也可以使用句号。一般说来,假设asfo11ows或thefollowing所介绍的内容很少,如一个或数个数学式,那么后面就需加冒号。假设他们所介绍的东西很长,如很长的例子或演算方法,那么应紧跟一个句号。通常不使用asfo11ows来介绍论文中新的小节。在结束一个小节、开始新的小节之前,常用“Wewilldiscussthisproblembelow〞或“Wewilldiscussthisprobleminthenextsection〞之类的句子结束.而不会以“Wewilldiscussthisproblemasfollow结尾。Asmentionedabove,asmentionedpreviously这两个短语的用法有些不同。Asmentionedpreviously(或asmentionedearlier)通常用来指几个段落或几页前所提到的内容。而asmentionedabove通常用来指前一、二段中刚表达的内容。另外,作者想指明前几个句子所提到的内容时,也可使用asjustmentioned。建议撰写科技论文的作者尽可能使用较准确助词来代替asmentionedabove。或asmentionedearlier。例如,假设作者指的是上一节中的内容,那么可用“Asmentionedintheprecedingsection〞来表达,而不用asmentionedabove.Asyouknow,asweknow不管句子的内容如何,这两个插入短语肯定是累赘的,在科技论文中,干万不要使用它们。Aswellas这个并列连词的意思与and不尽相同。用aswellas连接两个并列成分时.重点在前面一项.即其用意在于强调其前面的名词。Wecanturnelectricenergyintolightenergyaswellasintoheatenergy.(我们能把电能转化为热能,也能转化为光能。)
Aspect
在英文科技论文中,aspect及area之类的词,常常是累赘而应该加以省略的词。累赘:RegardingtheapplicationaspectofGeneticAlgorithm,manyapproacheshavebeenproposed.累赘:IntheareaofapplicationofGeneticAlgorithm,manyapproacheshavebeenproposed.简洁:ManyapproachestoapplicationofGeneticAlgorithmhavebeenproposed.简洁:ManyapplicationsofGeneticAlgorithmhavebeenproposed.Assume
Assume这个动词后面不应该紧跟as。正确的书写形式应该是assumetobe。误:Themainsteampressureisassumedas3MPaowingtothelimitofthesteamqualityattheturbineexit.正:Themainsteampressureisassumedtobe3MPaowingtothelimitofthesteamqualityattheturbineexit.At科技论文中,以下短语中at的用法都是不正确的:atTable2,atFigure4,atrowyinthematrix。正确的方法是使用介词in,如inTable2,inFigure4,inrow(行〕yinthematrix〔矩阵〕。AtfirstAtfirst和first的意思完全不同.Atfirst之意为“起初〞,表示句子所表述的情形已因时间而改变;而first那么是指一系列工程、事件或步骤中的第一个行为或事物。AtfirstheplannedtodiscussthefirstpaperwithDr.Smith,butlaterhedecidedtodiscussthesecondpaperwithMr.Huxley.Atlast不要把atlast和1ast混淆在一起。Atlast之意为“终于〞,然而last却是指一系列工程、事件或步骤中的最后一个行为或事物。Atlasttheyreachedthelastbuildingonthestreet.Basedon假设句首出现以basedon开头的过去分词短语,那么必须注意过去分词表示的被动行为对象是句子中的主语。然而,在绝大多数以basedon开头的句子中,basedon开头的过去分词短语却不能合理地修饰句子的主语。由此看来,还是应该用onthebasisof,by,from,Accordingto或其他词来替代basedon,否那么就需要重写句子,以便使读者清楚地了解是什么的“根底〞。误:BasedonEq.(6),itisobtainedthat….正:FromEq.(6),itisobtainedthat….正:Eq.(8)entailsthat….差:Basedontheexperimentalresults,weconcludethat….佳:Onthebasisoftheexperimentalresults,weconcludethat….佳:Fromtheexperimentalresults,weconcludethat….佳:theexperimentalresultsshowthat….差:BasedontheconventionalmethodusingLagrangemultipliers,theclosedformsolutioncanbewrittenasfollows.佳:AccordingtotheconventionalmethodusingLagrangemultipliers,theclosedformsolutioncanbewrittenasfollows.佳:IfweapplytheconventionalmethodusingLagrangemultipliers,wecanwritetheclosedformsolutionasfollows.假设以basedon开头的分词短语确实可以修饰句子的主语,那么把basedon开头的短语放在旬首是正确的做法(不过这种情况很少见)。例如,在以下例句中,以basedon开头的短语就可以正确地修饰句子的主语。这个句子的含意是NikonCoolPix995照相机是以“advanceddigitaltechnology〞为根底的。Basedonadvanceddigitaltechnology,theNikonCoolPix995cameraprovidestheexcellentperformances.
Basically
在大多数英文句子中.basically这个词是个模糊的修饰词,而且是个应加以省略的词,千万不要滥用。累赘:Therearebasicallytwotypesofnewsimulationmethod.简洁:Therearetwotypesofnewsimulationmethod.简洁:Therearetwobasictypesofnewsimulationmethod.BecauseofthefactthatBecauseofthefactthat是个冗长、累贷的短语。其中ofthefactthat应省略,仅写because即可。冗长:Becauseofthefactthatelectricitycanchangeintootherformsenergy,itiswidelyusedinindustry.简洁:Becauseelectricitycanchangeintootherformsenergy,itiswidelyusedinindustry.BecausethatBecause后面紧跟that,是不符合英文文法的用法误:Becausethatnomachineeverrunswithoutsomefriction,overcomingthatfrictionwastesenergy.正:Becausenomachineeverrunswithoutsomefriction,overcomingthatfrictionwastesenergy.误:Thisisbecausethatthedirectcurrentflowsinawirealwaysinonedirection.正:Thisisbecausethedirectcurrentflowsinawirealwaysinonedirection.Because…so在一个句子中,不能同时使用because和so。应该在两者中选择一个,并把另一个去除。误:Becauseourhomemarketwastoosmalltosupporteconomiclampproduction,sowehavehadtoexportourproductsfromourearliestdays.正:Becauseourhomemarketwastoosmalltosupporteconomiclampproduction,wehavehadtoexportourproductsfromourearliestdays.正:Ourhomemarketwastoosmalltosupporteconomiclampproduction,sowehavehadtoexportourproductsfromourearliestdays.Become英文中的become这个词的用法与中文的“成为〞不完全相同,撰写英文科技论文时要特别对此加以注意。当描述某种改变时,可用become这个动词。假设只陈述某个普遍的事实,并非强调某种变化,那么不应使用became,而应使用tobe。差:AthreedimensionalCFDcode,TASCflowdevelopedbyAEAtechnologybecomestheeffectivetoolinthepresentstudy.佳:AthreedimensionalCFDcode,TASCflowdevelopedbyAEAtechnologyistheeffectivetoolinthepresentstudy.假设需用become来描述从过去到现在的某种改变,那么应该采用现在完成时态,即tohavebecome。然而,在反映事实或过程的一般规律时,也可以用一般现在时态。误:Airconditionersbecomemorewidelyusedinfamiliesinrecentyears.正:Airconditionershavebecomemorewidelyusedinfamiliesinrecentyears.Belong在英文中,belong通常表示属某人的财产(后加to)和应归入某部类(后加to,among,in,under,with)和适合的意思。但在科技论文中.想要表示某个工程属于某种类型时,通常不使用“belong〞改用“tofallintothecategoryof。“tobeaformof〞或“tobeclassifiedas〞。Thebuildingbelongstothecollege.ThehousebelongstotheMr.Benson.Thisproblemcanbeclassifiedasanonlinearprogrammingproblem.Thisproblemisatypeofnonlinearprogrammingproblem.Besides在正式的英文文章中,不宜用连接副词besides来表达“此外之意.应该使用inaddition,moreover或furthermore。差:Besides,sendingthesemassageselectronicallyeliminatestheneedfor100piecesofpaperthatpeopleglanceatandthrowaway.佳:Inaddition,sendingthesemassageselectronicallyeliminatestheneedfor100piecesofpaperthatpeopleglanceatandthrowaway.佳:Moreover,sendingthesemassageselectronicallyeliminatestheneedfor100piecesofpaperthatpeopleglanceatandthrowaway.Better在英文科技论文中,当我们比较两个事物的时候,最好不要告诉读者其中一个比另一个“更好〞(“better〞),而应该使用更精确的词。模糊:Thegasturbineisbetterthanthesteamengine.精确:Thegasturbineismoreefficientthanthesteamengine.精确:Ouralgorithmisfasterthantheconventionalone.Build在大多数科技论文中,使用construct比使用build更恰当,因为construct的意思也是“建造〞,且有按照一定的方案进行建造的意思,如constructabridge,constructatheory.差:Architects〔建筑师〕,engineer,andcarpentersareneededtobuildaskyscraper〔摩天楼〕.佳:Architects,engineer,andcarpentersareneededtoconstructaskyscraper.But通常英文句子不应以but开头。在科技论文中,假设需在句首表示“然而〞或“但是〞之意,那么应该使用however.不恰当:Amongmanyengineersandthegeneralpublic,ammoniaisnotoriousforitstoxicityandflammability.Buttheseproblemscanbeovercomeincommercialairconditioningapplication.恰当:Amongmanyengineersandthegeneralpublic,ammoniaisnotoriousforitstoxicityandflammability.However,theseproblemscanbeovercomeincommercialairconditioningapplication.Call
在call后面不能加as,但referto后面必须用as。误:TheywillcallthisinstallationasHeatPumpDryer(HPD)正:TheywillcallthisinstallationHeatPumpDryer(HPD).正:TheywillrefertothisinstallationasHeatPumpDryer(HPD).Called科技论文的作者常常用called来介绍新的术语或某个事物的别称。但是,此时called有时候却可以加以省略。原句:Anincreaseinthenaturalgreenhouseeffect,calledglobalwarming,referstothephysicalphenomenonthatmayleadtoheatingoftheearth.修正句:Anincreaseinthenaturalgreenhouseeffect,globalwarming,referstothephysicalphenomenonthatmayleadtoheatingoftheearth.Can可以用“可以〞来造出通顺的中文句子。但是在某些情况下为简洁起见,英文句子中can常常可以被省略。累赘:Thefiniteelementformulationscanbeexpressedinthenon-dimensional〔无量纲的〕formasfollows.简洁:Thefiniteelementformulationsareexpressedinthenon-dimensionalformasfollows.在正式的英文文章中,can作“能、会〞解,表示能力之意;否认为cannot。如以下第一、二例句。而may那么表示可能性或允许之意.见以下第三、四例句。两者不能混用。Electricitycandrivemotor.Hecannotoperatethecomputer.Itmaytaketoomuchtimetosolvetheproblem.CaseCase作“情况〞、“事例〞等解时,紧跟在名词case后面的关系代词或关系副词.必须使用inwhich的形式或when,而不能使用that;有些资深作者也会用关系副词where,但非常少见。误:Letusnowexaminethecasethatthemassflowrateofairissmallerthan3kg/s.正:Letusnowexaminethecaseinwhichthemassflowrateofairissmallerthan3kg/s.Change假设change用于描述某物或某现象在一段长时间内的变化,那么change后面的介词应该是in而不是of.差:Thechangesoftheliquidpressureinthecylinder(柱〕weremeasuredeverytwominutes.佳:Thechangesintheliquidpressureinthecylinderweremeasuredeverytwominutes.Choose…as注意使用Choose…as或select…as的正确方法。误:Wechoosethefandiameteroftheprototype〔样品〕heatexchangerassixinches.正:Wechoosesixinchesasthefandiameteroftheprototypeheatexchanger.除此之外,以下写法也是正确的。Wespecifythefandiameteroftheprototypeheatexchangerassixinches.Thefandiameteroftheprototypeheatexchangerisspecifiedassixinches.Thefandiameteroftheprototypeheatexchangerissettobesixinches.Classical,traditional,conventional这些形容词的用法在某些情况下大同小异,但三个词的意思有些差异,Classical这个词强调所指的理论或方法是经过时间的考验而证明为有价值的,被学者广为成认的。Traditional是指“传统〞或“惯例〞,通常表示某个理论或方法使用已久,目前仍有人在使用,不过或许有人已提出更新的理论与方法。conventional那么表示时下最流行的理论与方法.而不反映这个理论与方法已存在多长时间。一个学者使用“conventional〞这个词来形容某种方法.就意味着此学者知道(或自己打算提出)更先进的方法。原句:Theproposedarchitecture〔结构〕ismoreefficientthanthetraditionaldesign,whichwasoriginallydevelopedbyresearchersatIBMin1993.修正句:Theproposedarchitectureismoreefficientthantheconventionaldesign,whichwasoriginallydevelopedbyresearchersatIBMin1993.Comparecompare…to是指两个根本不同的事物的相同之处(如功能)。compare…with那么用于比较两个相同事物的相异之处。在科技论文中,compare…with应比compare…to常用,尤其是作者在比较不同的数据和结果时。Theflowpatternaroundthetipclearanceiscomparedwithsmoke-wireflowvisualizationbyGoldstein.CompensateCompensate后面加直接宾语时,直接宾语应是受到补偿的人或事物,假设Compensate表达“补充〞或“抵消〞的意思,那么其后通常需加上介词for,而不能加直接宾语。误:Thismechanismcompensatestheslowerspeedofthegeneticalgorithm〔遗传算法〕.正:Thismechanismcompensatesfortheslowerspeedofthegeneticalgorithm.正:Thebosscompensatedthestafffortheirextraeffortsbypayingabonus〔奖金〕attheendoftheyear.CompleteComplete是及物动词,可以有被动语态。ThestudentscompletedacircuitexperimentonFriday.Thenumericalsimulationforthesystemperformancewascompletedthreeweeksago.CompriseComprise有“包含〞、“包括〞、“由……组成〞之意。它是个及物动词,后面应跟直接宾语。英文中,没有iscomprisedof这样的形式误:Arefrigerationsystemiscomprisedoffourmaincomponents.正:Arefrigerationsystemcomprisesfourmaincomponents.正:Arefrigerationsystemconsistsoffourmaincomponents.正:Arefrigerationsystemiscomposedoffourmaincomponents.正:Fourmaincomponentsconstitutearefrigerationsystem.Conclusion
科技论文中,常用stateconclusion或presentconclusions这样的动宾搭配,而不用makeconclusions或giveconclusions这样的搭配形式。有时候,作者只需使用conclude这个动词即可防止一些不自然的表达方式。差:Finally,wemakeaconclusioninsection5.佳:Finally,westateaconclusioninsection5.差:Thefinalsectionofthepapergivestheconclusion.佳:Thefinalsectionstatestheconclusionofthepaper.佳:Section5concludesthepaper.ConsiderConsider有两个不同的含意。一个是表示“相信〞、“视为〞之意,另一个表示“评价〞、“讨论〞或“考虑〞之意。表示这两种意思的方式是有区别的。假设consider的含意是〞相信〞或“视为〞,那么其后不应加as,有些作者会用considertobe这样的写法。误:Forpracticalpurpose,thewalltemperaturemaybeconsideredasaconstant.正:Forpracticalpurpose,thewalltemperaturemaybeconsideredaconstant.正:Forpracticalpurpose,thewalltemperaturemayberegardedasaconstant.假设consider表示“评价〞、“讨论〞或“考虑〞之意,那么其后可加as。Thecommitteeconsideredthestudentasoneofthecandidates(候选人〕forjoiningtheco-operativeresearch.CriteriaCriteria是复数形式,其单数形式为criterion。“criterions〞是不正确的复数形式。·Thesecriteriaareonlyastaringpointforevaluatingsoftware.·ManyotherpointsaboutorganizationandsoftwaredevelopmentwillbecoveredinpartⅣ.TheapplicabilityoftheLaminar-transitional(层过渡〕criterionforliquidswasinvestigated.DataData是datum的复数形式。·ThedatahavebeenreceivedusingScnsaDynePC500-LVSurfaceTensionmeterSystem.·DecideDecide常用于作“选择〞或“判断〞之意。假设要表示“确定。、“辨识〞、“定义〞之意,那么用determine较为恰当。·Theydetermineadateforameetingtodiscusstheproject.·Theydecidedtousethisinstrumenttomeasurepressure.·Theexpertsystem,calledthePackagingAdvisor,helpsdeterminethequantitiesrequiredtomeetperformancerequirement.DefectDefect不仅具有“缺陷〞的意思,而且可以指“琅疵〞或“毛病〞。在科技论文中,Defect用于指出某方法或系统的缺点有点不够自然,因为即使该方法或系统不很理想,但它未必有明显的毛病。此时可用shortcoming,disadvantage或drawback以表示“缺点〞之意。原句:Stanley’smethodofanalysisofmarkettrendshastwomajordefects.修正句:Stanley’smethodofanalysisofmarkettrendshastwomajorshortcomings.修正句:Stanley’smethodofanalysisofmarkettrendshastwomajordrawbacks.Defined被动语态tobedefined的句子中,假设其后紧跟定义的具体内容,那么应使用介词as。然而,假设其后紧跟表示方式等状语介词短语,那么应该使用介词in或by,请参阅下例。误:thevariableisdefinedasequation(4).正:Thevariableisdefinedinequation(4).正:Thevariableisdefinedbyequation(4).假设作者想说明前面已定义过的变量或名词,那么可以使用下面的句型。Thesolutionis3,whereisasdefinedinequation(4)Thesolutionis3,whereisasdefinedasinequation(4)此外,definition之后的介词是of.Thedefinitionofchromatogramwasstatedonchapter2.DemonstrateDemonstrate与illustrates,depicts或presents的含义不同,不能混用。Demonstrate是表示“清楚示范〞之意,即向他人示范如何做某件事情。另外,demonstrate也有“证明〞之意。差Figure10.7demonstratesthenaturalirrationalfrequenciesfortrucks.佳:Figure10.7illustratesthenaturalirrationalfrequenciesfortrucks.差:Figure11.2demonstratestherelationshipbetweenrelativefluorescence〔荧光强度〕intensityandtime.佳:Figure11.2depictstherelationshipbetweenrelativefluorescenceintensityandtime.差:Thisbookdemonstratesthemethodforeffectivetechnicalcommunication.佳:Thisbookpresentsthemethodforeffectivetechnicalcommunication.正:Nowletmedemonstratehowtherefrigerantcyclesintheheatpumpsystem.正:Wehavedemonstratedover40﹪oftheCarrotefficiencyinsuchadevice.DenoteDenote作“代表〞、“指〞用,并出现在被动语态句子中.其后必须加上by,而不是as。represent也可以当作denote的同义词使用。注意,referredto之后却要加上as.误:Intable2,theheatfluxineachsubsectionisdenotedasqi.正:Intable2,theheatfluxineachsubsectionisdenotedbyqi.正:Intable2,theheatfluxineachsubsectionisrepresentedbyqi.正:Intable2,qidenotestheheatfluxineachsubsection.误:AdomainnameseverisdenotedbelowasaDNS.正:AdomainnameseverisreferredtobelowasaDNS.DepictDepict通常具有“用图画表示〞的意思。在科技论文中,常用describe表示“描述〞之意.差:Here,wedepictedsomenewandinnovativeusesofporousmediaincombustion.佳:Here,wedescribesomenewandinnovativeusesofporousmediaincombustion.DesireDesire表示“需求〞之意时,不要既用desire.又用被动语态。应该使用need或must,而且使用主动语态。误:Theheattransferofhorizontalcylinderbyultrasoundisdesiredtobeimposed正:Theheattransferofhorizontalcylinderbyultrasoundneedstobeimposed正:TheheattransferofhorizontalcylinderbyultrasoundmustbeimposedDetail Describeindetail是“详细描述〞之意。“一个详细的描述〞可以写成adetaileddescription。Detailly和detailedly是不正确的写法。此外,detail也用作动词,不过常用describe代替detail作动词来表示“描述〞或“说明〞之意。Thecharacteristicsofthemachinearefullydetailedinourbrochure.ThecharacteristicsofthemachinearefullydescribedinourbrochureDetails有些作者撰写科技论文时,常在介绍了一项技术或程序之后,接着写Thedetailswillbedescribedinthenextsection,以说明“下一节中将对这些技术进行详细的描述〞。但是这样的句子并没有清楚的指出要详细描述什么事物。建议将这个句子改成下述三个句子之一。·Thehybridacoustic-stirlingenginewillbedescribedindetailinthenextsection.·Thedetailsofthehybridacoustic-stirlingenginewillbedescribedinthenextsection.·Adetaileddescriptionofthehybridacoustic-stirlingenginewillbedescribedinthenextsection.difference名词difference用于比较两个工程或事物时,应该使用介词between(有时候也使用in),如“thedifferencebetweenAandB〞。·Whatisthedifferencebetweenamixtureandacompound?·Theagreementbetweenexperimentsandcalculationsisstrikinglygood.·Thisriskisreflectedinthedifferencebetweenthepriceofrealestateinthepre-salesmarketandthatinthefinishedhousingmarket.·Thisriskisreflectedinthedifferenceinthepriceofrealestateinthepre-salesmarketandthatinthefinishedhousingmarket.Different
Different后紧跟介词from。Differentthan,Differentto或differentbetween的写法都是错误的。误:Itisamatterofcommonobservationthatmixturesaredifferentthancompounds.正:Itisamatterofcommonobservationthatmixturesaredifferentfromcompounds.误:ThedefinitionisdifferentbetweenPandP*.正:ThedefinitionofPisdifferentfromthatofP*.正:ThereisadifferencebetweenthedefinitionofPandthatofP*.注意,句子不应该以此differentfrom放在句首。请参阅unlike。DisplayDisplay、show和exhibit作为动词都可用来表示“呈现〞,“显示〞之意,但表示“提出〞时,应该用present例如:差:Todayscientiststypicallydisplaytheresultsoftheirinvestigationsintheformofresearchpapers.佳:Todayscientiststypicallyexhibittheresultsoftheirinvestigationsintheformofresearchpapers.佳:Todayscientiststypicallypresenttheresultsoftheirinvestigationsintheformofresearchpapers.正:Thecomputingresultsdisplayanincreasingtrend.此外,“以图表表示〞所对应的动词通常为show或display,其中show的使用较普遍。假设用exhibit表达“以图表表示〞之意,那么嫌不自然。例如:正:TherelationshipofNumandCdforthevariousofAandPlisshowninFig.6.正:TherelationshipofNumandCdforthevariousofAandPlisdisplayedinFig.6.差:TherelationshipofNumandCdforthevariousofAandPlisexhibitedinFig.6.Dramatic,drasticDramatic通常表示“惊人〞、“奇迹般〞、“引人注目〞的意思。而drastic是指行为、方法、药品的“强烈〞、“剧烈〞。Dramatic既可以是正面的,又可以是负面的;drastic那么通常是负面的。Drastic通常在以下这种方式使用:Drasticmeasurestocureinflation,e.g.asteepincreaseinthebankrate。在科技论文中,通常应该使用adramatic来表示“大幅增加“之意。Dueto在标准的英文中,dueto只能用于修饰名词,以指出事情的原因。不要把dueto当作介词引出原因状语并放在句首,此时应使用owingto或becauseof.·Theaccidentwasduetocarelessdriving.·Owingtohiscarelessdriving,wehadabadaccident.·Becauseofhiscarelessdriving,wehadabadaccident.Duetothefactthat是个冗长的词语,应该用because代替。冗长:Combinefigurewhenpossibleifthecombinationwillconveythesameinformationduetothefactthatspaceisatapremiuminmostpublications.简洁:Combinefigurewhenpossibleifthecombinationwillconveythesameinformationbecausespaceisatapremiuminmostpublications.e.g.e.g是拉丁文短语exempligratia的缩写,其意思是“例如〞。由于它是非限定短语,所以务必要用逗号将它和句子分开来。“e.g.〞这个缩写中,两个字母后都必须加句号。EnsureEnsure和insure都有“确保〞之意,但用ensure比较好.insure常用于特指“防止财务上的损失〞,如保险、投保等。此外,不要把assure和ensure混淆起来。assured的意思是“承诺〞或“保证〞,而不是“确保〞。Assure和insure很少出现在科技写作中,科技论文中却常出现ensure这个词。·Shetriedtoassurethenervousoldladythatflyingwassafe.·Insurancecompanieswillinsureshipsandtheircargoesagainstlossatsea.EqualEqual为动词时.其后不能紧跟介词。Equal为形容词时,其后必须加上介词to。误:Akilometerequalsto1000meters.正:Akilometerisequalto1000meters.正:Thedepthofcorrosionpitsat2000hequals40-60mfor15CrMo.Especially把especially或particularly放在句首或分句的开头,以表示“尤其〞、“特别〞之意,是不常用的,而常用inparticular。·Graphsareeffectiveifyouwanttoshowatrend–particularlyifyouwantthereadertoextrapolate〔推断〕.·Graphsareeffectiveifyouwanttoshowatrend–inparticularly,ifyouwantthereadertoextrapolate.especia11y用来修饰形容词是正确的用法。Allofthemeasurementsarefast,butthetemperaturemeasurementisespeciallyfast.etal.etal.是拉丁文短语etalii的缩写,其意思是“以及其他人〞。eta1.用于引述书籍或论文时,假设该书籍或论文的作者超过了3个人,就可以只列出第一位作者的姓名或姓,并在之后写上eta1.,以说明所有作者姓名已提及[例如,“S.Eiseneta1.〞).请注意,这个缩写的正确写法是“etal.〞。此外,在论文的引文中,在第一位作者的姓名和eta1.之间通常不加逗号。但在论文末列出参考文献时,那么必须在第一位作者的姓名和etal.之间加上逗号。etc.etc.是拉丁文短语etcetera的缩写,意思是“以及其他事物〞。在英文中,etc.的意思与中文的“等等〞较为接近.然而,在科技论文中,却不常用etc.。etc.尤其不应用在以suchas,including,forexample或e.g.开头的一系列事物或读者并不了解作者所指的“其他事物〞是什么,都不应使用etc.。在科技论文中,andsoon或andsoforth可能比etc.的使用更妥当.差:Amoderatelylonglaboratoryreporthasavarietyofcontents,suchasintroduction,descriptionofexperiment,results,analysisofresult,andconclusion,etc.佳:Amoderatelylonglaboratoryreporthasavarietyofcontents,suchasintroduction,descriptionofexperiment,results,analysisofresult,andconclusion.佳:Therearemanywaystouseinformationsystemstoimproveworkpractices,includingeliminationunproductiveusesoftime,streamliningprocessing,eliminatingunnecessarypaper,andre-usingwork.正:Thesampleintheserieswillbedenotedbys1,s2,s3,etc.ExistExist用于表示“有〞、“在内〞或“包含〞之意时,会显得不太自然。建议作者在撰写科技论文时用其他词来表示“有〞、“在内〞或“包含〞。差:Largenaturalchangesexistinozoneconcentrationinthestratosphere〔平流层〕;forexample,betweensummerandwinterthereisachangeofabout25﹪atmid-latitude〔中纬度〕.佳:Largenaturalchangesarepresentinozoneconcentrationinthestratosphere;forexample,betweensummerandwinterthereisachangeofabout25﹪atmid-latitude.佳:Therearelargenaturalchangesinozoneconcentrationinthestratosphere;forexample,betweensummerandwinterthereisachangeofabout25﹪atmid-latitude.误:Manyfactorsexistindesigninganexpertsystemforfixingcomputerdiskdrives.正:Manyfactorsmustbeconsideredindesigninganexpertsystemforfixingcomputerdiskdrives.正:Manyfactorsmustbeconsideredinordertodesignofanexpertsystemforfixingcomputerdiskdrives.正:Manyfactorsareinvolvedinthedesignofanexpertsystemforfixingcomputerdiskdrives.Fact假设句子中不用thefactthat这种表达形式.那么句子会显得较为简洁。冗长:Th
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
评论
0/150
提交评论