英语国家概况课程设计

华南农业大学珠江学院《英语国家概况》课程测评设计系：外国语系年级专业：2013级商务英语1303班学号：姓名（手写签名）：提交日期：2016年12月20日AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesITheUnitedKongdomofGreatBritainITheUnitedKongdomofGreatBritain1.1Geography,PeopleandLanguage1.1.1Geography latitudes49°Nand61°Nandlongitudes8°Wto2°EAbout243000squarekilometersEngland,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIrelandThelongestriver:SevernRiverThelargestLakeintheBritishlsles:LoughNeaghTheRiverThames:①thelongestriverinEnglandandthesecondlongestintheUnitedKingdom②ahistoricallandmarkinthecityofLondon.Climate:Temperate,withwarmsummers,coolwintersandplentifulprecipitation,Winterfog,Rainydays,Instability/ChangeabilityMajorCities:LondonisthecapitalofEnglandandtheUnitedKingdom,thepolitical,industrial,culturalandfinancialcenterofthecountry,alsoistheoneoftheworld’sleadingbankingandfinancialcenters.(BigBen,WestminsterAbbey,ThePalaceofWestminster,Guildhall,HydeParis,BuckinghamPalace,TowerBridge,LondonEye)EdinburghisthecapitalofScotland.thecityisadministrative,financial,legal,medicalandinsurancecenterofScotland,ithasbeautifulsceneryandrenownedarchitectureLandmarks＆SymbolsofEdinburgh:Edinburghcastle,PalaceofHolyrood.CardiffisthecapitalcityofWalesfor58years,istheyoungestcapitalcityinEurope.oneofthemostfashionablecitiesintheUnitedKingdom.BelfastisthelargestcityandthecapitalofnorthernIreland,isanimportanthistoriccity.1.1.2PeopleOverallpopulation:about63millionImmigrants:Italians,Greeks,Australians,NewZealanders,etc.1.1.3LanguageOldEnglish（5th~11th）MiddleEnglish（11th~15th）ModernEnglish（15th~）StandardEnglish1.2History1.2.1TheFoundingoftheNationRomanBritainandtheAnglo-Saxons:PrehistoricPeriod(historyundocumented)CelticBritain(5th—8thCenturyBC)ThenameofBritain—BritonsRomanBritain(43AD—5thCentury)JuliusCaesarinvadedBritainTheAnglo-SaxonInvasion(5th—8thCentury)Germanicpeople&English&RomanChristiantySt.Augustine:foundedtheChristianchurchinsouthernEnglandDanishInvasion(8thCentury—1066)AlfredtheGreatTheNormanConquestThemilitaryconquestofEnglandbyWilliamFeudalSociety:GreatCharterBrithofParliamentHundredYears’War(1337-1453)TheWaroftheRoses(1455-1485)1.2.2TransitiontotheModernAgeReligiousReformation2religiouscamps:CatholicandProtestantImmediatecause:HerryVIII’sdivorceActofSupremacy:HerryVIII—“theonlysupremeheadofthechurchofEngland”Inessence,theReformationwasapoliticalmovementinareligiousguise.GoldenAgeofEnglishHistoryTheCivilWarThecivilwar(1642-1651):themonarchywasabolishedTheCommonwealth(1649-1660)ParliamenthadCharlesIIaskingofEngland.ThisputanendtotheCommonwealth.RestorationandtheGloriousRevolution1661,CharlesII:torestoretheoldsocialorder1685,JamesII:toreestablishCatholicismBillofRights:limitingthepowerofthemonarchandguaranteeingtheauthorityofParliamentTheIndustrialRevolutionSevenYear’sWar(1756-1763)TheIndustrialRevoltuiontookplacefirstinBritainforthefollowingreasons:hugemarket1.2.3TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpireFirstBritishEmpire:19thCenturySecondBritishEmpireduringtheVictorianAge:Mid-andlate-19thCenturyWorldWarI:WorldWarI:MostcountriessupporttheAlliesPowersandAlliesPowerswon.ThecostofthewarforBritainiwasgreat.WorldWarIIWorldWarII：Germany-launchingaplantoconquerEuropeBritain-appeasementTheFalloftheEmpire:Independencemovement—India,Pakistan,Burma,Malaya,andEgyt1.2.4BritainsinceWorldWarII1.3GovernmentandtheCommonwealth1.3.1ConstitutionBritishConstitutionismadeupof:StatutoryLaw/CommonLaw/Conventions1.3.2GovernmentTheLegislature(BasicStructureofUKCentralGovernment)Parliament(thelaw-makingbodyofBritain&theparliamentconsistsoftheKingorQueen,theHouseofLords,theHouseofCommons)Queen(QueenElizabethIIisa“constitutionalmonarch”)TheHouseoftheLords(theUpperHouse):TheHouseofCommons:topasslaws,billsandactsofParliament/toscrutinize,criticizeandrestraintheactionsofthegovernment/toinfluencethefuturegovernmentpolicy)TheExecutive:headofthegovernmentTheCabinet:supremedecision-makingbodyintheBritishgovernmentPrivyCouncil(itsmaindutyistogiveadvice)TheJudiciary(twobranchesoflaw:Civillaw&Criminallaw)1.3.3PoliticalPartiesOverallIntroductionComparativeDescriptiononthetwomajorpartiesConservativePartyLaborPartyDevelopmentFromTories(apoliticalgroupwhichappearedunderKingCharlesII)ByUnionists,liberals,socialistsandtheFabianSocietyTimeThemiddleofthe19thcentury(old)In1990(young)CharacteristicsRightwingpartyTheystandforprivateenterpriseandfreedomfromstatecontrol.LeftwingpartyTheystandfornationalandcommunalgrowth.SupportersMiddle&upper-middleclassPeopleofhigherpositionWorkingcalssandcommonpeoplerelativelypoororunderprivilegedRight(MargaretThatcher)Left(TonyBlair/GordonBrown)1.3.4ElectionHeldeveryfiveyearsinthe646constituencies1.3.5TheCommonwealthOriginoftheCommonwealth:in1949,”British”wasdroppedfromthetitleof“Commonwealth”theLondonDeclarationacceptedandrecognizedIndia’scontinuedmembershipasarepublic.From1960onwards,newmembersjoinedtheCommonwealth.CharacteristicsandFunctions:avoluntaryassociationoftheindependentsovereignstates/toadvocatedemocracy,humanrights,andtopromoteeconomiccooperationandgrowthofitsmembersMembers:anorganizationcomposedof53statesin2005/apopulationofapproximately1.8billionpeople,some30percentoftheworld’stotalpopulationOrganizations:TheheadquartersarealllocatedinLondon/theCommonwealthSecretariat/CommonwealthMinisters’Meetingheldannually.CommonwealthDay:thesecondMondayinMarcheveryyear/anopportunitytopromoteunderstandingofglobalissues,internatonalcooperationandtheeffortstoimprovethelivesofits1.8billioncitizens.1.4Economy1.4.1RecentHistoryofBritishEconomyGroupof8:aforumforthegovernmentsoftheworld’seightwealthiestcountiresthatoriginatedin1975.Economicdecline(afterworldwarII)causes:twoworldwargreateconomiclossBritainfailedtoinvestinindustryafterWorldWarIIPolicies:(mixedeconomy)&duringthe20thcenturythegovernmenthasbecomeinvolvedintheeconomythroughintroductionofsocialwelfarepoliciesandlawstoregulateindustrialrelations.1945-1979:result:Britain’seconomicgrowthfellbehindthatofwesternEuropeancountries1979-1997:result:Britain’seconomicgrowthstilllaggedbehind/in1997,thelaborpartyTonyBlair(the“ThirdWay”)Result:Britain’seconomicgrowthsurpassedothermajorEuropeancountries1.4.2CurrentBritishEconomyTheworld’sfifthlargesteconomyNaturalResources&Infrastructures:Principalresources—oilandgas/LargeamountofcoalAgriculture：Mildclimate-favorableenvironmentforagricultureandstockraising.EnergyProduction:(Shell、BritishPetroleum、BritishGas)Servicesindustries:thestrongestperformingsectorintheUKeconomy.Finance:Londonknownastheworld’sleadinginternationalfinancialcentreTheLondonforeignexchangemarketisthelargestintheworldFundManagementSecuritiesDealing1.5Education,MediaandHoliday1.5.1EducationEducationPolicy:CompulsoryeducationComprehensiveschools/Grammarschools/VocationalschoolsSubjects:mathematics,English,science,geography,history,technology,music,arts,physicaleducationandaforeignlanguage.EducationalSystemPrimaryandSecondaryEducation:(Statesystem—localauthoritymaintained/Independentsystem—Publicschools)Independentsystem——famousschools:Eton,HarrowandWinchesterNationalcurriculumHigherEducation1.5.2MediaNewspapers—longestablishedindustrytheworld’soldestSundaynewspaper)TheTimesTelevisionandBroadcastTheBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC)1936IndependentTelevision(ITV)19551.5.3HolidaysandFestivalChristmas:celebrationofthebrithofJesusChristBoxingDay:thedayfollowingChristmasdayEaster:theoldestandmostimportantChristianfestivalNationalfestival:onNovember5BonfireNight:lighthugebonfireMother’sDay:firstcelebratedin1908AprilFools’Day:playingpracticaljokesonthisday.RemembranceSunday:heldonthesecondSundayinNovember1.6LiteratureTheOldEnglishPeriodandMiddleEnglishPeriod(450-1500)TheOldEnglishPeriod:theepicBeowulfTheMiddleEnglishPeriod:WiththeNormaConquestin1066,BritianenteredtheMiddleAges(1066-1485)GeoffreyChaucerTheRenaissance(1500-1660)Sonnet:oftheItalianorigin,oneofthebest-knownsonnetwritersisWillianShakespeare,whowrote154ofthem.Drama：ThehighestgloryoftheEnglishRenaissanceisdramaWilliamShakespeare(1564-1616):wasborninthathouseonHenleyStreetinStratford-upon-AvoninApril1564.Comedy:amidsummermight’sdream(1595)/themerchantofVenice(1598)Tragedies:Hamlet（1601）/RemeoandJuliet(1597)TheNeo-ClassicalPeriod(1660-1785)HistoricalBackgroundRepresentativesJohnMilton:(1608-1674)ParadiseLostAlexanderPope:(1688-1744)thefirstEnglishpoetwhocouldlivedoffthesalesofhisworksJonathanSwift:(1667-1745)YahooDanielDefoe:(1660-1731)RobinsonCrusoeTheRomanticPeriod(1785-1830)PioneersofRomanticPoetsPioneers:WilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)&SamuelTaylorColeridge(1772-1834)DeclarationofIndependenceofromanticpoetry—LyricalBallads(1798)TheMajor“SecondGeneration”ofRomanticPoets:GeogreGordonByron(1788-1824)JohnKeats(1785-1821)TheVictorianPeriod(1832-1901)CriticalRealism:FeaturesRepresentativesRepresentativesCharlesDickens(1812-1870)JaneAusten(1775-1817):BronteSisters(Charlotte&Emily&Anne):GeorgeEliot(1819-1880)ThomasHardy(1840-1928):TheModernPeriod(1914-1945)Fiction:JosephConrad(1857-1924).VirginiaWoolf(1882-1941).JamesJoyce(1882-1941)D.H.Lawrence(1885-1930)Poetry:WilliamButlerYeats(1865-1939).ThomasStearnsEliot(1888-1965)Drama:GeorgeBerenardShaw(1856-1950) ThePostmodernPeriod(1945-)Fiction:GeorgeOrwell(1903-1950)Drama:SamuelBeckett(1906-1989)Q:WhytosayBritishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasion?IllustratethispointwithexampleshowdideachoftheinvasionsinfluenceEnglishculture?A:BeforethefirstcenturyADBritainwasmadeupofmanytribalkingdomsofCelticpeople:apowerfulcultureoriginatingincentralEurope.Thenin43ADBritainwasinvadedbytheRomanempire,andEnglandandWales(thoughnotScotlandorIreland)becameapartoftheRomanempirefornearly400years.TwomoregroupsofinvadersweretocomeaftertheEnglish:fromthelate8thcenturyon,raidersfromScandinavia,theferociousVikings,threatenedBritain'sshores.WilliamthedukeofNormandy,Francein1066atanannualrateofmilitaryinvasion.Q:WhatisyourideaaboutUKkeepingthemonarch?A:In

reality,

the

King

or

Queen

does

everything

on

the

advice

of

the

Prime

Minister,

and

his/her

role

is

symbolic,

ceremonial,

and

not

political.Britainforheadsofstateandtheseparationsystem,theemperoristhephantomheadonlycourtesyandsymbolicmeaning,itisthegeneralunderstandingofjurists,emperoractuallyinsomecases,therearestillanditsextensiveinfluence,eventheBlaironcesaid"Englandcandowithoutme,butnotwithouthermajestythequeen",theprimeministeristheheadofgovernment,directtheworkofthecabinet.Q:WhatthepowerdifferencesbetweenElizabethIandElizabethII?A:ThereignofElizabethI,isaparliamentarysystem,nottheprimeminister,rightinthehandsofthequeen.ElizabethIIisaconstitutionalmonarchy,theprimeminister'spowerlargerthanthequeen,thequeenbecamekingseriesanddied.Thequeenisonlythenominalheadofstate,isappointedbythequeenisresponsibleforthetechnicalsecretary,butinfactthequeencannotappointordismissministersandofficials;PrimeministergeneralbythemajorityleaderofthehouseofCommons,and"advised"thequeenappointedbytheprimeministerothercabinetmembers.AndtheBritishgovernmentisnotresponsibletothequeen,itmustberesponsibletothehouseofCommons,whichindirectlyresponsibletoBritishvoters.IITheUnitedStatesofAmericaIITheUnitedStatesofAmerica1.1Geography,PeopleandLanguage1.1.1GeographyInthecentralpartofNorthAmerica/Canadaonthenorth/MexicoandtheGulfofMexicoonthesouth/AtlanticOceanontheeast/PacificOceanonthewest9,6millionsquarekilometersOriginal48states(Alaska&Hawaii)MainGeographicalRegions:NewEngland(Harvard)、TheMid-AtlanticStates(NewYork)、TheSouth、TheMidwest(Chicago)、TheSouthwest、Thewest(California)TheMississippiRiverasthe“fatherofwaters”&ThegreatLakes1.1.2ClimatemainlytemperatewithsomemildsubtropicalzoneswithonlythesouthernFloridaandHawaiibeingtropical1.1.3NaturalResourcesrichinmineral /oil/Energycrisis:oilconsumptionandreservation1.1.4MajorCitiesNewYork—commercialandfinancialcenterWashingtonD.C—sentofthefederalgovernmentLosAngles—secondlargestcityChicago—thewindycitySeattle,Philadelphia,SamFrancisco1.1.5Poplethethirdmostpopulousnationintheworld,rankingbehindChinaandIndiaAbout8millionblackpeoplewerebroughttoAmericafromAfriaasslavesfrom1620to1820.theblackpeopleaccountforabout12%ofpopulation.1.2History1.2.1AmeicaintheColonialEraPilgrimsFathers:BostonTeaParty:in1773TheFirstContinentalCongress:1774-091.2.2TheWarofIndependenceTheShotofLexington:inApril19,1775TheSecondContinentalCongress:foundingContinentalArmyandNavyDeclarationofIndependence:onjuly4,1776/draftedbyThomasJeffersonProcessoftheWar:draggedonforsevenyearsTheEstablishmentoftheConstitution:onMay25,17871.2.3TheCivilWarCausesofCivilWar:Economic、politicalTheNorth:23states,22millionpopulationComparisonofPower:TheSouth:11states,9millionpopulationTheFierceWar:AbrahamLincolnInfluenceoftheCivilWar:abolishedtheslaverysystem1.2.4Americainthe20thCenturyWorldWarI:outbreakofthefirstworldwar/USenteredthewarin1917PostWWItothe1940s:thebooming1920s/thegreatdepression/NewDealWorldWarII:brokeoutinSeptember,1939andendedinAugust,1945PostWWIIYears:TheColdWar/TrumanDoctrine/NATO/TheKoreanWar/TheVietnamWar1.2.5Americainthe21thCenturyGeorgeW.BushPeriod:theeconomremainsasfastTheWaragainstTerrorism:onSeptember11,2001InvasionofIraq:March20,20031.3Government1.3.1ConstitutionBaseinstrumentlaw,drawnupin1787,cameintoeffectin17891.3.2FederalSystem&GovernmentTheFederalGovernmentTheExecutiveBranch:WhiteHouse/President/WatergateScandalTheLegislativeBranch :Congress/theSenate/TheHouseofRepresntatives/TheFuntionofCongressTheJudicialBranch:TheSupremeCourtisthehighestcourt1.3.3PoliticalPartiesSymbolsofParties:Donkey&ElephantTheDemocraticParty：LiberalTheRepublicanParty:ConservationFunctionofParties:tonominatecandidatesforofficeandhelpthemintheirelectioncampaigns1.3.4ElectionTheprocessiscomplex/fourstages/1.3.5ForeignPolicyNeutrality:fourteenpointsContainmentandIntervention:coldwar,historicstep,USdomination1.4Economy1.4.1GeneralIntroductionUS—thecurrentindustrial,economicandtechnologicalgiantMixedeconomyPrivatebusinessesproducemostgoodsandservices“Cunsumereconomy”1.4.2HistoryofAmericanEconomyTheColonialPeriodMassachusettsOthercoloniesEnglishinvestorsturnedovercolonialcharacterstothesrttlersSecondaryindustriesClearregionalpatternsofdevelopmentDisputesovertaxationandothermatterswithBritainAmericanRevolution:bolsteredbyanemergingmiddleclassSinceAmericanIndependenceConstitutionestablishedthenationasaunifiedmarketAlexanderHamilton’seconomicdevelopmentstrategy(subsidies\tariffs\bank\debts)TheIndustrialRevolution(1860)TheSouth—turalanddependentontheNorthforcapitalandmanutacturedgoodsNorthern—ensuredthedestinyofthenationandeconomicsystemSecondindustrialrevolution(1960s)The20thCenturySufferedGreatDepressioninthe1930sRoosevelt’sNewDealAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentActof20091.4.3CurrentAmericanEconomyAgriculture:Agribusiness\low-costoutput\farmersnotworkonthefarmsfulltime.ManufacturingIndustry:formedanindustrialsystemwithlargeproductivity.SerivceIndustry:Tremendousgrowthinemploymentintheservicesectorsincethe1970s.High-techIndustry:rankingfirstintheworld\leadingcomputercompanies、engineering、informationtechnologyintheworldForeignTrade:fromdomestic-orientedtointernationally-orientedExportsabout10%oftheworld’stotalBiggestpercentageofimportsintheworld1.5Education,MediaandHolidays1.5.1EducationIdealslocalcontrolbasicnatureofknowledgeandlearningElementaryandSecondaryEducation(SAT)SystemHigherEducation(HarvardCollegein1636)FamousUniversities(IvyLeague)MulticulturalEducation1.5.2MediaNewspapersMorethanothercountries(TheNewYorkTimes\TheWashingtonPost\TheLosAngelesTimes)Television&BroadcastCBS\NBS\ABSPBS—nocommercialsCNN—cableTVnetworkVOA—propaganda1.5.3HolidaysandFestivalsThanksgiving:the4thThursdayinNovemberIndependenceDay:The4thofJuly(firework\parade)1.5Literature1.5.1TheColonialandRevolutionaryPeriods(1607-1775)JonathanEdwardsBenjaminFranklin1.5.2TheRomanticPeriod(1790-1865)WashingtonIrvingNathanielHawthorneHermanMelvilleFictionWaltWhitmanEmilyDickinsonPoets1.5.3TheRealisticPeriodFeature:againstRomanticism\stressing\experience\dominantfiguresRepresentative:MarkTwain\WilliamDeanHowells\HenryJames1.5.4TheNaturalisticPeriodFeature:applyprinciplesofscientificdeterminismtofictionanddramaRepresentative:FrankNorris\SisterCarrie\1.5.5TheModernPeirodLostGeneration:F.ScottFitzgerald\ErnestHemingwayModernPoetry:EzraPound\1.5.6TheContemporaryPeriodBlackWritersRichardWright\RalphEllison\JamesBaldwinJewishWritersSaulBellowTheBeatMovementWilliamBurroughs\AllenGinsberg\JackKerouacLiteratureofModernSouthWilliamFaulkner(NobelPrize)Wommen’sVoicesTonyMorrison(NobelPrize)\AliceWalker\AmyTanDramaEugeneO’Neill\TennesseeWilliams\ArthurMillerQ:AsawayofinterpretingAmericanidentity,peopleoftenlikenAmericansocietytoa“meltingpot”,a“saladbowl”ora“pizza”.Ofthesethreemetaphors,whichonedoyouthinkcapturestheessenceofAmericannationalcharacterbest?why?A:IthinkthemeltingpotofmoreinlinewiththeUnitedStates.TheUnitedStatesisanimmigrantcountry,almostallcountriesintheworldintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,andthesepeopleareallhavehigherskills,orismorethanthewinningclasslevel.AndthesepeopleputtheirowntraditionalcultureintotheAmericansociety.CausedtheculturaldiversityofAmericansocietyandtheUnitedStatesisgoodattoabsorbtheculturalessenceofallethnicgroups,suchastheConfuciusinstituteisanexample.Q:WhatistheAmericanDreamandwhatarethedifferentmeaningsofAmericanDreamindifferenthistoricalperiods?Somepeoplesay,”TheAmericanDreamisover.”IStheAmericanDreamdisappearing?Now,China’sriseiscreatingaChineseDream.Moreandmorepeoplearepursuing”fromAmericanDreamtoChineseDream“andwhatisyourunderstanding?A:TheBabyBoomers:theBabyBoomergenerationwasbornintoanAmericaofconsiderablewealthandeconomicsecurity.ThisallowedtheBabyBoomerstofindsecure,well-payingjobs,whichdrovepatternsofhighconsumption.Everyoneownedahome,anewcarandhadtwoormorechildrenbecausetheycouldaffordit.In1960,theaveragewagewas$5,300,andtheaveragehomepricewasaround$12,700–2.4timestheaveragesalary.ThisisonepotentialexplanationforwhyGenerationXandYseemsouninterestedinhomeownership–owningahomehasjustbecometooexpensivefortheyoungergenerations.Atthesametime,theseeconomicfactorsforcemillennialtorevisewhattheybelievetheAmericanDreamtobe.Sincemillennialhaveahardtimeaffordingahome,theydon'tfeelasanchoredtotheirhometowns.Infact,38%ofmillennialreportthattravelisapartoftheirAmericanDream,whileonly28%includeretirement.Millennialsalsotendtoseeself-employmentaspartoftheAmericanDream–26%,versus16%ofBoomers.ItshowsaclearshiftinattitudesfromBoomers,onethatislikelybroughtonbythechronicjobinsecuritythatsomanymillennialsandGenXersfacetoday.AmericanDreamhasnotdisappeared.AlthoughthedreamofthegreatrejuvenationoftheChinesenationhasitsownuniquenessandcomplexity,istheinevitablechoiceofChinesehistoryanddevelopment,however,China'sdevelopmentisSharedwiththeworld,andthe"Chinesedream"isnotindependentoutsideoftheworld,"Chinesedream"notonlybelongstoChina,alsoSharedwiththeworld.Chinawantstobecomeaworldpower,theuniversalityofChinesecultureshouldhavemore,betteracceptedbypeopleinothercountries.Chinatohomefeelingsforperformance,moreemphasison"country"inChinadream.Butthehomeisthepartofthecountrycomposeddreamtodreamofafamily,andfamilydreamsbytheindividualtoachieve,andtheChinesedreamisdream,dreamisfamily,isalsoapersonaldream.目录TOC\o"1-2"\h\z\u第一章总论 1一、项目概况 1二、项目提出的理由与过程 6三、项目建设的必要性 8四、项目的可行性 12第二章市场预测 15一、市场分析 15二、市场预测 16三、产品市场竞争力分析 19第三章建设规模与产品方案 22一、建设规模 22二、产品方案 22三、质量标准 22第四章项目建设地点 25一、项目建设地点选择 25二、项目建设地条件 25第五章技术方案、设备方案和工程方案 28一、技术方案 28二、产品特点 30三、主要设备方案 32四、工程方案 32第六章原材料与原料供应 35一、原料来源及运输方式 35二、燃料供应与运输方式 35第七章总图布置、运输、总体布局与公用辅助工程 37一、总图布置