【英语论文】论《警察与赞美诗》中反讽的运用【英语论文】五年制师范学生听力障碍与学习策略研究

PAGEPAGE1论《警察与赞美诗》中反讽的运用TheuseofironyinTheCopandtheAnthemContents摘要…………...ⅠAbstract………ⅡIntroduction…………………...11.Briefintroductionoftheauthorandthenovel…………...21.1briefintroductionoftheauthor…………………...21.2theauthor’swritingstyle………….22.Thestatementofirony……...43.TheuseofironyinTheCopandtheAnthem……………...73.1Soapy’swayofwinteringandhisthoughts………73.2Soapy’ssixbackfiredactions…….93.3cops’dutyandpeople’sviewofcops…………...113.4Soapy’sviewofcops’irresponsibility…………...133.5Soapyhasbeeninfluencedbyanthemanddecidetoturnoveranewleaf,butisarrested………14Conclusion…………………...17Notes…………..18Bibliography…………………19Acknowledgements

摘要情景反讽作为一种主要的描写手法在欧·亨利《警察与赞美诗》中的运用成功地推动了小说情节的发展，增加了小说的戏剧性悬念，使小说的人物形象更加丰满。本文将剖析小说中的情景反讽的实例，以指出小说中情景反讽的反复运用表达了欧·亨利对当时美国资本主义社会中不合理的现象的抨击，还表达了作者对下层劳动人民的同情。作者将情景反讽贯穿于故事的开头、发展和结尾，揭露了资本主义社会的矛盾虚伪和黑白颠倒的本质。关键词：情景反讽；警察与赞美诗；美国资本主义社会

AbstractTheadroitmanipulationofsituationalironybyO.HenryinhismasterpieceTheCopandtheAnthemcontributesfirsteffectivelytotheunfoldingoftheplot.Nextitincreasesitssuspenseoftheplots.Last,itenablesthecharactersvivid.InthispaperIwillanalyzeexamplesofsituationalironyinthatstory.TherepetitionoftheuseofsituationalironyexpressesO.Henry’sattackonirrationalphenomenaintheAmericancapitalistsocietyatthattimeandalsohissympathyforthelowerclass.Theauthorappliedthesituationalironiesinthebeginning,developmentandtheendinordertorevealthecontradictory,hypocriticalandtopsy-turvyessenceofthecapitalistsociety.Keywords:situationalirony，TheCopandtheAnthem，Americancapitalistsociety

IntroductionO.Henryisconsideredas“FatherofAmericanmodernshortstories”and“Manhattancriticscrownprosewriter”.Hisworkisfullofhumor,hisstoriesareamusing,flippant,flat,bitingandarefilledwithirony,sentiment,andpathos.Oneofhisfamousworks,TheCopandtheAnthemisthemosttypicalone.ThispaperwillrevealitsrhetoricbeautyandthedarknessofthesocietyinO.Henry’stimeinthewayofanalyzingtheuseofironyinTheCopandtheAnthem.Thepaperfallsintothreeparts.Thefirstpartgivesbriefintroductionoftheauthorandhiswritingstyle.Thesecondpartisthestatementofirony,suchasitsdefinitionandclassification.Thethirdpart,whichisthecoreofthepaper,illustratestheuseofsituationalironyinTheCopandtheAnthemfromfiveperspectivesasfollow:1.Soapy’swayofwinteringandhisthoughts;2.Soapy’ssixbackfiredaction;3.cops’dutyandpeople’sviewsofcops;4.Soapy’sviewofcops’irresponsibilitywhichdisappointsSoapy;5.Soapyhasbeeninfluencedbyanthemanddecidetoturnoveranewleaf,butisarrested.ThisthesismainlyhelpstolearnabouttheuseofironyinO.Henry’stime.

1Briefintroductionoftheauthorandhiswritingstyle1.1briefintroductionoftheauthorO.HenrywhoserealnameisWilliamSydneyPorter，ismostcommonlyassociatedwiththeshortstoryandmasterfulironic“O.Henrytwist”(surprisingending).Hehasbeenhailedas“FatherofAmericanmodernshortstories”and“Manhattancriticscrownprosewriter”.Duringhislifetimeheworkedinvariousjobs，includingabookkeeper,adrugstoreclerk,aTexasRanger,anaccountant,adraftsman,abanktellerandanewspapercolumnist，soheknewthecommonpeople’slifestylewell.1.2theauthor’swritingstyleIronyisoneofwritingstylesoftraditionalAmericanliterature.WashingtonIrvingisthefirstonetoemploythiswritingstylewithslightironytomakehisstoriesfunnybutmeaningful.MarkTwainisagoodsuccessorwhounveiledthetruthinlifebydescribingexaggeratedimageshumorouslyandcolloquially.YetIrvingShaw’shumorfocusedonthedepictionofcharacters’personality.Intheinfluenceofthosewriters,O.Henryfollowedtheirstyle.Hisworkisfullofhumor,hisstoriesareamusing,flippant,flat,bitingandarefilledwithirony,sentiment,andpathosbutisquitedifferentfromtheirs,filledwithdepressed,miserableandbitterlaughter.HismajorironicworksareTheChairofPhilanthromathematics,TheCopandTheAnthem,TheFourMillion,ConfessionsOfAHumoristandsoon,amongwhichTheCopandTheAnthemisthemostexemplary.Ironyrunsthroughoutthewholestory.

2ThestatementofironyIronyisafigureofspeechinwhichtheintendedmeaningofthewordsusedisthedirectoppositeoftheirusualsense.Itisabroadtermreferringtotherecognitionofarealitydifferentfromthemaskingappearance.Forexample,“ForyearsthehospitableBlackwell’shadbeenhiswinterquarters.”Asweallknow,Blackwellisaroughprisonthatcommonpeopleareafraidofgoingto.HereO.Henrydescribestheprisonwith“hospital”whichiscompletelyoppositetowhatitreallyis.Thusthestrongsarcasticironyeffectisreached.Ifthewriteruses“rough”,therewillbenosucheffectatall.Asironyrealizesitseffectsbymeansofexaggeration,understatementandsarcasm,itcanbesubdividedintoverbalirony,dramaironyandsituationalirony.Firstisverbalirony.Verbalironyisafigureofspeechinwhichtheactualintentisexpressedinwordswhichcarrytheoppositemeaning.Itcontainstwolevelsofmeaning.Whatitactuallymeansisnotdecidedbyitsliteralmeaningbutthecontext,e.g.Youareeloquentasanoyster.Infactanoysteriswordless,sohere“eloquent”isintendedtomean“silent”.Inthisway,thespeakercansatirizesomeonewho’salwaystaciturn.Secondisdramairony.Dramaironyhasaspecialmeaning,referringtoknowledgeheldbytheaudiencebuthiddenfromtherelevantactors.I’llshowyouanexample.“IhopeTom’sbetteroffwhereheis”,saidSid;“butifhe’dbeeninsomeways”“Sid!”Tomfelttheglaretheoldlady’seye,thoughhecouldnotseeit.“notawordagainstmyTom,nowthathe’sgone!”Inthescene,Tomishidingunderthebed,whichiscleartoaudienceexceptSidandTom’saunt.Becauseofthat,Tom’sauntreactssostrongly.Inordinarydays,Tomisanaughtyboyandhisauntalwayscomplainsabouthim.It’sfunnythatTom’sauntissoemotionalcomparedwiththefactthatTomisstillalive.Thelastoneissituationalironywhichistheironicspiritappliedtoevent,andsituation.Theactualdevelopmentofonesituationisjustoppositetotheexpression.Forexample,SeveralvacationersattheluxuriousRichelieuApartmentsthereheldahurricanepartytowatchthestormfromtheirspectacularpoint.RichelieuApartmentsweresmashedapartasifbyagiganticfist,and26peopleperished.Intimeofdanger,peoplestillsoakedthemselvesinvisualenjoymentratherthanrunningaway.Theresultwasthat26peoplewerekilledwhichwasabsolutelyoutoftheirexpectations.ThereareaseaofironiesinTheCopandtheAnthem,especiallysituationalironies.Detailedanalysisaboutthesituationalironiesusedinthisnovelwillbegivennext.

3TheuseofironyinTheCopandtheAnthemItisthesituationalironythatisusedinTheCopandtheAnthem.Becauseitisappliedthroughoutthebeginning,thedevelopmentandtheend,anunexpectedeffecthasbeenachieved.Theanalysisandtheunderstandingofsituationalironycanhelpenablereaderstoenjoyliteraturebetter,toknowmoreaboutthetemptationfortheauthorsandtoimprovetheirtasteinliterature.Hereisthedetailedanalysisaboutthesituationalironiesinthisnovel.3.1Soapy’swayofwinteringandhisthoughtsThehibernatorialambitionsofSoapywerenotofthehighest.InthemtherewerenoconsiderationsofMediterraneancruisesofsoporificSouthernshiesordriftingintheVesuvianBay.ThreemonthsontheIslandForallanimals,itiscertainthatstoringfoodandlookingforaplaceforwinteringbeforewinterareexcessivelynecessary,letaloneforadvancedhumanbeings.Aswinterisaroundthecorner,winteringintheprisonisobviouslynotanobleandreasonableideaforpeoplewithfourstronglimbslikeSoapy,thoughhehasnoplacetolivewithoutacashinhispocket.What’smore,everyoneknowswhataprisonisusedfor—aplaceforholdingprisoners.Aprisononlycouldprovidetheprisonerswiththemostbasicevenquitebadaccommodations,soaprisoncanneverbeaplacemenhavebeenlongingfor.Yetinthenovel,it’sabigironythattheauthorcomparedSoapy’sridiculousideatotheessenceofthingsdesirable.Wemayknowfromthenovel,atthattimethereisnolackofAmericanaidagencies,andphilanthropistsarenotinasmallnumber.ThusitshouldbesaidthatthereisnoneedforSoapytolivesuchanawkwardlife.NeverthelesswhywouldSoapyrathergotoprisonthanacceptrelief?ItturnsoutthatinSoapy’sopinionthelawwasmorebenignthanphilanthropy.Ifnotincornyoumustpayinhumiliationofspiritforeverybenefitreceivedatthehandsofphilanthropy.TheconflictbetweenSoapy’sstrangeideaandtherealityexposesthehypocrisyofthecapitalistswithphilanthropists’masks.OnceO.HenryseverelycriticizedthosesanctimoniouscapitalistsinTheChairofPhilanthromathematics.O.Henrysaid:“Whenamanswindlesthepublicoutofacertainamounthebeginstogetscaredandwantstoreturnpartofit.Andifyou’llwatchcloseandnoticethewayhischarityrunsyou’llseethathetriestorestoreittothesamepeoplehegotitfrom.”Inanotherword,theso-calledphilanthropistssqueezethemoneyfromthecivilianpopulation.Theessenceofcharityisacoverforcapitaliststogivebacksomemoneyforpeaceofmind.TheendingofTheChairofPhilanthromathematicsalsoprovedthispoint.Evenindoingphilanthropy,philanthropistshavenotforgottenexploitationandprofit.3.2Soapy’ssixbackfiredactionsSoapytakesaltogethersixchancestobearrestedinthisfiction.EachtimeSoapyendsupwithaturn-upandeachattemptcontainsasituationalirony.Firstofall,SoapygoesintoaglitteringcaféonBroadwayandisreadytohaveafeastwithoutpaying.Whatapity!Assoonashesetsfootintotherestaurant,theheadwaiter’seyesfelluponhisfrayedtrousersanddecadentshoes.It’snaturalthatSoapyisthrowntothesidewalk.Thelastsentenceofthispartis:“Strongandreadyhandsturnedhimaboutandconveyedhiminsilenceandhastetothesidewalkandavertedtheignoblefateofthemenacedmallard.”SinceSoapyispoor,it’sashameforthemallardtobeeatenbySoapy.Itisthusclearthatthediscriminationagainstthepoorandtheconceptof“moneytalks”isverysevere.SoapyturnsoffBroadwayandcomestoashopwindow.Hetakesacobblestoneanddashesitthroughtheglass.It’sridiculousthatthecopdoesn’tregardhimasasuspectatall.Fromthisscene,wecanfigureoutthatcopsinthattimeswerenotworththeirsaltatall.Theymightalwaysarrestaninnocentperson,sotruthisalwaysfarawayfromthem.Wecanimaginehowcorrupttheofficersareandhowdarkthesocietyis!OncemoreSoapygoesintoarestaurantbutofnogreatpretensions.Thistime,Soapyhasgotsomethingtoeatbutwaitersgivehimasoundbeatwithoutcallingacop.Wheneverawaiterfaceproblemslikethat,heshouldhavecalledacop.It’sundoubtedlyillegaltogiveSoapyasoundthrashingbyhimself.Thisalsoreflectsthecorruptionandofcops.Peoplearewillingtoaskpoliceforhelpbecausetheyknowitturnsouttobenouse.Theforthattemptistomolestastrangegirl.“Ayoungwomanofamodestandpleasingguisewasstandingbeforeashowwindowgazingwithsprightlyinterestatitsdisplayofshavingmugsandinkstands.”Thispartofdescriptionconveysinformationthattheyoungwomanmustbeanobleandwell-educatedlady,whileGodseemstoplaytricksonhimonpurpose.Thegirlturnsouttobeaprostitutewhoseemstowon’tlether“customer”goeasily.FinallySoapytakesagreatdealofefforttogetridofher.EverythinggoescontrarytoSoapy’swishes.AfterthatSoapycatchesattheimmediatestrawof“disorderlyconduct”.Hereallywantstobreakpublicordersbecausehereallywantstobearrested,whileoncemoreacopcaresnothingforSoapy’sbehavior.Thingsgoonrunningintheoppositedirection.“Inacigarstorehesawawell-dressedmanlightingacigarataswinginglight.”“Well-dressed”andsmoking“acigar”bothindicatehe’sarichgentleman,atleastnotpoor.Soapytrystoirritatethegentlemanbytakingawayhissilkumbrella.Unexpectedlythesilkumbrellaactuallydoesn’tbelongtothegentleman.Hestoleitthatmorning.Asaresult,he“returns”thesilkumbrellatoSoapy.Thisisanironicandhypocriticalage.Aprostitutemightmakeuplikeanobleladyandathiefmightdressuplikearichgentleman.Itisasocietyfulloflies.Infact,eachofSoapy’sactionwillrealizehis“dream”withoutahitch,whileitistheridiculoussocietywithinjusticeandcontradictionmakesthereasonablepossibilityoutofthequestion.ThesituationalironiesofsixunexpectedscenessharplysatirethedarknessoftheU.S.frommultipleangles.Infrontofpeople,capitalistsalwaysrepeatedlyclaimthateveryoneisequalbeforeGod,butthepolicereactdifferentlytoSoapybecausetheyhavemistakenSoapy’sidentity.WhentheyseeSoapy’sraggedclothes,theyignoreandevenlaughathim;whentheymistakeSoapyforarichkidfromYaleUniversity,theybeartoleranceforallkindsofevilmattersasmuchaspossible.Allofitrevealstopeopletheessenceofcapitalistsociety—3.3cops’dutyandpeople’sviewofcopsItiswellknownthatacop’sjobistomakepeopleobeylawsandpreventorsolvecrimes.Neverthelesswemayfindthatthepolicehavealreadyforgottentheirdutyforalongtimeinthisfiction.AtfirstSoapybreakstheshopwindowonpurpose,whilethecopdirectlyrunsafteramanhalfwaydowntheblockcatchingabusratherthantakesSoapyasasuspect.Bythistoken,policeatthattimeseemtoinvestigatethecaseatintuitionratherthanevidence.Itmusttakeamansometimetorunoverahalfblock.Ifthetroublemakerdidn’tcatchanyone’sattentionuntilhehadbrokentheshopwindowandrunoverahalfblock,howfasthewere!What’smore,itisinthedaytimeandSoapytriestoexposehiscrime,sotheremustbesomeoneseeingwhatreallyhappens.Aslongasthecopasksthemenwhoisthere,thentherewillbeananswer.Secondly,whenSoapyconductdisorderlyatpublicplace,thecopabsolveshimandevenprovidesanexplanationforhim.Ihavethoughtoftworeasonstoexplainthisweirdthing.OnereasonisthatthecopactuallyhasmistakenSoapyforarichstudentatYaleUniversity.Ifso,thecopstandsforallthepolicewhobullytheweakandfearthestrongandpolicearelacqueysservingforthecapitalists.Inthosecops’eyes,peoplearedividedintothepoorandtherichorthegentleandthesimple,whichistheonlycriterionforthemtodecidewhoisguilty.Theotherreasonisthatcopsaretoolazytoundertaketheirduty.Inordertoreducetheirworkload,theyturnablindeyetotheircases.Itcanthusbeseenpoliceatthatagearealwaysirresponsible.Cops’irresponsibilityisalsoreflectedinthesceneofstealingumbrella.Thetimethewell-dressedgentlemanadmitshimselftakingtheumbrellafromotherone,thecopturnsaroundinsteadofarrestinghim.Allthosethingsgocontrarytowhatshouldhavehappened,whichresultfromtheessenceofcops—flunkiesofthecapitalistsandtoolsfortherulingclass.Aftertheex-umbrellamanretreated,thepolicemanhurriedtoassistatallblondeinanoperacloakacrossthestreetinfrontofastreetcarthatwasapproachingtwoblocksaway.Thatisnotacop’sduty,butitseemsthathe’squitegladtodotheseunnecessarytrifles.Thatistosay,police’sjobhasbeentodowhattheywanttoratherthanwhattheyhaveto.AseriesofironiescompletelyoppositetowhatoughttobeseverelycondemncopsAscopsalwaysneglecttheirduty,inpeople’smindacopisnolongerwhatheusedtobe,tobemoreexact,butakindofdecoration.Thuswhenevertheygetintosometroubles,theyalwaystrytoresolvethemintheirownwaythoughit’slegaltoaskacopforhelp.NowonderSoapyhasbeenthrownoutoftherestaurantassoonashetellsthewaiterhehasnomoneywithhim.Inthatage,peoplewon’tgetwhattheydeservewiththehelpofcops.Whilecopsstillhavetherighttoarrestsomeonewhomtheythinkofguilty,peopleseemtobeafraidofthem.Usuallypeopleneverdoanyillegalthingstoacop’sface.Iftheywantto,they’lldoitbehindhisback.3.4Soapy’sviewofcops’irresponsibilityAmongSoapy’ssixfailuresoftryingtogetintoprison,somefailedbecauseSoapyisnotluckyenoughandmeetssomeguyswhoaregoodatdisguisingthemselves,whiletwocasesfailedbecauseofthepolice.Ifcopswereresponsible,careful,righteous,ornotrunningdogsofcapitalism,Soapywouldhavegotsuccess.Inacrime’seyes,suchuncaringcopswhofailtodistinguishrightfromwrongareobviouslypopularwithhim.Neverthelessinthisnovel,evenSoapyasacriminalisterriblydisappointedwiththosecops.Inthatworld,copsarenolongerresponsibleandcriminalswishcopstobededicatedtotheirduties,whereeverythingisupsidedown.Thusasharpsituationalironyworksandexpressestheauthor’sdissatisfactionandragetowardscops.3.5Soapyhasbeeninfluencedbyanthemanddecidetoturnoveranewleaf,butisarrestedAndtheanthemthattheorganistplayedcementedSoapytotheironfence,forhehadknownitwellinthedayswhenhislifecontainedsuchthingsasmothersandrosesandambitionsandfriendsandimmaculatethoughtsandcollars.[1]P72WhenSoapyisquitedepressed,it’stheanthemthatpurifieshissoulandfillshimwithhopeagain.Theanthemgivesadefinitionoftruthfulness,kindheartednessandbeauty,andthusthereisnoplaceforfalseness,wickednessandugliness.Theanthemisthevoiceofjusticewithoverwhelmingpower.ItmeltsSoapy’scoldanddespairingheartandpullsbackSoapywhoisabouttomovetowardabyss.Allofasudden,Soapyhasawakenedthatheisstillyoungwithbeautifuldreamsandwildambitions.What’smore,hislifeisnotalwaysthatbad.Heusedtogetagraciousmothertocherishhim,atendergirlfriendtolovehimandabunchoffriendstosupporthim.Becauseofalltheloveandencourage,Soapyhasgotenoughstrengthtostarthisbrandnewlife.WhenSoapyhasdecidedtofindanewjobandleadanindependentlife,acoparrestshimbecauseofhisdoingnothing.Asweallknow,aprisonisaplaceforprisonerstoreformthemselvesthroughlaborworkandideologicaleducationandstartwithacleanslate.Yetinthisfiction,Soapyisarrestedatthetimeofmakinguphismindtoturnoveranewleaf,whichresultsinasharpsituationalirony.Thissituationalironyechoestheformerones.Thusitletsofftheauthor’sstrongresentmentagainstthecapitalistsystemandthistopsy-turvyage.Itcanbesaidthatsituationalironyislikeachaintolinkupthewholestory.Theauthorpaysmuchattentiontotheuseofsituationalironyineachsceneandcreatesahumorous,satiricandunexpectableatmosphereforreaders.What’smore,O.Henryarrangestheendingskillfully.Theendingisjustoppositetothetitle,whichenhancestheironiceffect.Suchdismalendconveysauthor’sdeepdisappointmentofcapitalistsociety.ThetitleisTheCopandtheAnthem,whichseemstopraisecopsbecausetheycanbringfairnessandjusticetoeveryoneandcomforttothoseunluckypeople.Thenovelshowstheessenceofthecopsatthattime—flunkiesofcapitalists.Tosomeextent,copsruintheinfluenceoftheanthemwithoutmercyjustlikeexecutioners.Ironyoccursthroughoutthetext.Everyironyservesthetheme.Whatdoescapitalistsocietylooklike?Itisasocietyofwidegapbetweentherichandthepoor,whererichmenareextremelyextravagantandluxuriouswhilepoormenhavenoplacetolive;whererichmencouldgettheirwaywhileinnocentpoormengetarrested.Apartfromluxuriouslife,richpeoplealsoenjoyprivilegewhichpoorpeoplearetoofarbehindtocatchupwith.TheendingnotonlyrevealsSoapy’sdesiretobebetter,butalsothesocialblow,thustoenablepeopletoseethereasonofSoapy’sfall.Theblowfromcapitalistsocietyimposeshardshipsoncommonpeoplebothphysicallyandmentallyandalsodeprivesthemoftheirrightstoenjoyhappiness.

ConclusionO.HenryisafamousAmericanwriterofshortstories.Theauthor’shumorousnatureandironicbrushworkendowedhisworkswithgreatcharm.TheCopandtheAnthemisoneofO.Henry’smajormasterpiece.Inthearticletheauthorartisticallyusesironytoreflectreallifeinthe1880s.Atthattime,Americancapitalistsgotatremendoussuccessinthedirectionofindustrializationandurbanizationandatthesametimepolarizationwasgraduallyintensifying,whichenabledpeopletoleadadog’slife.Thenovelseverelyslashedthesocialinequality,andprofoundlyrevealsthecontradictionintheprocessofthedevelopmentofmaterialcivilization,spiritualcivilizationandpoliticalcivilization.ThispaperdealswiththeuseofironyinTheCopandtheAnthemfromtheperspectiveofthetitle,plotendingandthemeandanalyzesthefunctionsandutilizationskillsofirony.Thewholenovelisfilledwithallkindsofironies,whichmakesthethememoredistinctandprofound,charactersmorevividandlifelike,theplotmoreintricateandsinuous,sothatthewholestoryismorefascinatingwithhumorandwit.Facedwiththetopsy-turvyworldtheauthordepicts,peoplefeellikelaughing.Neverthelessit’snotalight-heartedorpleasantlaughterbutagrievedandthoughtprovokingone.ThereforewecansayironyisthesoulofTheCopandtheAnthem.Becauseofit,TheCopandtheAnthemisreadyforanextendedlife.

Notes[1]吴伟仁.HistoryandAnthologyofAmericanLiterature.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1990.

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AcknowledgementsIwouldliketotakethischancetoexpressmygratitudetoallpeoplewhohaveeverhelpedinthisproject.MysincereandheartythanksandappreciationsgofirstlytoLecturerLiuLamei,mysupervisor.ItisshewhogavemesuchconfidencethatIhavetheabilitytocompletethisstudy.Itisshewhopassedonsomuchprofessionalknowledgetoconductmehowtostartmythesis.Itisshewhotookgreatpainstocallattentiontomymistakes.Underherwiseandencouragingguidance,thisdissertationwaswrittenandrevised.Ithasbeenagreatprivilegeandjoytostudyunderherguidanceandsupervision.Furthermore,itismyhonortobenefitfromherpersonalityanddiligence.Ifthisworkcanbeofanymerits,itisbecauseofher.IamdeeplyindebtedandgratefultoallthecourseteachersintheschoolofForeignLanguages,ProfessorPanLifeng,andotherteachersFinally,IwouldliketoexpressmysincerethankstoallmyfriendsandclassmateswhogavemeinvaluablehelpandsustainedencouragementwhenIwasconfusedintheperiodofpreparingthispaper.Toallofthem,namedandunnamed,Iwishtoextendmythanks.五年制师范学生听力障碍与学习策略研究AStudyofListeningBarriersandStrategiesforFive-year-programNormalSchoolStudents摘要作为第二语言习得提供可理解的语言输入，是第二语言习得中非常重要的一个环节，因此听力理解是英语学习中的重点也是难点，尤其对于当前英语学习的特殊群体—五年制师范学生来说，存在诸多挑战。当前，五年制师范学校学生的英语听力水平比同等学力学生的平均水平要低，且学习的动机水平不高，参与的积极性也不够。本研究从山东省四处五年制师范学校四个不同年级中随机选择120名学生（每个年级30名）作为研究对象，通过问卷、采访及“自我报告”的形式，采用定性和定量相结合的研究方法，探究五年制师范学生在英语听力学习中遇到的主要障碍。应用二语习得理论中的学习策略提出了相应的克服这些障碍的对策，以期达到提高学生英语听力水平的目的。本文共分六章。第一章：首先对本研究的目的、意义、必要性及研究拟采用的方法做出简要阐述，然后对本文的组织结构做出说明。第二章：对英语听力教学的历史沿革、发展状况和专家学者对英语听力学习中存在困难的研究进行梳理并阐述本研究的理论依据。。第三章：对研究方法做出说明。主要包括研究的问题、研究的对象、研究采用的工具、数据采集方法及数据分析。第四章：数据分析得出的结论。调查发现五年制师范学生听力中常遇到以下障碍：情绪障碍、习惯障碍、信念障碍、设备及环境障碍、语言水平障碍、策略障碍及材料障碍等。第五章：基于调查结论，提出有针对性的克服上述障碍的方法、建议及有关英语听力学习的策略。强调应通过锻炼语音的准确性，扩大词汇量及丰富材料背景知识等途径提高英语基础知识；学会应用一些有效的听力策略，如选择要点，记忆储存，预测推断等；给五年制师范学生提供经过选择的、多样的、适合学生水平并能引起他们兴趣的真实听力材料；努力激发学生的学习兴趣，提高他们的自信心，降低他们的焦虑感，帮助他们克服情绪障碍；营造轻松愉快的氛围，积极地进行听力学习。第六章：对本研究做出尽量客观地反思与评价，本研究的局限性亦被指出。关键词：听力理解，听力障碍，五年制师范学生，学习策略

AbstractThisstudyisundertakentomakeaninvestigationintolisteningbarriersencounteredbyfive-year-programnormalschoolstudents.Specifically,thepurposeofthestudyistofindout1)theobstaclesencounteredbyfive-year-programnormalschoolstudentsand2)thestrategiestoovercometheseobstacles.Inthestudythesubjectsinvolvedwere120studentsindifferentgradesfromfourfive-year-programnormalschoolsinShandongProvince.Theywereaskedtocompleteawrittenquestionnairewhichwascarefullyself-designedbasedonOxford(1990),O’MalleyandChamot’s(1990)languageLearningStrategies.Studentsalsoself-reportedinwrittenformattheirattitudes,thoughts,responsestoeachdistractorineitherChineseorEnglish.Inaddition,referencesweretakenfromunstructuredfacetofaceortelephoneinterviewwithsomesubjects.Datawascollectedquantitativelyandaninductiveprocedurewasadopteddealingwiththesubjects’choicestoderivecategoriesoftheobstaclesencounteredbylearnersinfive-year-programnormalschoolinlistening,thenthedatawasanalyzedqualitatively.Atlast,learningstrategiesbasedonL2acquisitiontheorywereproposedsoastoovercometheseobstaclesandtopromotestudentsThethesisiscomposedofsixchapters.ChapterOneisabriefintroductiontothestudyanditmainlyincludesthepurpose,significance,necessity，methodologyandorganizationthestudy.ChapterTwoservesasthetheoreticalbasisandliteraturereviewwhichincludesthehistory&developmentoflisteningpedagogyandtheresearchrelatedlisteningcomprehensionproblemsmadebysomeexpertsandscholars.ChapterThreepresentsadetaileddescriptionofthewaythestudyiscond