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段落信息matching

1 adescriptionofanearlytimekee inventionaffectedbycoldtemperatures

2 anex nationoftheimportanceofgeographyinthedevelopmentofthecalendarinfarmingcommunities

3 adescriptionoftheoriginsofthependulumclock

4 detailsofthesimultaneouseffortsofdifferentsocietiestocalculatetimeusinguniformhours

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1 adescriptionofanearlytimekeeinventionaffectedbycoldtemperatures

定位文章：D段最后一句

Althoughthesedevicesperformedsatisfactorilyaround

theMediterranean,theycouldnotalwaysbedependedoninthecloudyandoftenzingweatherofnorthernEurope.

2 anexnationoftheimportanceofgeographyinthedevelopmentofthecalendarinfarmingcommunities

定位文章：B段

And,forthoselivingneartheequatorinparticular,itswaxing

andwaningwasmoreconspicuousthanthepassingoftheseasons.Hence,thecalendarsthatweredevelopedatthelowerlatitudeswereinfluencedmorebythelunarcyclethanbythesolaryear.Inmorenorthernclimes,however,whereseasonalagriculturewaspractised,thesolaryearbecamemorecrucial.AstheRomanEmpireexpandednorthward,itorganiseditsactivitychartforthemostpartaroundthesolaryear.

3 adescriptionoftheoriginsofthependulumclock

定位文章：F段最后一句

Bythe16thcentury,apendulumclockhadbeendevised,

butthependulumswunginalargearcandthuswasnotveryefficient.

4 detailsofthesimultaneouseffortsofdifferentsocietiestocalculatetimeusinguniformhours

定位文章：E段

Theschemesthatdividedthedayinto24equalparts

variedaccordingtothestartofthecount:Italianhoursbeganatsunset,Babylonianhoursatsunrise,astronomicalhoursatmiddayand'greatclock'hours,usedforsomelargepublicclocksinGermany,atmidnight.

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5Theydevisedacivilcalendarinwhichthemonths

wereequalinlength.

6Theydividedthedayintotwoequalhalves.

7Theydevelopedanewcabinetshapeforatypeoftimekeeper.

8Theycreatedacalendartoorganisepubliceventsandworkschedules.

ListofNationalities

ABabyloniansCGreeks

BEgyptiansDEnglish

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5Theydevisedacivilcalendarinwhichthemonthswereequalinlength.

定位文章：C段第一句

CenturiesbeforetheRomanEmpire,theEgyptianshad

formulatedamunicipalcalendarhaving12monthsof30days,withfivedaysaddedtoapproximatethesolaryear.

6Theydividedthedayintotwoequalhalves.

定位文章：E段最后第一句

Eventuallytheseweresupersededby'smallclock',or

French,hours,whichsplitthedayintotwo12-hourperiodscommencingatmidnight.

7Theydevelopedanewcabinetshapeforatypeoftimekeeper.

定位文章：G段第一句和最后第一句

Toaddressthis,avariationontheoriginalescapement

wasinventedin1670,inEngland.Moreover,thisinventionallowedtheuseofalongpendulumwhichcouldbeatonceasecondandthusledtothedevelopmentofanewfloor-standingcasedesign,whichbecameknownasthegrandfatherclock.

8Theycreatedacalendartoorganisepubliceventsandworkschedules.

定位文章：A段

LongbeforetheadventoftheRomanEmpire,the

Babyloniansbegantomeasuretime,introducingcalendarstoco-ordinatecommunalactivities,tontheshipmentofgoodsand,inparticular,toregulatentingandharvesting.

Howthe1670lever-baseddeviceworked

集中定位到G段

Itwascalledtheanchorescapement,whichwasalever-baseddeviceshapedlikeaship'sanchor.Themotionofapendulumrocksthisdevicesothatitcatchesandthenreleaseseachtoothoftheescapewheel,inturnallowingittoturnapreciseamount.Unliketheoriginalformusedinearlypendulumclocks,theanchorescapementpermittedthependulumtotravelinaverysmallarc.Moreover,thisinventionallowedtheuseofalongpendulumwhichcouldbeatonceasecondandthusledtothedevelopmentofanewfloor-standingcasedesign,whichbecameknownasthegrandfatherclock.

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AAccordingtoarchaeologicalevidence,atleast5,000yearsago,andlongbeforetheadventoftheRomanEmpire,theBabyloniansbegantomeasuretime,introducingcalendarstoco-ordinatecommunalactivities,to

ntheshipmentofgoodsand,inparticular,toregulatentingandharvesting.Theybasedtheircalendarson

threenaturalcycles:thesolarday,markedbythesuccessiveperiodsoflightanddarknessastheearthrotatesonitsaxis;thelunarmonth,followingthephasesofthemoonasitorbitstheearth;andthesolaryear,definedbythechangingseasonsthatpanyournet'srevolutionaroundthesun.

BBeforetheinventionofartificiallight,themoonhadgreatersocialimpact.And,forthoselivingneartheequatorinparticular,itswaxingandwaningwasmoreconspicuousthanthepassingoftheseasons.Hence,thecalendarsthatweredevelopedatthelowerlatitudeswereinfluencedmorebythelunarcyclethanbythesolaryear.Inmorenorthernclimes,however,whereseasonalagriculturewaspractised,thesolaryearbecamemorecrucial.AstheRomanEmpireexpandednorthward,itorganiseditsactivitychartforthemostpartaroundthesolaryear.

CCenturiesbeforetheRomanEmpire,theEgyptianshadformulatedamunicipalcalendarhaving12monthsof30days,withfivedaysaddedtoapproximatethesolaryear.Eachperiodoftendayswasmarkedbytheappearanceofspecialgroupsofstarscalleddecans.AttheriseofthestarSiriusjustbeforesunrise,whichoccurredaroundtheall-importantannualfloodingoftheNile,12decanscouldbeseenspanningtheheavens.ThecosmicsignificancetheEgyptianscedinthe12decansledthemtodevelopasysteminwhicheachintervalofdarkness(andlater,eachintervalofdaylight)wasdividedintoadozenequalparts.

CTheseperiodsbecameknownastemporalhoursbecausetheirdurationvariedaccordingtothechanginglengthofdaysandnightswiththepassingoftheseasons.Summerhourswerelong,winteronesshort;onlyatthespringandautumnequinoxeswerethehoursofdaylightanddarknessequal.Temporalhours,whichwerefirstadoptedbytheGreeksandthentheRomans,whodisseminatedthemthroughEurope,remainedinuseformorethan2,500years.

DInordertotracktemporalhoursduringtheday,inventorscreatedsundials,whichindicatetimebythelengthordirectionofthesun'sshadow.Thesundial'scounterpart,thewaterclock,wasdesignedtomeasuretemporalhoursatnight.Oneofthefirstwaterclockswasabasinwithasmallholenearthebottomthroughwhichthewaterdrippedout.Thefallingwaterleveldenotedthepassinghourasitdippedbelowhourlinesinscribedontheinnersurface.AlthoughthesedevicesperformedsatisfactorilyaroundtheMediterranean,theycouldnotalwaysbedependedoninthecloudyandoften zingweatherofnorthernEurope.

ETheadventofthemechanicalclockmeantthatalthoughitcouldbeadjustedtomaintaintemporalhours,itwasnaturallysuitedtokeeequalones.Withthese,however,arosethequestionofwhentobegincounting,andso,intheearly14thcentury,anumberofsystemsevolved.Theschemesthatdividedthedayinto24equalpartsvariedaccordingtothestartofthecount:Italianhoursbeganatsunset,Babylonianhoursatsunrise,astronomicalhoursatmiddayand'greatclock'hours,usedforsomelargepublicclocksinGermany,atmidnight.Eventuallytheseweresupersededby'smallclock',orFrench,hours,whichsplitthedayintotwo12-hourperiodscommencingatmidnight.

FTheearliestrecordedweight-drivenmechanicalclockwasbuiltin1283inBedfordshireinEngland.Therevolutionaryaspectofthisnewtimekeeperwasneitherthedescendingweightthatprovideditsmotivenorthegearwheels(whichhadbeenaroundforatleast1,300years)thattransferredthepower;itwasthepartcalledtheescapement.Intheearly1400scametheinventionofthecoiledspringorfuseewhichmaintainedconstanttothegearwheelsofthetimekeeperdespitethechangingtensionofitsmainspring.Bythe16thcentury,apendulumclockhadbeendevised,butthependulumswunginalargearcandthuswasnotveryefficient.

GToaddressthis,avariationontheoriginalescapementwasinventedin1670,inEngland.Itwascalledtheanchorescapement,whichwasalever-baseddeviceshapedlikeaship'sanchor.Themotionofapendulumrocksthisdevicesothatitcatchesandthenreleaseseachtoothoftheescapewheel,inturnallowingittoturnapreciseamount.Unliketheoriginalformusedinearlypendulumclocks,theanchorescapementpermittedthependulumtotravelinav