高中英语动名词和不定式的区别

--#-高中英语动名词和不定式的区别动名词与不定式1）动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的2）接不定式或动名词，意义相同。3）动名词与不定式语义不同的有11组：stoptodostopdoingforgettodoforgetdoingremembertodorememberdoingregrettodoregretdoingceasetodoceasedoingtrytodotrydoinggoontodogoondoingafraidtodoafraiddoinginterestedtodointeresteddoingmeantodomeandoingbegin/starttodobegin/startdoing动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解一、作主语.不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：(1)把不定式置于句首。如：Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：It+be+名词+todoIt'sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.Ittakessb+sometime+todoHowlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?It+be+形容词+forsb+todoItisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninaquarterofanhour.It+be+形容词+ofsb+todoItisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingtheteachersays.Itseems(appears)+形容词+todoItseemedimpossibletosavemoney.在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sbis+形容词+todo句式，如：It'skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.=YouarekindtohelpmewithmyEnglish..动名词作主语Learningwithoutpracticeisnogood.动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如：①It's+no good(nouse,fun,apleasure,awasteoftime)+doing...It'snogoodreadingindimlight.It'snousesittingherewaiting.②It's+形容词+doingIt'sdangerousswimmingintheseainwindydays.这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式代替，如：It'simportantforyoutokeepfit.③Thereisno+doingThereisnosayingwhatwillhappennext.在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于"It'simpossibleto..."结构。3.动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如：It'snogoodeatingtoomuchfat.It'snogoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.②动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如：It'snouseyourpretendingthatyoudidn'tknowtherules.二、作宾语.不定式作宾语①以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如：Idecidedtoaskformymoneyback.IdecidedthatIwouldaskformymoneyback.Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedtostartbackonfoot.Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedthatwewouldstartbackonfoot.②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语十动词+it+补语+todo句式。如：Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.③介词but,except,besides+todo(do)在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do,则接to不定式，即带do不带to,带to不带do。如：Theenemysoldiershadnochoicebuttogivein.OnSundayafternoonIhadnothingtodobutwatchTV..动名词作宾语①以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,giveup,insist,on,putoff等。如：Isuggestspendingoursummervacationinaseasidetown.Youmustgiveupsmoking,foritdoestoomuchharmtoyourhealth.②动名词作介词的宾语Ishouldgotoattendthebirthdaycelebrationinsteadofstayingathome.WhataboutinvitingLiJuntomakeaspeech?动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：havedifficulty(in)doing,havenotrouble(in)doing,losenotime(in)doing,prevent/stop...(from)doing,thereisnouse(in)doing等。.部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin,continue,start,hate,like,love,need,require,want等。在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：Yourhandwritingneedsimproving(tobeimproved).hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。在下列情况下，一般要用不定式：①hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：I'dliketohaveacupofcoffee.②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：Isoonbegantounderstandwhatwashappening..advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如：Ourteachersdon'tpermitourswimminginthelake.Ourteachersdon'tpermitustoswiminthelake..部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如：Don'tforgetfoposttheletterforme.HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport?Remembertoclosethewindowsbeforeyouleave.Irememberwritinghimaletterayearago.Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting.Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad.②meantodo打算做某事doing意味着 Imeanttocatchupwiththeearlybus.Thismeanswastingalotofmoney.③trytodo设法尽力做某事doing试着做某事Youshouldtrytoovercomeyourshortcomings.Tryworkingoutthephysicsprobleminanotherway.④stoptodo停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）doing停止做某事Onthewaytotheairport,Istoppedtobuyapaper.You'dbetterstoparguinganddoasyouaretold.⑤can'thelpdoing禁不住 todo不能帮助干……Theycouldn'thelpjumpingupatthenews.SorryIhavelotsofworktodo.SoIcan'thelptomakeuptheroomforyou.⑥goontodo做不同的事或不同内容的事doing继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续Hewentontotalkaboutworldsituation.他接着又谈了世界形势。We'llgoonfightingsolongasthereisoppressionintheworld.⑦leaveofftodo离开某地去干什么（目的状语）doing停下某事It'stimetoleaveofftalkingandtostartacting.Theyleftofftogofishing.三、做表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.Mychiefpurposeistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例①）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时,或以what引导的名词性分句（例③），不定式说明主语的内容。Ourworkisservingthepeople.Whathelikesistakingawalkaftersupper.ThestorytoldbyMr.Wangisinteresting.④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Servingthepeopleisoutwork,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。四、作定语.不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington.Haveyouanythingtobetakentoyoursister?Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion?Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon?MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：(1)表示将来的动作(例①)。(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词(例④)。(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态(例③)；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态(例②)。(4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①toarrive=thatwillarrive。.动名词作定语①Thispassagecanbeusedaslisteningmaterials.②Thereadingroomofourschoollibrarycanhold800people.③Allmovingbodieshaveenergy.①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来……的；第③句为现在分词作定语，单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑上的主谓关系，分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如：ThemanstandingattheschoolgateisProfessorHua.五、不定式作补足语.作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相对完整。常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive(强迫)，encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如：WouldyoulikemetogiveyourregardstoMary?Iwantyoutounderstandthewholepassageclearly.(2)部分动词后常接tobe+形容词、名词短语等形式，有时tobe可省略，如：believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understand等。WeallbelieveJohn(tobe)honest.Iconsiderhim(tobe)oneofthebestbiologyteachersofNo.1MiddleSchool.但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：Weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish.3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。①Ididn'thearanyonesayanythingaboutit.②Theymakethestudentsdotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第②句：Thestudentsaremadetodotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.(4)help,know后面的上。"可有可无。如：Wouldyoupleasehelpme(to)fillinthetaxform?I'veneverknownher(to)belatebefore.但：HewasknowntohavebeentoFrancebefore.(5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如：Youmaydependonthemtobethereearly.ThePartycallsonustoincreaseproductionandpractiseeconomy.常这样用的短语动词有：askfor,carefor,callon,counton,dependon,waitfor,longfor(渴望)，preparefor,wishfor等。2.作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如：Hewasnotallowedtoentertheclassroomforbeinglate.Theyounguniversitystudentisconsideredtohavegreatpromise.六、不定式作状语.作目的状语⑴①Istayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.②Henryhasdecidedtogotothehospitaltobeexaminedbythedoctor.(2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加inorder或soas。如：Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoas(inorder)nottoforgetit.有时为强调目的状语可把inorderto或不定式置于句首，但soasto不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为sothat,inorderthat,成为目的状语从句，如：Istayedtheresothat(inorderthat)Icouldseewhatwouldhappen.(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。Wearegladtohearthenews.Iwassurprisedtoseethatathree-year-oldbabycouldwritesowell.在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：Thequestionraisedbythestudentisdifficulttoanswer.Theroomisreallycomfortabletolivein.常这样用的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。.作结果状语Wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如：so…asto;such…astoI'mnotsostupid(afool)astoputitinwriting.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。I'mnotsuchastupidfoolastoputitinwriting.enough…toThespeedishighenoughforustocatchupwiththefirstliner.onlytoJanehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginthehospital.too...toI'mtootiredtostayuplonger.但在下列结构中，too...to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如：①I'monlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too修饰gladtohave...,相当于very）②Wehavetoomuchtolearn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。.不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：Totellthetruth,theplaywasagreatdisappointmenttome.常见的短语有tobeexact（确切地说），tobeginwith（首先），todohimjustice（说句对他公道的话），tobesure（真的）等等。七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法.疑问词十不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如：WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.Mr.Smithdidn'tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere.IaskedProfessorXuhowtolearnEnglishwell.Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded.以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：①Whenweshallleave…③…howIcouldlearn...经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,findout,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等。.动词不定式的时态、语态（1）时态①一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如：Ihopetobecomeauniversitystudentthisyear.（tobecome发生在hope之后）WeoftenhearDickplaythepianointhenextroom.（play和hear同时发生）②完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：I'msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Wearetooyoungtohaveseentheoldsociety.③进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如：TheteacherhappenedtobecorrectingourpaperswhenIcamein.Theyseemedtobediscussingsomethingimportant.(2)语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如：It'sagreathonourtobeinvitedtoMary'sbirthdayparty.(不定式作主语)Itwasimpossibleforlosttimetobemadeup(.不定式作主语)Iwishtobesenttoworkinthecountry.(不定式作宾语)Canyoutellmewhichisthecartoberepaired?(不定式作定语)Hewenttothehospitaltobeexamined.(不定式作状语)在Therebe结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：Therearestillmanythingstotakecareof(tobetakencareof).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：Theseisnothingtodonow.(Wehavenothingtodonow.)Thereisnothingtobedonenow.(Wecandonothingnow.).动名词的时态、语态(1)时态①一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之前、之后。如：Weareinterestedincollectingstamps.IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime.Wearenotafraidofdying.②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：Lmaginehavingtravelledonthemoon.Wewerepraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.(2)被动语态①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动语态，动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分。如：Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed.Hepridedhimselfonhavingneverbeenbeateninclass.②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如：Thebikeneedsrepairing.Ifathingisworthdoing,itisworthdoingwell..在口语中，为避免重复，常用"6"代替不定式结构，有时甚至可以把to省略。如：①一DidyougotovisittheGreatWall?—No,Iwantedto,buttherewasn'tenoughtime.②一Wouldyouliketocometoaparty?—I'dloveto.③一Don'tmakeanymistakesinyourhomework,willyou?—I'lltrynotto.④一Trytobebackby12,won'tyou?—OK,I'lltry.另外，begoingto,oughtto,usedto等也常用于这一结构中。.在why引起的问句中，省略"to"。如：Whyspendsuchalotofmoney?Whynotwaitforacoupleofdays?.当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时，只在第一个不定式前加"to"。如：It'squitenecessaryforustoreadmoreandhavemorepractice.."to”在下列短语中是“介词”，后接动名词或名词形式。如：devote...to,faceupto（勇敢地面对）,lookforwardto（盼望），objectto（反对），taketo（养成习惯，对 感兴趣；开始从事某种活动），beusedto（习惯于）等。既可接不定式又可接动名词作宾语的动词一、后接不定式或动名词且含义相同的动词这类动词常见的有：like喜欢/love喜欢/hate憎恨/prefer宁可/begin开始/start开始/continue继续/can'tbear不能忍受/bother麻烦/intend想要/attempt试图/cease停止，等。如：Helikestravelling[totravel]alone.他喜欢单独旅行。Hebegandoing[todo]thisjoblastyear.他去年开始做这工作。Don'tbothertoget[getting]dinnerforme.请不必费事为我做饭了。注意：当like,love,hate,prefer与would,should连用时，其后只能接不定式。如：I'dliketodropinandseeyoutonight.我想今晚来看你。另外，当begin,start本身为进行时态或后接know,realize,understand等静态动词时，其后的动词只能用不定式。如：Heisbeginningtoworkinthatcompany.他即将开始去那个公司工作。AfterthetalkwithhisEnglishteacher,hebegantolikeEnglish.跟英语老师谈话之后，他开始喜欢英语了。二、forget,remember,regret后接不定式或动名词含义不同后接不定式或动名词含义不同动词forget,remember,regret等接不定式时，表示非谓语动词的动作发生于谓语动词的动作之后；接动名词作宾语时