英语六级阅读模拟试题

英语六级阅读模拟试题RenewableEnergy

Inthepastcentury,ithasbeenseenthattheconsumptionofnon-renewablesourcesofenergyhascausedmoreenvironmentaldamagethananyotherhumanactivity.Electricitygeneratedfromfossilfuelssuchascoalandcrudeoilhasledtohighconcentrationsofharmfulgasesintheatmosphere.Thishasinturnledtomanyproblemsbeingfacedtodaysuchasozonedepletionandglobalwarming.Vehicularpollutionhasalsobeenamajorproblem.

Therefore,alternativesourcesofenergyhavebecomeveryimportantandrelevanttotodaysworld.Thesesources,suchasthesunandwind,canneverbeexhaustedandthereforearccalledrenewable.Theycauselessemissionandareavailablelocally.Theirusecan.toalargeextent,reducechemical,radioactive,andthermalpollution.Theystandoutasaviablesourceofcleanandlimitlessenergy.Thesearealsoknownasnon-conventionalsourcesofenergy.Mostoftherenewablesourcesofenergyarefairfynon-pollutingandconsideredcleanthoughbiomass,arenewablesource,isamajorpolluterindoors.

SolarEnergy

Solarenergyisthemostreadilyavailablesourceofenergy.Itdoesnotbelongtoanybodyandis,therefore,free.Itisalsothemostimportantofthenon-conventionalsourcesofenergybecauseitisnon-pollutingand,therefore.helpsinlesseningthegreenhouseeffect.

Solarenergyhasbeenusedsinceprehistorictimes.butinamostprimitivemanner.Before1970,someresearchanddevelopmentwascarriedoutinafewcountriestoexploitsolarenergymoreefficiently,butmostofthisworkremainedmainlyacademic.Afterthedramaticriseinoilpricesinthe1970s,severalcountriesbegantoformulateextensiveresearchanddevelopmentprogrammestoexploitsolarenergy.

Whenwehangoutourclothestodryinthesun,weusetheenergyofthesun.Inthesameway,solarpanelsabsorbtheenergyofthesuntoprovideheatforcookingandforheatingwater.Suchsystemsareavailableinthemarketandarebeingusedinhomesandfactories.

Solarenergycanalsobeursedtomeetourelectricityrequirements.ThroughSolarPhotovoltaic(SPV)cells,solarradiationgetsconvertedintoDCelectricitydirectly.Thiselectricitycaneitherbeusedasitisorcanbestoredinthebattery.Thisstoredelectricalenergythencanbeusedacnight.

HydroPower

Hydropowerisoneofthebest,cheapest,andcleanestsourceofenergy,although,withbigdams,therearemanyenvironmentalandsocialproblems.Smalldamsare,however,freefromtheseproblems.Thisisinfactoneoftheearliestknownrenewableenergysources.inthecountry(sincethebeginningofthe20thcentury).

Infact,forthelastfewhundredyears,peoplelivinginthehillsoftheHimalayashavebeenusingwatermills.orchakki,togrindwheat.Besidesbeingfreefromtheproblemofpollution.smallhydropowerplantsarealsofreefromissuesandcontroversiesthatareassociatedwiththebiggerlyaffectingthelivesofthousandsofpeoplelivingalongthebanksoftherivers.destructionoflargeareasunderforest.andseismologicalthreats.

Newenvironmentallawsaffectedbythedangerofglobalwarminghavemadeenergyfromsmallhydropowerplantsmorerelevant.Thesesmallhydropowerpiantscanservetheenergyneedsofremoteruralareasindependently.Therealchallengeinaremotearealiesinsuccessfulmarketingoftheenergyandrecoveringthedues.Localindustriesshouldbeencouragedtousethiselectricityforsustainabledevelopment.

Itisatechnologywithenormouspotential.whichcouldexploitthewaterresourcestosupplyenergytoremoteruralareaswithlittleaccesstoconventionalenergysources.Italsoeliminatesmostofthenegativeenvironmentaleffectsassociatedwithlargehydroprojects.

EnergyFromtheSea-OceanThermal,TidalandWaveEnergy

Onanaveraige,the60millionsquarekilometreofthetropicalseasabsorbsolarradiationequivalenttotheheatcontentof245billionbarrelsofoil.Scientistsfeelthatifthisenergycanbetappedalargesourceofenergywillbeavailabletothetropicalcountriesandtoothercountriesaswell.TheprocessofharnessingthisenergyiscalledOTEC(oceanthermalenergyconversion).ItusesthetemperaturedifferencesbetweenthesurfaceoftheoceanandthedepthsofaboutlOOOmtooperateaheatengine.whichproduceselectricpower.

Energyisalsoobtainedfromwavcsandtides.InsomecountriessuchasJapansmallscalepowergeneratorsrunbyenergyfromwavesoftheocean,havebeenusedaspowersourcesforchannclmarkingbuoys.

Biomass

Biomassisarenewableenergyresourcederivedfromthecarbonaceouswasteofvarioushumanandnaturalactivities.Itisderivedfromnumeroussources,includingtheby-productsfromthetimberindustry.agriculturalcrops,rawmaterialfromtheforest,majorpartsofhouseholdwasteandwood.

Biomassdoesnotaddcarbondioxidetotheatmosphereasitabsorbsthesameamountofcarboningrowingasitreleaseswhenconsumedasafuel.Itsadvantageisthatitcanbeusedtogenerateelectricitywiththesameequipmentofpowerplantsthatarenowburningfossilfuels.Biomassisanimportantsourceofenergyandthemostimportantfuelworldwideaftercoal,oilandnaturalgas.

Traditionaluseofbiomassismorethanitsuseinmodernapplication.Inthedevelopedworldbiomassisagainbecomingimportantforapplicationssuchascombinedheatandpowergeneration.Inaddition,biomassenergyisgainingsignificanceasasourceofcleanheatfordomesticheatingandcommunityheatingapplications.InfactincountrieslikeFinland.USAandSwedenthepercapitabiomassenergyusedishigherthanitisinIndia.ChinaorinAsia.

GeothermalEnergy

Welivebetweentwogreatsourcesofenergy,thehotrocksbeneaththesurfaceoftheearthandthesuninthesky.Ourancestorsknewchevalueofgeothermalenergy;theybathedandcookedinhotsprings.Todaywehaverecognizedthatthisresourcehaspotentialformuchbroaderapplication.

Thecoreoftheearthisveryhotanditispossibletomakeuseofthisgeothermalenergy(inGreekitmeansheatfromtheearth).Theseareareaswheretherearevolcanoes.hotsprings,andgeysers,andmethaneunderthewaterintheoceansandseas.nsomecountries,suchasintheUSAwaterispumpedfromundergroundhotwaterdepositsandusedtoheatpeopleshouses.

Theutilizationofgeothermalenergyfortheproductionofelectricitydatesbacktotheearlypartofthetwentiethcentury.For50yearsthegenerationofelectricityfromgeothermalenergywasconfinedtoItalyandinterestinthistechnologywasslowcospreadelsewhere.In1943theuseofgeothermalhotwaterwaspioneeredinlceland.

Co-generation

Co-generationistheconceptorproducingtwoformsofenergyfromonefuel.Oneoftheformsofenergymustalwaysbeheatandtheothermaybeelectricityormechanicalenergy.Inaconventionalpowerplant,fuelisburntinaboilertogeneratehigh-pressuresteam.Thissteamisusedtodriveaturbine.whichinturndrivesanalternatorthroughasteamturbinetoproduceelectricpower.Theexhauststeamisgenerallycondensedtowaterwhichgoesbacktotheboiler.

Asthelow-pressuresteamhasalargequantumofheatwhichislostintheprocessofcondensing,theefficiencyofconventionalpowerplantsisonlyaround35%.Inacogenerationplant,veryhighefficiencylevels,intherangeof75%-90%,canbereached.Thisisso,becausethelow-pressureexhauststeamcomingoutofthturbineisnotcondensed,butusedforheatingpurposesinfactoriesorhouses.

Sinceco-generationcanmeetbothpowerandheatneeds,ithasotberadvantagesaswellintheformofsignificantcostsavingsfortheplantandreductioninemissionsofpollutantsduetoreducedfuelconsumption.

1.Highconcentrationsofharmfulgasesareresultedfrom______________.

A)ozonedepletion

B)globalwarming

C)theconsumptionoffossilfuels

D)seriouswaterandairpollution

2.Thesunandwindarecalledrenewableenergybecausetheyare____________.

A)natural

B)inexhaustible

C)newly-found

D)clean

3.Biomass,thougharenewableenergy,mainlycauses_______________.

A)indoorpollution

B)outdoorpollution

C)industrialpollution

D)agriculturalpollution

4.Inthel970s,somecountriesbegantobeconcernedaboutsolarenergybecauseof___________.

A)economicrecession

B)sharpriseinoilprices

C)reducedoilproduction

D)increasedresearchfunds

5.InthehillsoftheHimalayas,“chakki”areusedfor_____________.

A)purifyingwater

B)keepinganimals

C)producingpower

D)exchanginggoods

6.Whatisrecommendedtobeusedbytheremoteruralareaswithlittleaccesstoconventionalenergysources?

A)Smallhydropowerplants.

B)Solarenergyheaters.

C)Windpowermills.

D)Hotspringthermalenergy.

7.Itismentionedthat,betweenthesurfaceandthedepthoftheocean,therearegreatdifferencesin_____________.

A)dissolvedsubstance

B)naturalresourcevariety

C)marinelifespecies

D)watertemperature

8.Aftercoaloilandnaturalgases,thefourthmostimportantfuelis_____________.

9.ICelandwasthefirstcounfrythat______________.

10.Intheconventionalpowerplants,alargequantumofheatislostintheprocessofcondensing______________.

答案：

1.[C][定位]依据题干中的highconcentrationsofharmfulgases查找到第1段第2句。

解析：选项C与题干组成的因果关系与原文该句中的.因果关系虽然表述不同，但内容相同，因此选项C为本题答案。选项A和选项B是highconcentrationsofharmfulgases造成的结果，而非缘由，因此不能选。

2.[B][定位]依据题干中的sun,wind，renewable等词查找到第2段第2句。

解析：选项B与原文该句中的canneverbeexhausted同义，为本题答案。选项A和选项C的内容没有在原文提及，选项D不能与题干构成相应的因果关系。

3.[A][定位]依据题干中的biomass查找到第2段最终一句。

解析：原文该句中的amajorpolluterindoors表明biomass主要引起室内的污染，选项A表达了与此相同的内容，故为本题答案。

4.[B][定位]依据