航海词汇英文

A

Actualdepth;thetruedepthofwaterasopposedtoapredicteddepth.

Tidalheightfromtableaddedtothecharteddepth.

Almanac;anannualpublicationcontainingTideTablesastronomical

ephemeralsetc.

Altitude;theangulardistanceofacelestialbodyabovetheviewershorizon.

AnabaticWinds;causedbywarmairrisingupaslopetobereplaced

bycoolerair,asopposedtokabatic,descendingwinds.

Apparentwind;thewindasfeltonboard,thiswillbetheactual

windmodifiedbythewindcreatedbythevesselsmovement.

Aries;theconstellationoftheRamintheNorthernCelestial

Hemisphere,seealso,FirstPointofAries.

Astrolabe;aninstrumentusedtodeterminethealtitudeofcelestial

objectsbeforetheintroductionofthesextant.Thefirstrecorded

usebyGreekastronomersinaround200.

Azimuth;thehorizontalangulardistancefromareferencepositiontoacelestialbody,usuallymeasuredclockwiseindegreesfromthedirectionofthenearestpole.

BNavigationTerms.

Barometer;aninstrumentformeasuringatmosphericpressure.

BarometricGradient;therateatwhichatmosphericpressurerises

offalls.

BarsHarborBar.

Beacon;anunlitnavigationmark.

Bearing;thecompassreadingtakenofaobjectinrelationtothe

observer.

BeaufortScale;anumericalmethodofdescribingwindstrength.

Body;acelestialobject.

BuoyageMarksandSystems;

CNavigationTerms.

Cape;apieceoflandthatthatprojectsoutintoalargebodyof

water.

CardinalMarks;buoyagemarksindicatingthedirectionofsafewaterwithreferencetothecardinalpoints.

CardinalPoints;thefourmainpointsofthecompass,North,East,

SouthandWest.

Cartography;thestudyandtheconstructionofmaps.Cartographer;amapmaker.

CCorCompassCourse;thecoursetosteerwhichhasbeencorrected

forcurrent,variation,anddeviation.

Celestialnavigation;amethodofnavigatingbyreferringtothestarsorotherobjectsinthesky.

Celestialsphere;animaginaryspherewiththeearthatitscenter,

onwhosesurfacethestars,planetsandotherheavenlybodiesappear

tobesituated.

Characteristics;thedistinctivepatternofflashesusedtoidentifyalight.

Chartdatum;thereferencelevelonchartstowhichtidalheights

arereferred.

Charteddepth;thedepthshownonthechartforaparticularpointontheseabed.

Chronometer;averyaccurateclockorwatchthatisusedfor

determiningone'slongitudeatsea

Circumnavigate;totravelaroundtheentireEarth.

Civiltwilight;timesgiveninthealmanac,forlistedlatitudesforapproximatelythebesttimetotakeamorningoreveningsight,whenboththehorizonandtheheavenlybodiesarevisible.

CMG;theCourseMadeGoodisthecourseovertheground.

Cockedhat;atriangleformedbyaseriesofthreeLOPswhichdo

notmeetatanexactpoint.

COLREGS;theinternationalrulesforpreventofcollisionsatsea.

Compass;adevicethatalwayspointstowardsmagneticnorth,used

fornavigation.

CompassRose;isadesignonachartthatshowsdirection.Itpointswhichwayisnorth,south,east,west,andsomeintermediatedirections.

Constellations;Stargroups.

Conversiontables;usedtoconvertunitsofonesystemtounitsin

another.

Copernicus;1473-1543,Polishastronomercreditedwithdisproving

thePtolemaicSystem.

Course;thedirectioninwhichavesselisheadingorisintended

tobesteered,thedirectionthroughthewater.

Coursemadegood;thedirectioninwhichthevesselisactually

travelingasopposedtothedirectioninwhichitispointing.

Corrections;alterationsmadetochartstoupdatenavigational

information.

Crossbearing;usingLOPsfromseveralnavigationalaidsormarks

toobtainapositionfix.

Crux;theSouthernCrossaconstellationseeninthesouthern

hemisphere.

DNavigationTerms.

Deadreckoning;determiningapositionbyplottingcoursesandspeedsfromaknownposition.

Declination;theangulardistancetoapointonthecelestialsphere

measurednorthandsouthfromthecelestialequatoralongthehour

circle.

Deviation;thecompasserrorscausedbymetallicomagneticobjects

onboardthevessel.

Dip;acorrectiontobeappliedtosextantattitudestocompensateforheightofeyeabovesealevel.

Doldrums;theInter-tropicalConvergenceZone(orITCZ)abeltof

verystillairbetween5degreesnorthand5degreessouthofthe

equator.

Drift;thespeedinknotsoftheeffectofcurrentortideona

vessel'sprogress.

Dryingheight;theheightabovechartdatum,onachart,ofanyareas

whichareuncoveredatlowwater.

Durationoftide;thetimebetweenhighanlowwater,normallyjustover6hours.

ENavigationTerms.

Ebb;out-flowingtide.

ElectroniclogsorElogbooks;amethodofstandardisingthekeeping

oflogsdigitallyoncommercialvessels.

Electroniccharts;therearetwodifferenttypesseeVectorchartsandRastermarinecharts.

ENT;,EveningNauticalTwilight.

EP;EstimatedPosition,theDRplustheeffectsofcurrent.

Ephemerals;apublishedcollectionoftablesgivingcoordinatesforastronomicalbodiesforspecifictimes.

EstimatedPosition;aDRpositionwhichhasbeenadjustedtoallowforSetandDrift.

ETA;estimatedtimeofarrival.

Equator;animaginarycirclearoundtheearth,halfwaybetweenthenorthandsouthpoles.

FNavigationTerms.

Fathom;anoldfashionedunitofmeasurementtomeasuredepth,approximatelyequalto6feetormeters.

Flood;incomingtide.

FirstPointofAriesa;pointonthecelestialspherewhichisusedasareferencepoint,itisinfactwherethe‘Ecliptic’andtheCelestialEquatorcross.

Fix;apositionverifiedbyreferencetobearingstakeoffaknown

pointsuchasaconspicuouslandmark.

Flotsam;thefloatingdebrisresultingfromashipwreck.

ForecastingTerms;usedtoconveyspecific,concise,informationonweatherconditions.

GNavigationTerms.

GatesTidal.

GeographicalPositionorGP;incelestialnavigationitisthepointontheearthssurfacedirectlybeneaththeZenith,andthebitofthesurfaceyouarestandingonisyourbody’sGeographicalPositionorGP.

GHA,GreenwichHourAngle;themeasurementofaposition,indegrees,westwardfromtheGreenwichmeridian.Readmore

GMT,GreenwichMeanTime;nowreferredtoasUTC,CoordinatedUniversalTime,orUT,itisthemeanofthetimesofnoonattheGreenwichMeridian.

GPS,GlobalPositioningSyste;masystemwhichusesinformation

broadcastfromorbitingsatellitestocalculatethelongitudeandlatitudeofareceivingdevice.

Greenwichmeridian;thePrimeMeridianitisthe0°longitudeline,itisreferredtoastheGreenwichMeridianbecauseitpassesthroughtheRoyalObservatoryatGreenwichintheUK.

Gyrocompass;anonmagnetictypeofcompass.

HNavigationTerms.

HarborBars

Handheld,Compass;asmallportablecompass.

Heading;thedirectioninwhichavesselispointing,asopposed

tothecoursemadegood.

HE,HeightofEye;theheightofasextantuser’seyeabovesealevel,neededtoaddasacorrectiontoasitereduction.

Heightoftide;afiguretakenfromthetidetablesindicatingthedepthofwaterabovethechartdatum.

Horizon;theapparentline,foranobserverwheretheearth’s

surfaceandtheskymeet.AlsoacircleformedonthecelestialspherebyaplanetangenttoapointontheEarth'ssurface.

HorizonGlass;orHorizonMirrorhalfclearglasshalfmirror,onasextantitallowstheobservertoviewthehorizonatthesametimeasareflectionofwhateverisshowingintheIndexMirror.Readmore:

HorseLatitudes;SeeDoldrumsandITCZ.

INavigationTerms.

internationallyrecognisedsystemsofbuoyage

Indexmirror;themirrorattheapexofasextantframewhichpivotswiththeindexarm.

Intercept;wheretwoormorelinessuchasLOPscross.

InternationalDateLine;theimaginarylineinthePacificOcean

atwhichthedatechanges.Thislinevariesfromthe180?meridian

toavoidpopulatedlandareas.

Internationalmarinesignalflagsa;systemofflagshapesanddesignesusedtocommunicatemessagesatsea.

InterpolationTables;almanactablestoestimatevaluebetweenthe

tabulatedresults.

ITCZ,IntertropicalConvergenceZone;thevaryingareaofnormally

stillairlyingapproximatelybetween5?northandsouthofthe

equator.

IsolatedDangerMark;buoyagemarksindicatingahazard,asuchas

awreckdirectlybelowthemark,

Jnavigationterms.

Jetsam;areobjectsthathavebeenthrownoverboardfromavessel,

originallystuffjettisonedbyashipwhichwasintrouble.

Knavigationterms.

Knot,(Kts.);aunitofspeed,nauticalmilesperhour.

Lnavigationterms.

Landfall;theapproachtoorsightingoflandafteranoceanpassage.

LateralMarks;buoyageindicatingtheedgeofasafewaterchannel.

Latitude;theangulardistancenorthorsouthfromtheequatoron

theearthsurface.

LeadinglightsorRangeLights;apairoflightsdeliberatelyplaced

toprovideatransitalonganarrowchannel.

LeadingorRangemarks;transitmarkers.

Leeway;sidewaysmovementofavesselusuallycausedbythewind.

Limb;whentakingasunormoonsightitisdifficulttoguesswhere

thecenterissotheobserveralignseitherthetopedge(UpperLimb)

ormoreusuallythebottomedge(LowerLimb)oftheobjectonto

thehorizon.Thesightisthencorrectedusingtheappropriate

correctiontables.

LineOfPosition,LOP;alinedrawnonachartonwhichtheposition

ofthevesselmustlie.Thelinededucedfromeitheracompass

bearingofamarkorasightreduction.Aminimumoftwoorpreferably

morearenecessarytoestablishafix.

LocalNoon;thetimewhenthesunreachesitshighestaltitudeatyourpositionandisdirectlynorthorsouthofyou.itwillthenbeatyourZenithanditsGHAwillcorrespondtoyourlongitude.

Localtime;solartimeatyourposition.

LocalHourAngle,LHA;theangulardistanceofanobservedcelestial

objecttothewestoftheobserversmeridian.

Localizedweatherphenomena;alterationsmadetotheprevailingweatherbylocaltopography.Log;aninstrumentusedtocalculatespeedanddistancetravelled,throughthewater.

Logbook;abookinwhichthenavigatorrecordsdataaboutthe

vesselsprogress

Longitude;theangulardistanceeastorwestfromtheGreenwichorPrimeMeridian(0?)ontheearth’ssurface.

Lowerlimb;seeLimb.LOP;seeLineofPosition.

Mnavigationterms.

MagneticCompass;adeviceusedfornavigationwhichalignswith

theearthsmagneticfieldthusindicatingthdirectionofmagnetic

north.

Magneticbearing;abaringtakenfromamagneticcompass.

Magneticnorth;thenortherlypositionoftheearthsmagneticfield,

thisisvariesfromtheTrueNorth.

Making;usedtodenoteprogress,asinmakingwayorarisingtide

asmaking.

Mark;afixedbuoyageindicator.

Mercatorprojection;amethodforrepresentingthesphericalglobe

asaflatmapwithlinesoflatitudeandlongitudeintersectingat

rightangles.DevisedbyGeradusMercatoin1569.

Meridian;alineoflongitude,theimaginarygreatcirclesonthesurfaceoftheearthwhichconvergeatthepolesandhavetheircenteratthecenteroftheearth.

Nnavigationterms.

NauticalAlmanac;seeAlmanac.

Nauticalmile;aunitofdistancethatisequalto1/60ofadegreeasmeasuredalongalineoflongitudeatthelatitudeofthedistancetobemeasured.

Navigation;theprocessofplottinganddirectingthecourseofavessel.

NavigationLights

Neaps;thelowesttidesinthetidalrange,occurringwhenthesunandmoonareinquadrature.

NightSailing

NorthMagneticPole;thenortherlypointtowardwhichacompass'

needlealwayspoints,thenorthoftheearth’smagneticfieldasopposedtothegeographicnorthpole

NorthStar;seePolaris.

NoticestoMariners;updatesandcorrectionstochartdata.

O

Overfalls

P

Parallax;theapparentdifferencesinthepositionsofobjects

viewedalongdifferentlinesofsight.

Passageplan;awrittenplanofaproposedvoyage.

Pilotbook;aguidebookgivingdetailsofcoastlinesandharbours

andsailingdirections.

Pilotageplan;anavigationplanforapassage.

PlottingSheet;apapersheetseparatefromthecartwherea

navigatorcanplothisLOPsandthevesselscourse.

Positionline;seeLOP.

Positionfix;seeFix.

Polaris;isthepolestaroftheNorthernHemisphereitislocated

almostdirectlyabovethetruepositionofduenorth

Ptolemy;ClaudiusPtolemaeus,c.AD90toc.168aRomanmathematician,astronomer,geographer,possiblyofGreekorEgyptianorigin.

Q

Quadrant;aprecursortothesextantasaninstrumentusedtomeasurealtitudesupto90°oronequarterofacircle,hencethename.FirstproposedbyPtolemyasanimprovementontheastrolabe.

R

Range;thedistanceatwhichalightormarkcanbeseenfromsealevel.Alsothedifferencebetweentheheightoflowwaterandhighwater.

RangeMarkers,orTransits;marksorlightswhichwheninline

indicateasafechannel.

Rastermarinecharts;electronicchartswhichconformtoIHOspecificationsareproducedbyscanningapapercharts.

Rhumbline;acoursesailedusingaconstantcompasscourse.An

imaginarylinedrawnonachartwhichcrossesallthemeridiansataconstantangle.

RuleofTwelfths;amethodformakingquickestimationsoftidal

height.SeealsoRuleoftenths.

Runningfix;advancingaLOPorpreviouslineofpositionforward

toacurrentlineofposition.Afixbasedontwoseparatedbearings

ofthesamefixedobjectandthedistancerunbetweenthebearings.

Navigationterms

Snavigationterms.

SafewaterMark;onewhich,indicatesthatthereissafewaterfor

navigationisallaroundthemark

Secondryport;intheTideTablesthisisaportwherethedetails

havetobeworkedoutinrelationtoaStandardPort.

SectorLights;lightemittedfromasinglepositionwhichwillshowupaseitherred,whiteorgreendependingontheangleoftheobserver,designedtoindicateasafenavigationalarea.

Semi-diurnal;occurringtwiceperday.

Set;thedirectiontowardswhichaTideorCurrentisflowing.

Sextant;aninstrumentusedtomeasuringangulardistances,likethealtitudeofthesun,moonandstarsfornavigation.

SiderealHourAngle(SHA);theangulardistanceofastarfromthe

FirstPointofAries.

Slackwater;theintervalathighandlowwaterwherethestream

ceasesmomentarilybeforechangingdirection.

Snelliusconstruction;amethodforcombiningthreecompass

bearingstoobtainapositionfix,onewheremagneticvariationand

deviationneednottobetakenintoaccount.

Solidstatecompass;

Sounding;amethodofmeasuringthedepthofwater.

Soundings;watershallowenoughtoallowdepthtobemeasuredby

leadline.

SouthernCross;seeCrux.

SouthMagneticPole;thesoutherlypointtowardwhichacompass'needlealwayspoints,thesouthoftheearth’smagneticfieldasopposedtothegeographicsouthpole.

SpecialMarks;buoyageindicatorsofspecialareasorobjectsmentionedonthechartsorinothernauticalandpublications.

SpeedMadeGood,SMG;theactualspeedoverthegroundasopposedtothroughthewater.

Springtide;wheretheriseandfallorrangeofthetideisgreatest,occurringaroundthetimeofthefullandnewmoon.

Standardport;aportforwhichtheTideTablesgivefulldetailsandfromwhichSecondaryPortdetails