说明分析成果vph 2 vi foodborne pathogens

VeterinaryPublicVeterinaryPublicVI.FoodbornePathogensandDiseaseGrowingconcernoffoodsafetyFoodsafetyissuesinotherExamplesofmajorfoodborneRiskFoodbornediseases-sMoleculardetectionMolecularforsource-GrowingconcernoffoodsafetySafetySafetyMicrobialcontamination:Chemicalresidues:GreenbookReportonFoodSafetyGreateffortsbeingmadeonfoodAchievementsbeingFoodsgenerallyEffortsAll%AnimalsasAnimalsasReservoirsofAsubstantial%offoodborneillnessesarecausedbypathogensthatoriginatefromtheanimalitselfpriortoslaughter.Livestockandpoultryarereservoirsofpathogensand,duringthedressingprocedure,maybeadirectsourceofmicrobiologicalGoodmanagement,sanitation,andbiosecuritypracticeswillreducetherisksofentericpublichealthpathogens.GeneralFeaturesofFoodborneFoodborneillnessesmainlycausetemporaryDiarrhea,cramps,nausea,andvomitingarethemostcommonacutesymptoms,whichmayrangefrommildtosevere.Recentevidencesuggeststhatsomefood-relatedillnessesmaycauselingeringhealthproblems,suchasreactivearthritisduetosalmonellosis,miscarriageduetolisteriosis.FoodsafetyissuesinotherFactorsoffoodbornediseasesin1990s(USA)Typesoffoodsimplicatedinfoodborneillnessin1990s(USA)Typesoffoodsimplicatedinfoodborneillnessin1990s(USA)CasesCases4,02528391,4808E.coliO1575003181L.1129,137RelativeRelativeNumberoffoodbornediseaseoutbreaksNumberoffoodbornediseaseoutbreaksbyetiology E.coli Totalin Norwalk-like TrendsinSelectedPathogens(1996-2004,USA)TrendsinSelectedPathogens(1996-2004,USA)ChangesChangesinincidenceoflaboratoryconfirmedbacterialinfectionsintheUS,2010USCDCUSCDCFoodSafetyProgressReportforRelativeratesofVibrio,ListeriaandShigellainUSFactorsFactorsoffoodbornediseasesinEurope(1993-1998)317TotalnumberoffoodborneoutbreaksinReportedReportedzoonosesratesinhumansintheEU,Typesoffoodsimplicatedinfoodborneillness(1993-1998,EU,n=22386)DistributionofDistributionofstrong-evidenceoutbreaksbyfoodvehicleintheEU,2012cesintheoutbreakswherefoodwaseaten(1993-1998)bysettingsinEU,2012Contributingfactorsinfoodborneillness(1993-1998,EU,n=13310)ControloffoodborneillnessinUK(1992-2008)EiLongshelf-ItisthewayofRTEmeatscouldbemademoredeliciousRTEmeatscouldbemademoredeliciousandsaferbyWhat…Ifthe80sor√XIncreasedretailinIncreasedretailinExamplesofmajorfoodborneCommonPathogensCommonPathogensinSurveillanceforFoodborneDiseaseOutbreaks–United1993-1997.2000,Vol49,NoMajorFoodborneUnique:Unique:Growat4-10oC,intracellularClinical:Meningitis,septicemia,abortionIncubation:3-70daysFoods:Rawmilk,cheese,productsoffishandmeats,salads.Riskfactors:Long-timestorage&temperatureabuse!2008Canadianlisteriosis5723OnSunday,MapleLeafFoodsannouncedithaddiscoveredthebacteriathatcauseslisteriosis,Listeriamonocytogenes,inSureSliceroastbeefandcornedbeefproducedataTorontont,anditissuedarecallonthoseOnWednesday,MapleLeafexpandedtherecallto23products,includingavarietyofturkey,smokedmeatandroastbeefproducts.ReportedReportedlisteriosiscasesinhumans(2003-2011USlisteriosisasofDecember8,sinfectedsinfectedwiththeoutbreak-associatedstrainofListeriamonocytogenesbydateofclinicalspecimen8swereillwith2mother-newbornpairs(4MarylandCaliforniaWhosufferedAgesrangedfrom<1to96years,wihamedianageof77years.Mostill swereover60yearsold.142(99%)wereThirtydeathswerereported.Among died,agesrangedfrom48to96years,withamedianageof82.5years.Womenand48%of swereOnewomanpregnantatthetimeofillnesshadaSevenoftheillnesseswererelatedtoaThreewerediagnosedinFourwerediagnosedinpregnantHumanHumanlisteriosiscasesbyage&genderinEU,2012ColoradoDepartmentofPublicHealthandEnvironmentidentifiedListeriamonocytogenesbacteriaoncantaloupescollectedfromgrocerystoresandfromills'ProducttracebackinformationfromColoradostateofficialsindicatedthatthesecantaloupesalsocamefromJensenFarms.FDAidentifiedListeriamonocytogenesoutbreakstrainsinsamplesfromequipmentandcantaloupeattheJensenFarms'packingfacilityinGranada,Colorado.Pulse-fieldelectrophoresis(PFGE)revealedhelinksamongthestrainsVerotoxigenicVerotoxigenicE.coliClinicalDiarrhoea(sometimesbloody),stomachpainandcramps,vomiting,fever(rare),bloodyurine.SymptomsusuallylastaboutaweekparticularlyvirulentstrainsofE.colicancauseseriousillnessordeathintheelderlyorthosewithweakenedimmunesystems.Majoroutbreak9451casesofE.coliO157H7infectionwith2deathsinJapan,1996FoodsBeef,rawmilk,salads,Fruitjuices,water,UndercookedBeefinUndercookedBeefinE.coliLargestE.coliReportedReportedverotoxigenicE.coliinhumans(2003-OutbreakinJapan,DuringMaythroughAugust1996,approximay10,000casesofEscherichiacoliO157:H7infectionassociatedwithatleast14separateclusterswerereportedinJapan.Mostcasesoccurredinschool-agechildrenwithtwodeath.OneclusterwasalargeoutbreakinSakaiCity,OsakaPrefecture,involvingmorethan6,000primaryschoolchildren.TheoutbreakstartedonJuly13,1996,andaninvestigationsuggestedthatradishsproutswerethemostlikelycause.EscherichiaEscherichiacoliO157:H7infectionbydateofsymptomonset,July15-21,1996.OutbreakintheUS,TheFDAisalsocontinuingtoprovideregularupdatesontheE.coliO157H7spinachoutbreakthathassofarresultedin114casesofillness(September).Thecases,whichhavebeenreportedtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC),include18reportsofHemolyticUremicSyndrome(HUS),60hospitalizations,andonedeath.Theseproductsincludespinachandanysaladwithspinachinablend,bothretailandfoodserviceproducts.Productsthatdonotcontainspinacharenotpartofthis2011E.2011E.coliO104:H4outbreakinWhatisthenewE.coliTheillnesswascharacterizedbybloodydiarrhea,withahighfrequencyofseriouscomplications,includinghemolytic-uremicsyndrome(HUS).TheoutbreakwasoriginallythoughttohavebeencausedbyanenterohemorrhagicstrainofE.coli,butitwaslatershowntohavebeencausedbyanenteroaggregativeE.coli(EAEC)strainthathadacquiredthegenestoproduceShigatoxins.WhereWheredoesitcomeAjointrisk-assessmentbyEFSA/ECDC,issuedJune29,2011implicatedfenugreekseedsimportedfromEgyptin2009and2010,fromwhichsproutsweregrown,asacommonsourceofbothoutbreaks,butcautionedthat"thereisstillmuchuncertaintyaboutwhetherthisistrulythecommoncauseoftheinfections",astestsontheseedshadnotyetfoundanyE.colibacteriaoftheO104H4ThepotentiallycontaminatedseedswerewidelydistributedinEurope.Egypt,foritspart,steadfastlydeniedthatitmayhavebeenthesourceofdeadlyE.colistrain,withtheMinisterofAgriculturecallingspeculationstothateffect"sheerClinical：Mostinfected sdevelopdiarrhoea,fever,andabdominalcramps12to72hoursafterinfection.Theillnessusuallylasts4-7days,andmostpeoplerecoverwithouttreatment.OccasionalsepticemiaorevendeathEggs:Eggs:goodandInfectionswiththeoutbreakstrainSal.Saintpaulassociatedwitheatingalfalfasprouts,TheoutbreakstrainwasisolatedfromsamplesofjalapeñopepperscollectedinaUSwarehouseandapatient'shomeandfromsamplesofserranopeppersandwatercollectedonafarminMexico.SalmonellosisSalmonellosisinUSAinasofSeptember23,344casesin42Statesduetocontactwithlivepoultry,2014AsofSeptember23,2014,atotalof344 infectedwiththeoutbreakstrainsofSalmonellaInfantis,SalmonellaNewport,orSalmonellaHadarhavebeenreportedfrom42states.31%ofill shavebeenhospitalized,andnodeathshavebeenreported.Epidemiologic,laboratory,andtracebackfindingshavelinkedthisoutbreakofhumanSalmonellainfectionstocontactwithchicks,ducklings,andotherlivepoultryfromMt.HealthyHatcheriesinOhio.78%ofillpeoplereportedcontactwithlivepoultryintheweekbeforetheirillnessbegan.Clinical：Fever,headache,andmyalgias,lastingaslongas24hours,diarrhea,dysentery,cramps,abdominalpain,Inmostpeople,theillnesslastsfor2–10days.ThisisclassifiedasInvasive/Infl toryDiarrhea,alsoknownasBloodyDiarrheaorDysentery.February9-14,NineconfirmedcasesofCampylobacterassociatedwiththisDakotaCountyoutbreak.Peoplesickenedinthisoutbreakreportedeatingavarietyofchickenandnon-chickendishesattherestaurant.Chickenwasbeingundercookedattimes.August14-20,Wisconsinpublichealthofficialslinked35confirmedcasesCamplyobacterjejunitotheconsumptionofrawTheCampylobacterjejuniisolatedfrom25ofthepatientswaslinkedtoZinnikerFamilyFarmbymatchingDNAfingerprints.ManuresamplesobtaineddirectlyfrommilkingcowsonthatfarmalsotestedpositiveforCampylobacterjejuniPathogenPathogenVibrioIncubation<24ClinicalWaterydiarrheaoftenwithabdominalcramnausea,vomitingfeverandchills.Usuallythese,symptomsoccur 24hoursofingestion.Illnessisusuallyself-limitedandlasts3days.FoodsSeafoodmostoftenimplicatedincludessquid,tuna,sardines,crab,shrimp,andbivalveslikeoystersandSeasonalOutbreakstendtobeconcentratedalongcoastalregionsduringthesummerandearlyfallwhenhigherwatertemperaturesfavorhigherlevelsofbacteria. ,单股正链对热、乙醚和酸稳定室温pH2.7环境下存活3h，但浓度为10ppm 国诺瓦克市（Norwalk）暴发的一次急性腹泻的患者粪便中分离的病原，于9年检测到。2002年8月第八届国际 命名批准名称为诺 类杯状 病例为人-人接触者；粪-潜伏期24h-48h，主要表现腹泻、腹痛、、呕吐，可伴有低热、头痛及食欲减退，腹泻为黄色稀水便，无脓血和粘液；镜检可见白细胞或脂肪滴。严重者出现脱水。 日，新加坡学生及教职员集体出现呕吐 日，新加坡学生及教职员集体出现呕吐弗 月 InfectionInfection 。: RiskRiskRiskHostGeneralInfectiveFrequentlyFeeding(healthy,youngadultEstimates(datafrom‘Worstcase’RiskassessmentRiskassessmentvariableinfectivection–foodsubstratepHsusceptibility,wateractivityType(species)andRiskRiskranking Identification ExposureRisk ysis/evaluationDecision&implementationEfficacyevaluationRisk（Science-Risk -ToToestimatethethatmicrobialpathogensposetohumanMicrobialsafetyAssessingtheriskfactorsforaspecificpathogen-productcombinationalongthefoodchain.PrinciplesPrinciplesofrisk(Chem,Microbial(AmountsHazard(HarmfulRisk(Probability,severityGoalsofriskExploretheriskofaparticularpathogeninaproductProbabilityandseverityoftheriskSusceptibleUncertainfactorsDoseDoseresponsesinanimal0 Bacterialnumbers（logMortaity%%FreshsoftBaggedBlue-veinedMold-RipenedSeafoodSmokedLuncheonDeli9199processedmeats,82-positive2710.04–0.1>0.1–1>1-1010-100100-1000103to104SusceptibleSusceptibleYoung,promisedIncubationIncubationperiod Predictivemicrobiology&RiskassessmentRiskPredictivemicrobiology&RiskassessmentRiskAssessmentisnotnewinthefoodsafetyarea.Previousassessmentswerequalitative,partial,intuitiveandexperiencebased.Whatisnew,isthemodelingofeachstepandtheassemblingofallrelevantinformationaboutthemicrobialpathogenintoacompletemathematicaldescriptionforthefoodprocess.InputInputMono-orBiphasicLinearTemperatureprofilesorTimevs.TemperaturedataGrowthCurvesTemperatureTablesandGraphsmaybecopiedandpastedintootherFoodbornediseases-Chemicals–manyareman-Micro-organisms–partofMicro-organismschangeinUnevendistributioninClinicalsymptoms–VariableconsumerOrganisms-WhereTypes&BehaviourinIftheycouldsurviveorarekilledbymeasurestoinactivate?Food–Food–WateractivityWhatinfluencesoccurrenceoffood-bornediseases?Time-temperatureabuseduringtransportationandstorageInfectedfoodhandlersorinadequatehygieneduringhandlingand/orprocessingoffoodConsumption/useofunsafefoodControloffood-bornediseaseControloffood-bornediseasePreventing/limitingPreventing/limitingPreventingPreventingsurvivaloforganisms&persistenceofmetabolitesThechainofproductionfromfarmtofork-preventioncanoccurateachstepFeed,water,manuretreatment,inspection,pathogenreductionandFinalpreparationCooking,andworkereducationandhandPreventionPreventionofFoodWHO‘tengoldenFoodprocessedforThoroughlyEatimmediaStoreNocontactbetweenraw&WashKeepfoodpreparationsurfacesProtectfromUsepotableWHO:FiveKeystoSaferFoodsRegulatoryGMP&在企业推行GMP和volunteerIntersectorialmechanismfurtherProducttraceabilityRFID,GPS,etc.underRiskassessmentmorePredictivemicrobiologymore预测微生物学需 的研Pathogenreductiononthefarm：moreFeedsafetyforsaferProductElectronicElectronicIDforchillWHOGlobalStrategyforContainmentofAntimicrobial“Theemergenceandspreadof increasinlthreatensthesuccessofinfectiousdiseasetreatmentandpreventioninthe21stWideWideuseofDoctor’sLongTer