仪表等级飞行员理论培训课件

仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5-220AS232REVIEW2023/7/26仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWHowmuchFuelreservedoyouneedwhenflyingIFR?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWHowmuchFuelreservedoyouneedwhenflyingIFR?Destinationplus45minutesIfanalternateisrequired,thentodestination,thentoalternate,plus45minutes.仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhendoweneedanalternateunderIFR?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhendoweneedanalternateunderIFR?

NOIAPatdestinationairport-AlternateisrequiredregardlessofWXWithIAPatdestination:

1-2-3Rule1Hourbeforeto1HourafterETA-Iflessthan2000ftCeilingOR3statutemilesVisibilityforecast仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWDuringanIFRdeparturewithlowceilings,whendowecalldeparturecontrol?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWDuringanIFRdeparturewithlowceilings,whendowecalldeparturecontrol?

Wheninstructedtodosobythetower,Ifthereisnotower,thenwhentimepermitsonceairborne仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhenshouldmodeCbeturnedonwhileonanIFRflight?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhenshouldmodeCbeturnedonwhileonanIFRflight?

Atalltimes,unlessrequiredbyATC仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWList3RestrictionsATCcanputonyourdeparturetime?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWList3RestrictionsATCcanputonyourdeparturetime?

ReleaseTimeHoldforReleaseClearanceVoidTime仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisalwaysgivenwhenaCLEARANCELIMITisassigned?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisalwaysgivenwhenaCLEARANCELIMITisassigned?

EFCTime(expectfurtherclearancetime)仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisaCruiseClearance?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisaCruiseClearance?

CanflyanyaltitudebetweenassignedcruiseandMEAClearedforanypublishedapproachatdestination仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisVFRONTop?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisVFRONTop?

AllowsapilottoflyVFRatVFRaltitudeswhilemaintaininghisIFRClearanceabovetheclouds仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisCLIMBtoVFRONTop?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisCLIMBtoVFRONTop?

AllowsapilottodepartIFR(usuallytoafixsuchasaVOR)anduponreachingVFRconditions,toCanceltheIFRandcontinuetheflightVFR仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisVFROVERtheTop?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisVFROVERtheTop?NothingtodowithIFR,justaVFRpilotflyingontopofIMCconditions.仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhataltimetersettingshouldwebeusingifabove18,000feet?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhataltimetersettingshouldwebeusingifabove18,000feet?

29.92inNorthAmericaforpressure

altitude仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWList2typesofDepartureProcedures仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWList2typesofDepartureProceduresODPSID仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWDepartureStandardsCriteriaU.S.StandardforTerminalInstrumentProcedures(TERPs)200ft/nm

isminimumclimbgradientIF

obstaclespenetrateaslopeof152ft/nm,beginningnohigherthan35feetabovethedepartureend,aminimumceilingand/orclimbgradientmayberequired.仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWHowcanyoutellifatriangleisaCompulsoryreportingpoint?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWHowcanyoutellifatriangleisaCompulsoryreportingpoint?

ItisSolid仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhataretheonly2thingsguaranteedattheMEA?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhataretheonly2thingsguaranteedattheMEA?Obstructionclearance1000feetinnon-mountainousarea-2000feetifovermountainousterrain)Acceptablenavigationsignalcoverage仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWDefineMRA仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWDefineMRA

MinimumReceptionAltitude

Minimumaltitudethatensuresnavigationalreceptionforoff-airwayNavaid仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWDefineMOCA仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWDefineMOCA

MinimumObstructionClearanceAltitude

Precededbyanasterisk,Thisaltitudemeetsobstacleclearancerequirementsandonlyensuresnavigationalsignalcoveragewithin22nmofthefacility仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisMCA?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisMCA?

MinimumCrossingAltitude

ArequiredaltitudetochangefromalowerMEAtoahigherMEAtowardfastrisingterrainorobstructions.仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWMAA?

仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWMAA?

MaximumAuthorizedAltitudeguaranteesyouwillonlyreceiveonenavigationalfacilityatatimebelowthisaltitude.仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWList3ChangeoverPoints:仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWList3ChangeoverPoints:1.Changeoversymbol2.Midpointofairway3.WhereaCourseChangeoccurs(mileagebreakpoint)仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWListtheRequiredReports,AnytimeIFR?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWREQUIREDREPORTS

14CFR91.183&91.187UNFORECASTWEATHERSAFETYOFFLIGHTALTITUDE&TIMEOVERREQUESTEDREPORTINGPOINTSFAILUREOFNAVIGATION,APPROACH,ORCOMMUNICATIONEQUIPMENTINCONTROLLEDAIRSPACE仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEW14CFR91.187MALFUNCTIONREPORTWHOYOUAREWHATBROKEHOWITISAFFECTINGYOURIFRCAPABILITYWHATHELPDOYOUNEEDFROMATC?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWSHOULDALWAYSREPORTWITHOUTREQUEST(AIM5-3-3)VACATINGASSIGNEDALTITUDEALTITUDECHANGESWHENVFR-ON-TOPCHANGE

INTAS5%OR10KTS(WHICHEVERISGREATER)UNABLE

TOCLIMB/DESCENDATLEAST500FPMUPON

REACHING/LEAVINGHOLDINGFIXORCLEARANCELIMITMISSEDAPPROACH仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWAdditional“NonRadar”reports仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatreportsareonlyrequiredinanon-radarenvironment?POSITIONREPORTS(91.183a)INBOUNDATFAFOROMETAERRORGREATERTHAN3MIN仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWPOSITIONREPORT

AIM5-3-2dIDENTIFICATIONPOSITIONALTITUDETIMETYPEOFFLIGHTPLAN(FORFSS)ETA&NAMEOFNEXTFIXNAMEONLYOFFOLLOWINGFIXSUPPLEMENTARYINFO(REMARKS)仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWHOLDINGCLEARANCEDIRECTIONTOHOLDFROMFIX(8CARDINALCOMPASSPOINTS)HOLDINGFIXCOURSE(RADIAL,BEARING,AIRWAY)DIRECTIONOFTURNS(IFLEFTTURNS)LEGLENGTH(IFDMEORGPS)EXPECTFURTHERCLEARANCETIME仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWListthe3holdentrytypes:仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWListthe3holdentrytypesTeardropParallelDirect仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWDirectEntry180°sectorapproachingfixFlytofixandturninappropriatedirectionFirstturnisalwaysinthedirectionofthehold仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWTeardropEntryTurntoheading30°fromoutboundheading(LeftAdd/RightSubtract)Maintainfor1minute仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWParallelEntryFlyparalleltoinboundlegusingoutboundheadingonnon-holdingsidefor1minuteRe-interceptcoursefromholdingside仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWThe70°RulePTDStandardHolding70degreesectoronsamesideasdirectionofturnsinholdLookforOUTBOUNDHEADING(directionofholding)insectorWingtipreferencepoint(90degrees)(Fornon-standardholdingtheTeardropsectorwillbetotheleftandParalleltotheright)仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisthemaxspeedforholding?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisthemaxspeedforholding?Upto6000MSL,200KIAS6001MSLto14000MSL,230KIAS14001MSLandabove,265KIAS仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatdirectionisastandardhold?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatdirectionisastandardhold?

Rightturnsarestandard仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWListthefoursegmentsofanapproachchart:仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWListthefoursegmentsofanapproachInitialIntermediateFinalMissedapproach仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatdoestheMSAshownonanapproachchartguarantee?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatdoestheMSAshownonanapproachchartguarantee?

1000feetofobstructionclearancewithin25nmoftheindicatedfacility.仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatistheTDZE?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatistheTDZE?

TouchdownZoneElevation(Thehighestelevationinthefirst3000feetofrunway)仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWDefineHAT?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWDefineHAT?

HeightAboveTouchdownTheHeightabovetheTDZEfortherunwayspecifiedintheapproachUsedforstraight-inminimums仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWDefineHAA?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWDefineHAA?

HeightAboveAirportHeightabovethehighestpointonallusablerunwaysUsedforcirclingminimums仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisa“SidestepManeuver”?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisa“SidestepManeuver”?

Whenyouareclearedforanapproachtoonerunway,andthenclearedtolandonaparallelrunway.仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWListthe4mainpartstoanapproachplate:仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWListthe4mainpartstoanapproachplate:

HeadingPlanViewProfileViewMinimums仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisa“Timedapproachfromaholdingpattern?”仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisa“Timedapproachfromaholdingfix?”Whenthecontroltowerclearsyoutoleaveafixataspecifictimetoshootanapproachandyouwilladjustyourholdsoastoleavethefixatthatspecifiedtime.仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWProcedureturnnotauthorized:

“NORTH”N:“NoPT”onroutesegmentO:

OtherwisedirectedbyATC(clearedstraight-in)R:RadarvectorstofinalapproachcourseT:TimedapproachfromholdingfixH:HoldingpatternorteardropinlieuofPT仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatistheMaximumspeedforCategory“A”approaches?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatistheMaximumspeedforCategory“A”approaches?

Upto90knots仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisthespeedrangeallowedforaCategory“B”approach?仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisthespeedrangeallowedforaCategory“B”approach?

91to120knots仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhat3criteriamustbemetinordertodescendbelowMDA/DH?14CFR91.175(c)nopilotmayoperateanaircraftbelowtheauthorizedMDAorcontinueanapproachbelowtheauthorizedDHunless—

Flightvisibilityisnotlessthanthevisibilityprescribedinthestandardinstrumentapproachbeingusedand

AircraftiscontinuouslyinapositionfromwhichadescenttoalandingontheintendedrunwaycanbemadeatanormalrateofdescentusingnormalmaneuversandRunwayenvironmentisinsight仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWFLIGHTVISIBILITY

14CFR1.1Flightvisibilitymeanstheaverageforwardhorizontaldistance,fromthecockpitofanaircraftinflight,atwhichprominentunlightedobjectsmaybeseenandidentifiedbydayandprominentlightedobjectsmaybeseenandidentifiedbynight.仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWNamethe12thingsyoumustseeatDH/MDAtocontinueanapproach:仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWRUNWAYENVIRONMENTatleastoneofthefollowingvisualreferencesfortheintendedrunwayisdistinctlyvisibleandidentifiabletothepilot:Therunwayorrunwaymarkings,runwaylights.Thethreshold,thresholdmarkings,thresholdlights.Thetouchdownzone,markings,touchdownzonelights.Therunwayendidentifierlights.Thevisualapproachslopeindicator.Theapproachlightsystem,exceptthatthepilotmaynotdescendbelow100feetabovethetouchdownzoneelevationusingtheapproachlightsasareferenceunlesstheredterminatingbarsortheredsiderowbarsarealsodistinctlyvisibleandidentifiable.仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWAPPROACHLIGHTSYSTEMS

AIM2-1-1&IFH7-31ALSF-1hasred

terminatingbarsALSF-2has2

red

siderowbarsMALSR,MALSF,SSALR,ODALS,etc.havenoredbarsMaydescendto100feetaboveTDZEifanyALSinsightMustseeoneoftheothervisualreferencestocontinuebelow100feetifnoredbars,otherwiseMISSEDAPPROACH!仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWSOURCESOFWXINFO(IN-FLIGHT)ATISAWOS,ASOSFSSFLTWATCH(122.00)EFASHIWASTWEBCWA仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWAIRMET(WA)SIGNIFICANTWXINTENDEDFORALLPILOTSINPREFLIGHTANDENROUTEPHASESOFFLIGHTANDENHANCESAFETYSIERRA:EXTENSIVEMTNOBSCURATIONANDWIDESPREADIFRCONDITIONSTANGO:MODERATETURBULENCEORSFCWINDS>30KTSZULU:MODERATEICINGANDFREEZINGLEVELS仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWSIGMET(WS)1:TURBULENCE:SEVEREOREXTREMEORCLEARAIRTURBULENCE(CAT)2:ICING:

SEVERE3:WINDS:

DUSTSTORMSORSANDSTORMSLOWERINGVISIBILITYTOLESSTHAN3MILES4:

VOLANICERUPTIONANDASH仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWCONVECTIVESIGMET(WST)SEVERETHUNDERSTORMSdueto:Surfacewindsgreaterthan50KtsHailatthesurfacegreaterthan¾in.diameterTornadoesEMBEDDEDTHUNDERSTORMS

ALINEOFTHUNDERSTORMS

THUNDERSTORMSPRODUCINGHEAVYPRECIPAFFECTING40%ORMOREOFANAREAATLEAST3000SQUAREMILES仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWILLUSIONS(AIM8-1-5)InversionCoriolisElevatorFalseHorizonsLeansAutokinesisGraveyardSpiral/SpinSomatogravic仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWRequiredInstrumentsforIFR91.205(d)&(e)

GeneratororalternatorRadios:Two-wayCommunicationANDNavigationequipmentappropriatetofacilitiesusedAltimeter(adjustable)Ball(slip&skid)ClockAttitudeIndicatorRateofturnindicatorDirectionalgyroDMEat&aboveFL240仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWMagneticCompasserrorsVariationDeviationMagneticDipOscillationNortherlyTurningErrorsAccelerationErrors仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhenrollingoutTONorthorSouthHeading.UNOSUndershootNorthOvershootSouth仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWheninitiatingaturnFROMNorthorSouthHeadingNorthOppositeSouthExaggerate仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWAccelerationErrors(EastorWest)“ANDS”

AccelerateNorthDecelerateSouth仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWThe3FundamentalSkillsofattitudeinstrumentflyingCross-checkInstrumentInterpretationAircraftControl仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWListthe3crosscheckerrors:

Fixation

Omission

Emphasis仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEW

2AttitudeInstrumentFlyingConcepts1)ControlandPerformanceATTITUDE+POWER=PERFORMANCEControl:AttitudeIndicator&Tachometer(orMP)Performance:everythingelse2)Primary/SupportPITCHBANKPOWERINSTRUMENTS仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisaPrimaryInstrument?Theinstrumentthatprovidesthemostpertinentandessentialinformation仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatisaSupportingInstrument?Supportinginstrumentsbackuptheprimaryinstruments仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhataretheprimaryinstrumentsforstraight&levelflight?PITCH:ALTIMETERBANK:HEADINGINDICATORPOWER:AIRSPEEDINDICATOR仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWPITCHBANKPOWERCHANGESTRAIGHT&LEVEL仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatistheinstrumentusedtoestablishaCHANGEinflightattitude?.仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhatistheinstrumentusedtoestablishaCHANGEinflightattitude?ATTITUDEINDICATOR仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWListthreetypesofinformationdisplayedbytheturncoordinator

RateofRollRateofTurnQualityofTurn仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWWhataretheequipmenttests&inspectionsrequiredforIFR?

AirworthinessDirectives(recurring/one-time)VOR(preceding30days)Inspections(Annual/100hourifforhire)Altimeter(preceding24calendarmonthsTransponder(preceding24calendarmonths)ELT(preceding12calendarmonths)Staticsystem(preceding24calendarmo.)仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWVORChecksWithinpreceding30daysforIFRVOT(VORTestfacility)-360FROMor180TODesignatedGroundCheckpointPublishedinAFD+/-4ofdesignatedradialDesignatedAirbornecheckpointPublishedinAFD+/-6ofdesignatedradialAirwaycheckpoint91.171(b)(4)+/-6ofairwayradialDualVORcheckTunebothtosamestation.4degreesofeachother仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWVORChecksProcedureforVORCheckpointsSetOBStodesiredradialCDImustcenterwithinlimitsMustrecordinaircraftlogorotherrecord:PLACEAMOUNTOFBEARINGERRORDATESIGNATURE 仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEW仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWAircraftSpeedLimits<10,000’MSL<250KIASAtorbelow2500’AGLwithin4nmoftheprimaryairportofaClassCorClassDairspace<200KIASAirspaceunderlyingaClassBorinaVFRcorridor<200KIAS仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEWBASICELEMENTSOFCLEARANCECLEARANCELIMITROUTEALTITUDEFREQUENCYTRANSPONDERCODE仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEW14CFR61.57RecentFlightExperience:PilotinCommandSection(c)Instrumentexperience6calendarmonths6approachesHolding,InterceptingandTracking“66-HIT”Section(d)Instrumentproficiencycheckhaveadditional6calendarmonthsgrace仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5220AS232REVIEW14CFR91.103PreflightAction:NWKRAFT(a)ForaflightunderIFR,pilotshouldknow:N-Notams(allavailableinfoconcerningflight)W-weatherreportsandforec