2022年8月外文研究报告emissions in the european union

POLITICS

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SOCIETYEmissionsintheEUCHAPTER

01OverviewDistributionofcumulativecarbondioxideemissionsworldwideinselectedyears1750to2020,byregionGlobalcumulativeCO2emissionsharesbyregion1750-2020Europe(excl.EU-27)

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20203Description:Thedistributionofregionalcumulativecarbondioxideemissionshaschangeddramaticallysince1750.FormanydecadesthevastmajorityofemissionswereproducedincountriesinEurope,specificallyGreatBritainwheretheindustrialrevolutionoriginated.AstheUnitedStatesbegantoemerge,theglobaldistributionchanged.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1750to2020;*Emissionsarebasedonterritorialemissions(production-based)anddonotaccountforemissionsembeddedintrade.ThismeasuresCO₂emissionsfromfossilfuelsandcementproductiononly-landuse[...]ReadmoreSource(s):GlobalCarbonProject;WorldBankCumulativecarbondioxideemissionsproducedinselectedcountriesinEuropeinselectedyearsfrom1750to2020(inmillionmetrictons)HistoricalCO2emissionsinEurope1750-2020,byselectedcountryUnitedKingdomGermanyFranceItalyRussiaPoland140,000120,000100,00080,00060,00040,00020,00001750

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20204Description:TheindustrialrevolutionbeganintheUnitedKingdomin1750,wellbeforeitspreadacrosstheworld.Foranumberofdecadesitwasresponsiblefor100percentofproductionbasedcarbondioxide(CO2)emissions.Attheturnofnineteenthcentury,othercountriesinEuropehadbeguntoindustrialize.ReadmoreNote(s):France,Germany,Italy,Poland,Russia,UnitedKingdom;1750to2020Source(s):GlobalCarbonProject;WorldBankCarbondioxideemissionsin2010and2020,byselectcountry(inmillionmetrictons)GlobalCO2emissionsbyselectcountry2010-2020CO2emissionsinmillionmetrictons2010202002,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,0008,617ChinaUnitedStatesIndia10,6685,6764,7131,6781,6132,442Russia1,5771,2151,031Japan570745Iran833GermanySaudiArabiaSouthKoreaIndonesiaCanada644518626596598452590559536440Brazil5Description:ChinaandtheUnitedStatesarethelargestpollutersintheworldbyfar,havingreleased10.6and4.7billionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideemissionsin2020,respectively.Despitebeingthesecond-largestpolluter,U.S.emissionshavedeclined16percentsince2010.Incomparison,China`scarbondioxideemissionshaveincreasedbyalmost25percent.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2010and2020;**Basedonterritorialemissionsfromcombustionandindustrialprocesses.Thevalueshavebeenrounded.ReadmoreSource(s):Expert(s)(Friedlingsteinetal.(2021));GlobalCarbonProjectTotalgreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnionfrom1990to2020(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)TotalgreenhousegasemissionsintheEU1990-20206,0005,5005,0004,5004,0003,50019901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920206Description:GreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(includingtheUKandIceland)decreasedby8.5percentin2020to3.7billionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(GtCO2e).ThisdramaticreductioninemissionswascausedbytheoutbreakofCOVID-19,whichhadasignificantimpactonpollutingindustrysectorssuchastransportationandenergysupply.Thelasttimeemissionsfellsodramaticallywasin2009duringtheglobalfinancialcrisis.Since1990,EUGHGemissionshavefallenby[...]Read

moreNote(s):EU;1990to2020;*ExcludingLULUCF.*IncludesIceland&UKReadmoreSource(s):EEAGreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnionin2020,bycountry(inmillionmetrictonsofCO2equivalent)GHGemissionsintheEuropeanUnion2020,bycountryEmissionsinmillionMtCO2e300

4000100200500600700800GermanyFranceItalyPolandSpainNetherlandsCzechiaRomaniaBelgiumGreeceAustriaHungaryIreland7Description:GermanywasthebiggestcontributortoEUgreenhousegasemissionsin2021,havingreleasedtheequivalentof729millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere.ThiswasalmosttwicetheGHGemissionsproducedbyFrance,thesecond-largestemitter.Since1990,themajorityofEUmembershaveexperiencedconsiderablegreenhousegasemissionsreductions.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2020Source(s):EEACHAPTER

02GreenhousegasemissionsPercapitagreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)from1990to2020(inmetrictonsofCO2percapita)GreenhousegasemissionspercapitaintheEuropeanUnion1990-202012108642019901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920209Description:Percapitagreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)dropped11percentin2020toalowof6.98metrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalentpercapita.Since1990,percapitaGHGemissionsintheEU-27havefallenalmost40percent.LuxembourgcontinuedtohavethehighestpercapitaemissionsintheEUin2020,at14.4metrictonsofCO2equivalent.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;1990to2020Source(s):EEAPercapitagreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)in1990and2020,bycountry(inmetrictonsofCO2equivalentpercapita)PercapitagreenhousegasemissionsintheEU-271990-2020,bycountryEmissionspercapitainmetrictonsofCO2equivalent20201990200510152530354014.4LuxembourgIreland33.411.615.510.6Czechia19.2109.6Cyprus109.49.28.8Poland12.5NetherlandsBelgiumGermanyEstonia14.814.615.68.78.625.6Finland14.38.3Austria10.27.5Slovenia10Description:LuxembourghadthehighestpercapitaGHGemissionsintheEuropeanUnionin2020,at14.4metrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalentperinhabitant.Luxembourg`spercapitaGHGemissionsareroughlydoubletheaverageEUpercapitaGHGemissions.Nevertheless,percapitaemissionsinLuxembourghavefallen57percentsince1990.MostEUmembercountrieshaveexperiencedareductioninpercapitaemissionssince1990.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;1990and2020Source(s):EEA;EuropeanCommissionCarbondioxideemissionsintheEuropeanUnionfrom1965to2021*(inmillionmetrictons)CarbondioxideemissionsintheEuropeanUnion1965-20214,5004,0003,5003,0002,5002,0001965

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202111Description:TheEuropeanUnionproducedapproximately2.73billionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideemissionsin2021.Thiswasanincreaseofoversixpercentwhencomparedto2020levels.ThehighestlevelofCO₂emissionsproducedintheEUwasin1979,at3.99billionmetrictons.

ReadmoreNote(s):EU;1965to2021;*ExcludesEstonia,LatviaandLithuaniapriorto1985andCroatiaandSloveniapriorto1990.DataalsoexcludestheUK.Accordingtothesource,thecarbonemissionsinthisstatisticreflectonlythosethrough[...]ReadmoreSource(s):BPCarbondioxide(CO₂)emissionsintheEuropeanUnionin2000,2010and2021,bycountry(inmillionmetrictons)CarbondioxideemissionsintheEuropeanUnion2000-2021,bycountryEmissionsinmillionmetrictons2021

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20004000100200300500600700800900GermanyItalyPolandFranceSpainNetherlandsBelgiumCzechiaRomaniaAustriaGreeceHungary12Description:GermanyhasconsistentlyproducedthemostcarbondioxideemissionsintheEuropeanUnionsincetheturnofthecentury.In2021,Germanyproducednearly629millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideemissions.ThiswasmorethanthecombinedemissionsproducedbythenextlargestemittersintheEU-ItalyandPoland.Thesethreecountriesaccountedforroughly46percentoftotalEUcarbondioxideemissionsin2021.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;2000to2021Source(s):BPCarbondioxideemissionsinselectedcountriesintheEuropeanUnionfrom1970to2021(inmillionmetrictons)CarbondioxideemissionsintheEuropeanUnion1970-2021,byselectedcountryGermanyFranceItalyPolandSpain1,2001,0008006004002000197019751980198519901995200020052010201520162017201820192020202113Description:Germanyproduced628.9millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxide(MtCO₂)emissionsin2021.AlthoughemissionsinGermanyhavefallenconsiderablyinrecentdecades,thecountrystillhasthelargestCO₂emissionsintheEUbyfar.In2021,Germanyproducedmorethantwicetheemissionsreleasedbythenextmostpollutingmemberstates-Italy,Poland,France,andSpain.ReadmoreNote(s):France,Germany,Italy,Poland,Spain;1970to2021Source(s):BPAnnualmethaneemissions(CH4)intheEuropeanUnion*from1990to2020(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)MethaneemissionsintheEuropeanUnion1990-2020800712700655595600500400300200100053648047046645644844844144043442541919901995200020052010201120122013201420152016201720182019202014Description:MethaneemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-KP)totaled419millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2e)in2020-adecreaseof1.4percentfromthepreviousyear.Since1990,annualEU-KPmethaneemissionshavebeencutby41percent.EntericfermentationisthelargestsourceofmethaneemissionsthroughouttheEU.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;1990to2020;*IncludesUKandIceland.ThisscopeisconsistentwiththeEU'sjointsubmissionwithIcelandundertheKyotoprotocol.ReadmoreSource(s):EEACHAPTER

03AirpollutantsTotalemissionsofmainairpollutantsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)from1990to2020(ingigagrams)AirpollutantemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)1990-2020,bypollutantCarbonmonoxide(CO)Ammonia(NH3)*PM2.5PM10Nitrogenoxides(NOx)Sulfuroxides(SOx)120,000100,00080,00060,00040,00020,000019901995200020052010201120122013201420152016201720182019202016Description:Emissionsofnitrogenoxides(NOx)intheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)totaled5,497gigagramsin2020.Since1990,NOxemissionsintheEU-27havefallenby63percent,andare52percentsince2000.RoadtransportationproducesthehighestvolumeofNOxemissionsintheEU.

ReadmoreNote(s):EUSource(s):EEAPM10emissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)in2010and2020,bymemberstate(ingigagrams)PM10emissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)2019-2020,bymemberstatePM10emissionsingigagrams20202002000050100150250300350400450340PolandFrance417421187180179GermanySpain298261257166Italy152RomaniaPortugalGreeceHungaryCroatiaBulgariaCzechia1396159579012873514845634217Description:Polandemitted340gigagramsofPM10in2020,makingitwasthebiggestcontributortoPM10emissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)thatyear.ThehighPM10concentrationsinPolandcanbeattributedtothecountry'suseofcoalpower.MostEUMemberStateshaveexperiencedconsiderablyreductionsinPM10emissionssince2000.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;2000and2020;*PM10=Coarseparticulatematter(particlesmeasuring10morless)Gg=1gigagram=109g=1kilotonne(kt)ReadmoreSource(s):EEAPM2.5emissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)in2000and2020,bymemberstate(inGg)*PM2.5emissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)2000-2020,bymemberstatePM2.5emissionsingigagrams20201502000050100200250300350255PolandItaly307133197120Spain176113112France317RomaniaGermanyPortugalHungaryGreeceBulgariaCzechiaCroatia10681165474871373532673632502818Description:PM2.5emissionsinPolandwere255gigagramsin2020.Thisaccountedforroughly22percentofEuropeanUnionPM2.5emissionsthatyear,makingPolandthebiggestcontributortoEU-27PM2.5emissionsin2020.PM2.5areparticulatematterwithadiameterof2.5micrometersorless.ManypeoplethroughouttheEUareexposedtohighlevelsofPM2.5,especiallyinurbanareas.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;*PM2.5=Fineparticulatematter(particlesmeasuring2.5morless)Gg=1gigagram=109g=1kilotonne(kt)ReadmoreSource(s):EEAAveragePM2.5concentrationsinthemostpollutedcapitalcitiesinEuropein2020and2021(inmicrogramspercubicmeterofair)AveragePM2.5levelsinthemostpollutedcapitalcitiesinEurope2020-2021PM2.5concentrationinµg/m³2021

202020051015253035404529.730.6Sarajevo(BA)Skopje(MK)Zagreb(HR)**Belgrade(RS)Athens(EL)Kyiv(UA)42.527.725.623.424.319.217.718.819.218.216.717.6Warsaw(PL)Sofia(BG)27.514.915.5Bucharest(RO)Nicosia(CY)Pristina(XK)Vilnius(LT)14.815.514.614.62019Description:SarajevowasthemostpollutedcapitalcityinEuropein2021,withanaveragePM2.5concentrationof29.7microgramspercubicmeterofair(g/m³).ThiswasdespiteaveragePM2.5levelsinSarajevofallingby13g/m³fromthepreviousyear.ThesecondmostpollutedcapitalcityinEuropein2021wasSkopjeinNorthMacedonia,whichhadanaveragePM2.5concentrationof27.7g/m³.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;2021Source(s):IQAirBlackcarbonemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)from2000to2020(ingigagrams)BlackcarbonemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)2000-20203,0002,8412,5002,0001,5001,0005002,3832842652492472172222132072101881720200020052010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020Description:BlackcarbonemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)totaled172gigagramsin2020.Since2000,annualblackcarbonemissionsintheEuropeanUnionfallenby93percent.Blackcarbon(BC)isashort-livedclimatepollutant,andacomponentoffineparticulatematter.Short-livedclimatepollutantshaveashorterlifespanthancarbondioxide,butcanhaveagreaterimpactonglobalwarming.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;2000to2020;*PM10=Coarseparticulatematter(particlesmeasuring10morless)Gg=1gigagram=109g=1kilotonne(kt)ReadmoreSource(s):EEATotalemissionsofnitrogenoxide(NOx)intheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)from2010to2020(inthousandmetrictons)NitrogenoxideemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)1990-202016,00015,02714,00012,00010,0008,0006,0004,0002,000013,03111,45810,6608,5108,2207,8717,5447,2587,1406,9236,7856,5306,1735,49719901995200020052010*201120122013201420152016201720182019202021Description:Nitrogenoxide(NOx)emissionsintheEuropeanUniontotaled5,497gigagramsin2020-areductionof11percentcomparedwiththepreviousyear.EU-27NOxemissionshavefallenby63percentsince1990.RoadtransportationandfuelcombustionfromtheenergyandindustrysectorsarethebiggestcontributorstoNOxemissions.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;1990to2020Source(s):EEACHAPTER

04SegmentsDistributionofgreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)in2020,bysectorBreakdownofgreenhousegasemissionsintheEU-272020,bysectorWaste3%Othercombustion3%Residential/commercial13%Energysupply25%Agriculture12%Industry22%Transportation22%23Description:Theenergysupplysectoraccountedfor26percentoftotalgreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)in2020.AlthoughthismadeenergysupplythemostpollutingsectorintheEU-27,thesector'sGHGemissionsin2020were47percentbelow1990levels.

ReadmoreNote(s):EU;2020Source(s):EEA;estimatesAnnualgreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)from1990to2020,bysector(inmillionmetrictonsofCO2-equivalent)GreenhousegasemissionsintheEU-271990-2020,bysectorEnergysupplyTransportIndustryWasteAgricultureResidential/commercialInternationalshippingInternationalaviationOthercombustion1,8001,6001,4001,2001,0008006004002000199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202024Description:GreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnionhavedecreasedacrossmostsectorssince1990,withtheexceptionoftransportation.AlthoughCOVID-19-relatedlockdownscauseddomestictransportationemissionstodropconsiderablyin2020,to721MtCO2e,theywerestillsevenpercenthigherthanin1990.Meanwhile,energysupplyemissionshavefallenalmost50percentduringthisperiodtoalowof843MtCO2e.ThereductioninenergysupplyemissionshashelpedcutEUannual[...R]

eadmoreNote(s):EU;1990to2020Source(s):EEADistributionofcarbondioxideemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)in2020,bysectorBreakdownofCO2emissionsintheEU-272020,bysectorAgriculture0.4%Waste0.1%Othercombustion3%Residentialandcommercial15.9%Energysupply30.1%Industry23.5%Domestictransportation27.1%25Description:EnergysupplywasthemainsourceofcarbondioxideemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)in2020,accountingforroughly30percentoftotalemissions.Domestictransportationwasthesecond-largestcarbonpolluterthatyear,withashareof27percent.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;2020;basedonatotal2.63billionmetrictonsofCO2;*ExcludingLULUCFemissionsandinternationalmaritimeandaviationReadmoreSource(s):EEABiggestpollutersintheEuropeanUnionin2021(inmillionmetrictonsofCO2)BiggestcarbonpollutersintheEuropeanUnion2021EmissionsinMtCO210

150520253035BechatówPowerStation(PL)NeurathPowerStation(DE)NiederaussemPowerPlant(DE)KoziencePowerPlant(PL)33.222.116.115.9BoxbergPowerStation(DE)JänschwaldePowerStation(DE)WeisweilerPowerPlant(DE)SchwarzePumpePowerStation(DE)LippendorfPowerStation(DE)OpolePowerPlant(PL)15.515.214.511.811.110.726Description:ThebiggestcarbonpolluterintheEuropeanUnionistheBechatówlignite-firedpowerplantinPoland.In2021,theBechatówpowerplantemitted33.2millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxide(MtCO2),accountingforroughly10percentofCO2emissionsinPolandthatyear.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;2021Source(s):Ember;EuropeanCommissionDistributionofmethaneemissions(CH4)intheEuropeanUnion*in2020,bysourceBreakdownofmethaneemissionsourcesintheEuropeanUnion2020Other**15%EntericFermentation-Cattle36%Othersectors4%Entericfermentation-Sheep4%Wastewatertreatmentanddischarge4%Naturalgas-operation4%Coalminingandhandling-operation5%CH4emissions-farming10%AnaerobicWaste18%27Description:Entericfermentationandanaerobicwastearethelargestsourcesofmethane(CH4)emissionsintheEuropeanUnion(includingUKandIceland).Themaincontributortotheseemissionswasentericfermentationfromcattle,whichaccountedfor36percentoftotalmethaneemissionsin2020.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;2020;*IncludesUKandIceland**Otheriscalculatedbysubtractingthepresentedcategoriesfromthesectortotalpercentagesareroundedandmayleadtoasumhigherthan100%ReadmoreSource(s):EEADistributionofselectedairpollutantemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)2020,bysectorBreakdownofairpollutantemissionsintheEU-272020,bysectorEnergyproductionanddistributionRoadtransportEnergyuseinindustryNon-roadtransportWasteResidential,commercial,andinstitutionalIndustrialprocessesandproductuseAgriculture120%100%80%60%40%20%0%SOxHGNOxPbCOPM2.5PM10NH328Description:Thedistributionofairpollutantsourcesvariesgreatlydependingonthepollutant.Forexample,agricultureaccountedfor94percentofammoniaemissionsintheEuropeanUnionin2020,butitscontributiontootherairpollutantemissionsisminimal.Meanwhile,thecommercial,residential,andinstitutionalsectorwasthebiggestcontributortocarbonmonoxide,PM2.5,andPM10emissionsin2020,whileroadtransportationwasresponsibleforthelargestshareofNOxemissions.[...]ReadmoreNote(s):EU;2020;Figuresmaynottotal100%duetoroundingSource(s):EEATotalparticulatematteremissions(PM2.5)intheEuropeanUnion(EU-28)from2000to2019,bysector(in1,000metrictons)PM2.5particleemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-28)2000-2019,bysectorEnergysupplyManufacturingandextractiveindustryTransportResidential,commercial&institutional

AgricultureWastemanagement2,0001,8001,6001,4001,2001,00080060040020002000200520102015201929Description:PM2.5emissionsintheEuropeanUnionhaveexperiencedsignificantreductionsinrecentdecades.In2000,theenergysupplysectorwasresponsiblefor141,600metrictonsofPM2.5emissions.By2019,thisfigurehadfallento32,800metrictons.Thetransportationsectorhasalsoseensimilarreductionssincetheturnofthecentury.Theresidential,commercial,andinstitutionalsectorwasthelargestsourceofPM2.5intheEU,havingreleased594,000metrictonsin2019.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;2000to2019Source(s):EEACHAPTER

05Pathwaytonet-zeroNetgreenhousegasemissionreductiontargetsintheEuropeanUnionfrom2020to2050,relativeto1990levelsGHGemissionreductiontargetsintheEuropeanUnion2020-20500%-20%-40%-60%-80%-100%-120%20202030(previoustarget)2030205031Description:In2008,theEuropeanUnionsetthetargetofcutting20percentofnetgreenhousegasemissionsby2020,relativeto1990levels.TheEUovershotthistargetbycuttingGHGemissions34percentbelow1990levelsby2020R.

eadmoreNote(s):EU;2020Source(s):CounciloftheEuropeanUnionRequiredpercentagechangeoftransportationgreenhousegasemissionsforlinearemissionreductionintheEuropeanUnionfrom2030to2050,byscenarioTransportationGHGemissionschangeforlinearemissionreductionintheEU2030-20501990(1.5°

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noov20302035204020452050-34%-58%-47%-66%-82%-86%-100%-100%-100%-100%32Description:FortheEuropeanUniontoremainwithinitsgreenhousegasemissionsbudgetfor1.5degreesCelsiusasrequiredbytheParisAgreement,transportationemissionswillneedtobereducedbybetween36percentand42percentby2030,relativeto2020levels.Fortheambitiousreductionpathwithoutanovershootofthe1.5degreesCelsiustarget,transportationemissionshavetoreducedby84percentby2040,comparedwith2020levels.Thetransportationsectorcurrentlyaccountsfor[...]ReadmoreNote(s):EU;2020Source(s):FraunhoferEUEmissionsTradingSystem(ETS)totalallocatedallowancesintheEuropeanUnionfrom2013to2021,bytype(inmillionmetrictonsofCO2equivalent)EUEmissionsTradingSystem(ETS)totalallocatedallowances2013-2021bytypeFreelyallocatedallowancesAllowancesauctionedorsold(EUAsandEUAAs)2,5002,0001,5001,000500020132014201520162017201820192020202133Description:In2021,theEUEmissionsTradingSystem(ETS)hadtotalallocatedallowancesatsome1.02billionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalentforallstationaryinstallations.Thiswasadecreaseofsome27percentcomparedtothepreviousyear.Thatyear,