2015届钻石卡学员全真模拟考试英语一试卷

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions：

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA，B，CorDon

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

AsformercolonistsofGreatBritain,theFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStatesadoptedmuchofthelegalsystemofGreatBritain.Wehavea“commonlaw”,orlawmadebycourts 1 amonarchorothercentralernmental 2 likealegislature.Thejury,a 3 ofordinarycitizenschosentodecideacase,isan 4

partofourcommon-lawsystem.

Useofjuriestodecidecasesisa5featureoftheAmericanlegalsystem.FewothercountriesintheworldusejuriesaswedointheUnitedStates.6thecenturies,manypeoplehavebelievedthatjuriesinmostcasesreachafairerandmorejustresult7wouldbeobtainedusingajudge8,asmanycountriesdo.9ajurydecidescasesafter“10”，ordiscussionsamongagroupofpeople,thejury’sdecisionislikelytohavethe11frommanydifferentpeoplefromdifferentbackgrounds,whomustasagroupdecidewhatisright.

Juriesareusedinbothcivilcases,whichdecide12among13citizens,andcriminalcases,whichdecidecasesbroughtbytheernment14thatindividualshavecommittedcrimes.JuriesareselectedfromtheU.S.citizensand15.Jurors,consistingof16numbers,arecalledforeachcaserequiringajury.

Thejudge17tothecase18theselectionofjurorstoserveasthejuryforthatcase.Insomestates,19jurorsarequestionedbythejudge;inothers,theyarequestionedbythelawyersrepresentingthe

20underrulesdictatedbystatelaw.

1. [A]otherthan

[B]ratherthan

[C]morethan

[D]orrather

2. [A]agency

[B]organization

[C]institution

[D]authority

3. [A]panel

[B]crew

[C]band

[D]flock

4. [A]innate

[B]intact

[C]integral

[D]integrated

5. [A]discriminating

[B]distinguishing

[C]determining

[D]diminishing

6. [A]In

[B]By

[C]After

[D]Over

7. [A]that

[B]which

[C]than

[D]as

8. [A]alike

[B]alone

[C]altogether

[D]apart

9. [A]Although

[B]Because

[C]If

[D]While

10.[A]deliberations

[B]meditations

[C]reflections

[D]speculations

11.[A]outline

[B] e

[C]input

[D]intake

12.[A]arguments

[B]controversies

[C]disputes

[D]hostilities

13.[A]fellow

[B]individual

[C]al

[D]private

14.[A]asserting

[B]alleging

[C]maintaining

[D]testifying

15.[A]summoned

[B]evoked

[C]rallied

[D]assembled

16.[A]set

[B]exact

[C]given

[D]ced

17.[A]allocated

[B]allotted

[C]appointed

[D]assigned

18.[A]administers

[B]manages

[C]oversees

[D]presides

19.[A]inspective

[B]irrespective

[C]

[D]prospective

20.[A]bodies

[B]parties

[C]sides

[D]units

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Sometimesthebiggestchangesinsocietyarethehardesttospotpreciselybecausetheyarehidingininsight.Itcouldwellbethatwaywithwirelesscommunications.Somethingthatpeoplethinkofasjustanothertechnologyisbeginningtoshowsignsofchanginglives,culture,politics,cities,jobs,evenmarriagesdramatically.Inparticular,itwillusherinanewversionofaveryoldidea:nomadism.

Futurologyisadangerousbusiness,anditistruethatmostoftheimportantargumentsaboutcommunicationsatthemomentaretodowithtechnologyorregulation—bandwidth,spectrumuseandsoon.Yetitisworthjumaheadandwonderingwhatthesocialeffectswillbe,fortworeasons.First,thebroadtechnologicalfutureisprettyclear:therewillbeeverfastercellularnetworks,andmanymoregadgetstoconnecttothesenetworks.Second,thesocialchangesarealreadyvisible:parentsonbeacheswavingattheirchildrenwhiletyfurtivelyontheirBlackBerrys;entrepreneursdiscoveringtheydon’tneedofficesatall.Everybodyis

ngmoreonthemove.

Wirelesstechnologyissurelynotjustaneasier-to-usephone.Thecardividedcitiesintoworkandhomeareas;wirelesstechnologymaymixthemupagain,withmorepeopleworkinginsuburbsorlivingincitycenters.Trafficpatternsarebeginningtochangeagain:therushhoursat9amand5pmaregivingwaytomorevariedpatterns,withpeoplegoingbackwardsandforwardsbetweentheoffice,homeandallsortsofothercesthroughouttheday.Already,architectsareredesigningofficesanduniversities:moreflexiblespacesformeetingpeople,fewerprivateenclosuresforsedentarywork.

Willitbeabetterlife?Insomeways,yes.DigitalnomadismwillliberateevermoreknowledgeworkersfromthecubicleprisonsasdepictedinMr.Dilbert’scartoons.Buttheoldtyrannyofcecould eanewtyrannyoftime,asnomadswhoare“alwayson”alltoooftenendup—mentally—anywherebuthere.Asforfriendsandfamily,permanentconnectivitycouldhavethesameeffectasnomadism:itmightbringyoumuchclosertofamilyandfriends,butitmaymakeithardertobringinoutsiders.Sociologistsfretaboutconstante-mailersandtexterslosingtheeverydayconnectionstocasualacquaintancesorstrangerssittingnexttotheminthecaféoronthebus.

Thesametoolshaveanotherdarkside,turningeverybodyintoafullyequippedpaparazzo.Somefitnessclubshavestartedbanningphonesnearthetreadmillsandshowerslestexercisingpeoplefindthemselvespictured,flabbyandsweaty,onsomewebsite.Asinthedesert,sointhecity:nomadismpromisestheheavenofnewdom,butitalsosignalstheofconstantsurveillancebythetribe.

Wecaninferfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthat .

socialchangesarecomplexinnature

peoplemayignorewirelesscommunicationschanges

nomadismisnothingnewinsociety

everybodycanworkoutsidetheiroffices

Whichofthefollowingistrueofthefuturewirelesstechnology?

Itisbeginningsolvingthetrafficproblems.

Itwillchangepeople’swayofworking.

Itwillsavepeoplealotoftime.

Itwillcometrueinofficesanduniversities.

Accordingtothetext,sociologistsareanxiousaboutdigitalnomadisminthat .

itwillreducepeople’scontactswiththeoutsidesociety

itwillgiveofficeworkerstoomuchtime

itwilldestroypeople’sfriendship

itwillcausepeopletolosetheirinterestinsocialactivities

Thedarksideofthedigitalproductsisthatpeoplemayusethemto .

fullyequipthemselves

disturbothers’physicalexercises

threatenotherpeople’slife

revealothers’privacy

Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?

Anewtrendofwirelesscommunication.

communicationimprovespeople’slife.

Digitalnomadismbringspeopleconvenienceaswellastrouble.

Thefutureof communication.

Text2

Inanidealworld,thenation’seliteschoolswouldenrollthemostqualifiedstudents.Butthat’snothowitworks.Applicantswhoseparentsarealumnigetspecialtreatment,assoathletesandrichkids.Underrepresentedminoritiesarealsogivenpreference.Thirtyyearsofaffirmativeactionhavechangedthecomplexionofmostlywhiteuniversities;nowabout13percentofallundergraduatesareblackorLatino.Butmostcomefrommiddle-anduppermiddle-classfamilies.Poorkidsofallethnicitiesremainscarce.ArecentstudybytheCenturyFoundationfoundthatatthenation’s146mostcompetitiveschools,74percentofstudentscamefromupper-middle-classandwealthyfamilies,whileonlyabout5percentcamefromfamilieswithanannual eofroughly$35,000orless.

Manyschoolssaydiversity—racial,economicandgeographic—iskeytomaintaininginlectuallyvitalcampuses.ButRichardKahlenbergoftheCenturyFoundationsaysthateventhoughcollegesclaimtheywantpoorkids,“theydon’ttryveryhardtofindthem.”Asforruralstudents,manycollegesdon’ttryatall.“Unfortunay,wegowherewecangenerateasizablenumberofpotentialapplicants,”saysTulaneadmissionschiefRichardWhiteside,whorecruitsaggressively—andin —frommetropolitanareas.Kidsinruralareasgetaglossybrochureinthemail.

Evenwhenpoorruralstudentshavethegradesfortopcolleges,theirhighschoolsoftendon’tknowhowtogetthemthere.Admissionsofficersrelyonguidancecounselorstodirectthemtopromisingprospects.Inaffluenthighschoolsguidancecounselorsoftenhave alrelationshipswithbothkidsandadmissionsofficers.Inruralareas,ateacher,acounselororevenanalumnus“canhelpputruralstudentsonourradarscreen,”saysWesleyanadmissionsdeanNancyMeislahn.Butpoorruralschoolsrarelyhavecollegeadviserswiththoseconnections;withoutthem,admission“canbeacrapshoot,”saysCarnegieMellon’sSteidel.

Inthepastfewyearssomeschoolshavebeguntoopenthatdooralittlewider.AtMITit’ssomethingofamissionforMarileeJones,thedeanofadmissions.Twentyyearsago,25percentofeachMITclasswas

first-generationcollegegoersfrompoorbackgroundswhousedthecelebratedengineeringschoolasaticketoutoftheblue-collarworld.Fiveyearsago,whenthatnumberdippedbelow10percent,Jonesbeganscouringthecountryforbrightkids,andthenpairedthepotentialapplicantswithMITfacultyandstudentswhocouldanswerquestionsaboutcollegelife.InfouryearsJoneshasdoubledthenumberofpoorfirst-generationstudentsatMIT.

Accordingtothepassage,Americanschools .

favorthemostcompetentstudents [B]enrollthechildrenoftheiralumni[C]don’tconformtosomenationallaw [D]discriminateagainstlower-classstudents

Collegesgotocitiestoenrollstudentsbecause .[A]theythinkstudentsinurbanareashavemorein lectualpotential[B]theydon’twanttotravelfartosearchforapplicantsinruralareas[C]studentsinruralareasmayhavemanyeconomicproblems

[D]itismucheasiertofindenoughprospectivestudentsincities

Bysaying“canbeacrapshoot”(Line7,Para.3),theauthorsuggests .[A]ruralstudentshaveanaccesstocollege

[B]poorruralstudentscan’taffordadmissionfees[C]itisveryhardforruralstudentstogotocollege

[D]poorruralschoolsarenotongoodtermswithcolleges

AtMIT,manyfirst-generationpoorstudents .[A]weregratefultothecollegefortheirenrollment[B]regardedthecollegeasanopportunitytochangefate[C]weregladtogetawayfromtheirpoorfamilies

[D]gotsomehelpfromMITfacultyandstudents

WhichofthefollowingmightMarileeJonesagreewith?[A]Collegesshouldsparenoeffortstolookforbrilliantpoorstudents.[B]Renowneduniversitiescertainlyattractbrilliantpoorstudents.[C]Collegescanbenefitgreatlyfromtheenrollmentofpoorstudents.

[D]Manycollegeshaverealizedtheimportanceofenrollingpoorstudents.

Text3

Thewillingnessofdoctorsatseveralmajormedicalcenterstoapologizetopatientsforharmfulerrorsisapromisingsteptowardimprovingtheratherdisappointingqualityofamedicalsystemthatkillstensofthousandsofinnocentpatientsayearinadvertently.

Foryears,expertshavelamentedthatmedicalmalpracticelitigationisaninefficientwaytodeterlethalordamagingmedicalerrors.Whattheynoticed,simplyputit,isthatmostvictimsofmalpracticeneversue,andthereissomeevidencethatmanypatientswhodosuewerenotharmedbyaphysician’serrorbutinsteadsufferedanadversemedical ethatcouldnothavebeenprevented.Thedetailsofwhatwentwrongareoftenkeptsecretaspartofasettlementagreement.

Whatisneeded,manyspecialistsagree,isasystemthatquicklybringsanerrortolightsothatfurthererrorscanbeheadedoffandthatcompensatesvictimspromptlyandfairly.Manydoctors,unfortunay,havebeen

afraidthatadmittinganddescribingtheirerrorswouldonlyinviteacostlylawsuit.

Now,asdescribedbyKevinSackinTheTimes,ahandfulofprominentacademicmedicalcentershaveadoptedanewofpromptlydisclosingerrors,offeringearnestapologiesandprovidingfaircompensation.Itappearstosatisfymanypatients,reducelegalcostsandthelitigationburdenand,insomeinstances,helpsreducemalpracticepremiums.HerearesomeexamplesfromcollegesoftheUnitedStates:attheUniversityofIllinois,of37caseswherethehospitalacknowledgedapreventableerrorandapologized,onlyonepatientfiledsuit;attheUniversityofMichiganHealthSystem,existingclaimsandlawsuitsdroppedfrom262inAugust2001to83inAugust2007,andlegalcostsfellbytwo-thirds.

Toencouragegreatercandor,morethan30stateshaveenactedlawsmakingapologiesformedicalerrorsinadmissibleincourt.Thatsoundslikeasensiblestepthatshouldbeadoptedbyotherstatesor efederallaw.Suchlawscouldhelpbringmoreerrorstolight.Patientswhohavebeenharmedbynegligentdoctorscanstillsueformalpractice,usingotherevidencetomaketheircase.

Admittingerrorsisonlythefirststeptowardreformingthehealthcaresystemsothatfarfewermistakesaremade.Butreformscanbemoreeffectiveifdoctorsarecandidabouthowtheywentastray.Patientsseemfarlessangrywhentheyreceiveanhonestexnation,anapologyandprompt,faircompensationfortheharmtheyhavesuffered.

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?

Doctors’confessionofmistakesandapologieshelptobettermedicalcare.

Expertsbelieveitaninefficientwayforpatientstosuefortheirlivery.

Mistreatedpatientsneversueoncesufferanunpreventableadversemedical e.

Thedetailsofpatients’conditionsareoftenkeptsecret.

Whilemanyspecialtiescallforadisclosuremechanism,somephysiciansareworryingabout .

exposuretothemedia

describingtheirmistakesindetails

compensatingvictimspromptlyandfairly

involvementinanexpensivecivilcase

AccordingtoParagraph5,lawsareenactedinmorethan30states .

tobeadoptedbyotherstates

to efederallaw

tomakeapologiesformedicalmisconducts

tosparkmedicalpractitionerstoconfessmore

Fromthelastparagraph,wecaninferthatdoctorsshoulddescribethewaytheymademistakesinorderto

.

admitmalpracticesfirst

makelessmedicalmistakes

avoidlawsuits

beforgiven

Theauthor’sattitudetowardsdoctors’heartyapologiesmaybesummarizedas .

skeptical

indifferent

supportive

intolerable

Text4

Intheireverydaylife,mostAmericansseemtoagreewithHenryFordwhooncesaid,“Historyismoreorlessabsurdity.Wewanttoliveinthepresentandtheonlyhistorythatisworthatinker’sdamnisthehistorywemaketoday.”Certainlyagreat—butnowalsodeadlocked—debateonimmigrationfiguresprominentlyinthehistorybeingmadetodayintheUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.

Inbothhistoryandsociology,scholarlyworkonimmigrationwassparkedbythegreatdebatesofthe1920s,asAmericansarguedoverwhichimmigrantstoincludeandwhichtoexcludefromtheAmericannation.TheresultofthatparticulargreatdebateinvolvedtherestrictionofimmigrationfromAsiaandsouthernandeasternEurope.

Reactingtothedebatesoftheirtime,sociologistsandhistoriansneverthelessdevelopeddifferentcentralthemes.WhileChicagoSchoolsociologistsfocusedonimmigrantadaptationtotheAmericanmainstream,historiansweremorelikelytodescribeimmigrantsengagedinbuildingtheAmericannationoritsregionalsub-cultures.

Historiansstudiedtheimmigrantsofthepast,usuallyinthecontextofnation-buildingandsettlementofthewesternUnitedStates,whilesociologistsfocusedontheimmigranturbanworkersoftheirowntimes—thatis,theearly20thcentury.Meanwhile,sociologists’descriptionofassimilationasanalmostnaturalsequenceofinctionsresultinginthemodernization,andAmericanizationofforeignersreassuredAmericansthattheircountrywouldsurvivetherecentarrivalofimmigrantswhomlongtimeAmericansperceivedasradicallydifferent.

Historiansinsistedthattheimmigrantsofthepasthadactuallybeenthe“makersofAmerica”;theyhadforgedthemainstreamtowhichnewimmigrantsadapted.Forsociologists,however,itwasimmigrantswhochangedandassimilatedoverthecourseofthreegenerations.Forhistorians,itwastheAmericannationthatchangedandevolved.

Incurrentdebates,overall,whatseemstobemissingisnotknowledgeofsignificantelementsoftheAmericanpastorrespectforthelessonstobedrawnfromthatpast,butratherdebaters’abilitytoseehowtimeshapesunderstandingofthepresent.

InthefirstmomentsofAmericannation-building,theso-calledFoundingFatherscelebratedmigrationasanexpressionofhumanliberty.Hereisareminderthattoday’sdebatestakeceamongthosewhoagreeratherfundamentallythatnationalself-interestrequirestherestrictionofimmigration.Debatersdisagreewitheachothermainlyoverhowbestto plishrestriction,notwhetherrestrictionistherightcourse.TheUnitedStates,alongwithmanyothernations,isneitheratthestart,nornecessarilyanywhereneartheend,ofalongeraofrestriction.

HenryFord’swordsarecitedto .

showtheabsurdityofhistory

indicatethesignificanceofthehistorywemaketoday

emphasizetheroleofimmigrantsintheU.Shistory

introducethedebateonimmigrationworldwide

Accordingtothepassage,the1920s’debateonimmigration .

sparkedscholarlyworkonimmigrationrestrictions

ledtothedecreaseofimmigrantsfromAsiaandpartsofEurope

resultedintheexclusionofallimmigrantsfromabroad

inspiredacademicresearchonimmigrationinvariousfields

Whatdowelearnfromthetextaboutthethemesofhistoriansandsociologists?

Theybothstressedthecontributionsmadebyimmigrants.

Historiansweremoreinterestedintheimmigrantculture.

Sociologistsconvincedpeoplethatnewimmigrantsweredifferentfromearlierones.

HistoriansandsociologistsdisagreedonthewayimmigrantsadaptedtoAmerica.

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?

HistoriansbelievedthatallimmigrantshelpedbuildAmerica.

SociologistsarguedthatimmigrantschangedthreegenerationsofAmerica.

Debatersshouldrespectthepastlessons.

Debatersseemtobeunclearabouttheformationoftheunderstandingofthepresent.

Itshouldberemindedthattoday’sdebateonimmigration .

centersonwhetherthereshouldberestrictions

focusesonhowtodefendthenationalinterests

indicatethattheemigrationinU.S.maycontinueforawhile

indicatethattheemigrationinU.S.hasalmostcometoanend

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Inthislatestfacetoftheongoinginformationrevolution,millionsofalcomputersareconnectedbytheInternetandothercomputernetworksandhavestartedaglobalrevolutioninbusinessandinteralcommunications.Thealcomputertodayfunctionsasacombinationof alprintingpress,radio,

ephone,postoffice,andevisionset.41. .

ThestunningpossibilitiesoftheInternetforjournalismandthenewsbusinessaresomewhatobvious.Publishers,broadcastersandjournalistsareawareofthisexplosiveinformationrevolutionandbelievetheyshouldbeinvolved.42. .

Anewspaperis,ofcourse,abusinessoperation.Atatimewhensomepublishersaredownsizingstaffsandtrimmingcoststoincreaseprofitability,otherpapersareinvestingheavilyinthenewelectronicorinctivejournalism.43. .

Inearly1996，theNationalNewspaperAssociation1isted162newspapersthathadelectronicpagesontheWeb,triplethenumberin1994.Byearly1997,thenumberofonlinenewspapersroseto700.ThesenumberskeepgoinguptodateandincludesuchheavyhittersasTheNewYorkTimes,TheChicagoTribune,andTheWallStreetJournal.

Fornewspapers,twobasicuncertaintiescurrentlyexistaboutinctivejournalism:first,willthepublicpayforelectronicnewsonamediumwhereinformation,afterabasicuser’sfee,is?Second,willadvertisingdisyedonwebpages“sell”onamediumthatsofarlacksbothaneffectivewaytocountthenumberofpeoplewhoeyeballwebpagesortoascertainthedemographicsofthoseviews?

.Thefearcomesfromthethreattothenewspapers’advertisingbase,especiallyclassified

advertisements,fromthecomputer’spoint-and-clicktechnologyandtheeaseofgettinganswersquickly,completewithpicturesandsounds.

.

Sofar,thenumbersofpotentialusersofinctivenewspapersarestillsmallcomparedwithtotalnewspaperreadershipbutthenumbersaregrowingfast.Theonlycertainty,promotersofelectronicpublishingsay,isthatthebreakthroughtomaketheInterneteconomicallyviableforthenewspaperbusinesswillcomesomeday.

Awebsitecanbesimplyascreenortwoofinformation,oritcanbeanextensiveandcomplexnumberofofferings,withnewsitemsplusadvertisements,illustrations, s,andbackgroundstoriesnotincludedinaprinteddaily.

Hence,thepress’srushtoonlineservicesisseenasdrivenbybothfearandgreed.

AlthoughnooneseemstoknowwhethertheywillevermakemoneyontheWWW,theInternetmulti-mediainformationretrievalsystemisonthevergeof ingamassmediumitself.

However,neitherthey,noranyoneelse,seemtoknowwherethisbravenewworldofcommunicationsheaded.NoconsensusexistsastowhenandhowjournalismasweknowitwillgetinvolvedandbechangedbytheInternet,butnoonedoubtsthatchangeiscoming--andfast.

Whilesomeonearguethatthecomputermaynotreceanyofthesemedia,whichare,orcourse,heavilyinvolvedinjournalism,stilltheInternethasthepotentialtotranscendthemall,providingnotjustone-to-onecommunications,oronetomany,butthecreationofwholenewcommunitiesofpeoplesharingideasandinterestsregardlessofwheretheylive.

Theaccessforthisfledglingnewssourceisestablished,butsofarthenumberofnewsreadersissmallandnooneinmakingmuchmoneyoutofprovidingthenews.Onlinenewsuserstendtobeyoungmaleadultswhologonfromofficecomputers.

Greedisstimulatedbythepossibilityoflargesumstobemadeifasystemisdevelopedthatcountsandcategorizeseveryvisitortoawebsite.Ifthishappens,Internetpublishingcouldbeaprofitablemarriageofnewspapers’advertisingbaseswithfranchisestrengths.Publishersalsohopetoattracttheyoungeruserswhonolongerreadnewspapers．

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto .YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Thevaluewhichsocietycesonworkhastraditionallybeencloselyassociatedwiththevalueofindividualismandasaresultithashadnegativeeffectsonthedevelopmentofsocialsecurity.(46）Ithasmeantthatinthefirstcetheamountofbenefitsmustbesmalllestpeople’swillingnesstoworkandsupportthemselvessuffers.Eventodaywithflatrateandearnings-relatedbenefits,thetotalamountofthebenefitmustalwaysbesmallerthanthe ’swagesforfearofmalingering.“Thepurposeofsocialsecurity,”saidHuntfordreferringtoSweden’scomparativelygenerousbenefits,“istodispelneedwithoutcrossingthethresholdofprosperity.”Second,socialsecuritybenefitsaregrantedunderconditionsdesignedtoreducethelikelihoodofeventh