初二(八年级)下册-物理知识点汇总课件

八年级物理下册知识点力第七章

1.定义：力是物体对物体的作用，物体间力的作用是相互的。注意（1）一个力的产生一定有施力物体和受力物体，且同时存在。（2）单独一个物体不能产生力的作用。（3）力的作用可发生在相互接触的物体间，

也可以发生在不直接接触的物体间。力可以改变物体的运动状态。力的作用效果有两个：

(运动状态的改变是指物体的快慢和运动方向发生改变)。例用力推小车，小车由静止变为运动；

守门员接住飞来的足球力可以改变物体的形状例用力压弹簧，弹簧变形；用力拉弓弓变形。力的单位：牛顿(N)力的单位和三要素力的三要素：力的大小、方向、作用点称为力的三要素。它们都能影响力的作用效果。力的表示方法：画力的示意图。在受力物体上沿着力的方向画一条线段，在线段的末端画一个箭头表示力的方向，线段的起点或终点表示力的作用点，线段的长表示力的大小，这种图示法叫力的示意图。弹性：物体受力发生形变不受力自动恢复原来形状的特性；塑性：物体受力发生形变不受力不能自动恢复原来形状的特性。弹力的定义：物体由于发生弹性形变而产生的力。(如压力，支持力，拉力)产生条件：发生弹性形变。弹力测量力的大小的工具叫做弹簧测力计。弹簧测力计弹簧测力计（弹簧秤）的工作原理：在弹性限度内，弹簧的伸长与受到的拉力成正比。即弹簧受到的拉力越大，弹簧的伸长就越长。A、观察弹簧测力计的量程和分度值，不能超过它的

测量范围。（否则会损坏测力计）B、使用前指针要

校零

；如果不能调节归零，应该在读数后减去起始末测量力时的示数，才得到被测力的大小。C、测量前，沿弹簧的轴线方向轻轻来回拉动挂钩几次，放手后观察指针是否能回到原来指针的位置，以检查指针、弹簧和外壳之间是否有过大的摩擦；D、被测力的方向要与弹簧的轴线的方向一致，以免挂钩杆与外壳之间产生过大的摩擦；E、指针稳定后再读数，视线要与刻度线

垂直。使用弹簧测力计的注意事项产生原因：由于地球与物体间存在吸引力。

定义：由于地球吸引而使物体受到的力；用字母G表示。施力物体：

地球

重力方向：

竖直向下作用点：重心(质地均匀的物体的重心在它的几何中心。)重力重垂线①原理：是利用

重力的方向总是竖直向下的性质制成的。②作用：检查墙壁是否竖直，桌面是否水平。重力的应用又叫重量（物重）

物体受到的重力与它的质量成正比。

计算公式：G=mg

其中g＝9.8N/kg,物理意义:质量为1千克的物体受到的重力是9.8牛顿。

重力的大小与物体的质量、地理位置有关，即质量越大，物体受到的重力越大；在地球上，越靠近赤道，物体受到的重力越小，越靠近两极，物体受到的重力越大。重力的大小

第八章运动和力牛顿第一定律的内容：一切物体在没有受到力的作用时，总保持静止状态或匀速直线运动状态。牛顿第一定律（又叫惯性定律）阻力对物体运动的影响：让同一小车从同一斜面的同一高度自由滑下（控制变量法），是为了使小车滑到斜面底端时有相同的速度；阻力的大小用小车在木板上滑动的距离的长短来体现（转化法）。牛顿第一定律是通过实验事实和科学推理得出的，它不可能用实验来直接验证。⑴定义：物体保持原来运动状态不变的特性叫惯性⑵性质：惯性是物体本身固有的一种属性。一切物体在任何时候、任何状态下都有惯性。⑶惯性不是力，不能说惯性力的作用，惯性的大小只与物体的质量有关，与物体的形状、速度、物体是否受力等因素无关。惯性⑷防止惯性的现象：汽车安装安全气囊，汽车安装安全带。⑸利用惯性的现象：跳远助跑可提高成绩,拍打衣服可除尘。⑹解释现象：例：汽车突然刹车时，乘客为何向汽车行驶的方向倾倒？答：汽车刹车前，乘客与汽车一起处于运动状态，当刹车时，乘客的脚由于受摩擦力作用，随汽车突然停止，而乘客的上身由于惯性要保持原来的运动状态，继续向汽车行驶的方向运动平衡状态二力平衡物体处于静止或匀速直线运动状态时，称为平衡状态。平衡力物体处于平衡状态时，受到的力叫平衡力。二力平衡条件作用在同一物体上的两个力，如果大小相等、方向相反、作用在同一直线上，这两个力就彼此平衡。（同物、等大、反向、同线）⑴根据受力情况判断物体的运动状态：①当物体不受任何力作用时，物体总保持静止状态或匀速直线运动状态（平衡状态）。②当物体受平衡力作用时，物体总保持静止状态或匀速直线运动状态（平衡状态）。③当物体受非平衡力作用时，物体的运动状态一定发生改变。二力平衡条件的应用⑵根据物体的运动状态判断物体的受力情况。当物体处于平衡状态（静止状态或匀速直线运动状态）时，物体不受力或受到平衡力。注意：在判断物体受平衡力时，要注意先判断物体在什么方向（水平方向还是竖直方向）处于平衡状态，然后才能判断物体在什么方向受到平衡力。当物体处于非平衡状态（加速或减速运动、方向改变）时，物体受到非平衡力的作用。物体保持平衡状态的条件：不受力或受平衡力力是改变物体运动状态的原因，而不是维持物体运动的原因。定义：两个相互接触

的物体，当它们发生

相对运动

时，就产生一种阻碍相对运动的力，这种力叫摩擦力。产生条件：A、物体相互接触并且相互挤压；B、发生相对运动或将要发生相对运动。种类：A、滑动摩擦

B静摩擦、C滚动摩擦摩擦力影响滑动摩擦力的大小的大小的因素：压力的大小和

接触面的粗糙程度

。方向：与物体

相对运动的方向相反。（摩擦力不一定是阻力测量摩擦力方法：用弹簧测力计拉物体做匀速直线运动，摩擦力的大小与弹簧测力计的读数相等。原理：物体做匀速直线运动时,物体在水平方向的拉力和摩擦力是一对平衡力。（二力平衡）增大有益摩擦的方法：A、增大压力B、增大接触面的粗糙程度。减小有害摩擦的方法：A、减少压力B．减少接触面的粗糙程度；C、用滚动摩擦代替滑动摩擦D、使两接触面分离(加润滑油、气垫船)。第九章压强

㈠压力1、定义：垂直压在物体表面的力叫压力。2、方向：垂直于受力面3、作用点：作用在受力面上

4、大小：只有当物体在水平面时自然静止时，物体对水平支持面的压力才与物体受至的重力在数值上相等，有：F=G=mg但压力并不是重力压强㈡压强1、压力的作用效果与压力的大小和受力面积的大小有关。2、物理意义：压强是表示压力作用效果的物理量。3、定义：物体单位面积上受到的压力叫压强.公式：

P=F/S

单位：帕斯卡（pa）

1pa=1N/m2意义：表示物体（地面、桌面等）在每平方米的受力面积上受到的压力是1牛顿。增大压强的方法：1）增大压力

举例:用力切菜易切断2)减小受力面积

举例:磨刀不误砍柴功减小压强的方法:1)减小压力

举例:车辆行驶要限载2)增大受力面积

举例:铁轨铺在路枕上产生原因：液体受到重力作用，对支持它的容器底部有压强；液体具有流动性，对容器侧壁有压强。液体压强液体压强的特点：1）液体对容器的底部和侧壁有压强,液体内部朝各个方向都有压强;2）各个方向的压强随着深度增加而增大；3）在同一深度，各个方向的压强是相等的；4）在同一深度，液体的压强还与液体的密度有关，液体密度越大，压强越大。注意:液体压强只与液体的密度和液体的深度有关，而与液体的体积、质量无关。与浸入液体中物体的密度无关（深度不是高度）当固体的形状是柱体时，压强也可以用此公式进行推算计算液体对容器的压力时，必须先由公式P＝ρgh算出压强，再由公式

P=F/S，得到压力

F=PS。液体压强的公式：P＝ρgh连通器：上端开口、下端连通的容器。特点：连通器里的液体不流动时,各容器中的液面总保持相平，即各容器的液体深度总是相等。应用举例:船闸、茶壶、锅炉的水位计1、大气对浸在其中的物体产生的压强叫大气压强，简称大气压。2、产生原因：气体受到重力，且有流动性，故能向各个方向对浸于其中的物体产生压强。3、著名的证明大气压存在的实验：马德堡半球实验其它证明大气压存在的现象：吸盘挂衣钩能紧贴在墙上、利用吸管吸饮料。大气压强4、首次准确测出大气压值的实验：托里拆利实验。一标准大气压等于76cm高水银柱产生的压强，即P0=1.013×105Pa，在粗略计算时，标准大气压可以取105帕斯卡，约支持10m高的水柱。5、大气压随高度的增加而减小，在海拔3000米内,每升高10m，大气压就减小100Pa；大气压还受气候的影响。6、气压计和种类：水银气压计、金属盒气压计（无液气压计）大气压的应用实例：抽水机抽水、用吸管吸饮料、注射器吸药液。液体的沸点随液体表面的气压增大而增大。（应用：高压锅）物理学中把具有流动性的液体和气体统称为流体。在气体和液体中，流速越大的位置，压强越小。应用：1)乘客候车要站在安全线外；2)飞机机翼做成流线型，上表面空气流动的速度比下表面快，因而上表面压强小，下表面压强大，在机翼上下表面就存在着压强差，从而获得向上的升力；流体压强与流速的关系第十章

浮力1、定义：浸在液体（或气体）中的物体会受到向上托的力，叫浮力。2、浮力的方向是竖直向上的。3、产生原因：由液体（或气体）对物体向上和向下的压力差。浮力（F浮）通过实验探究发现（控制变量法）：浮力的大小跟物体浸在液体中的体积和液体的密度有关，物体浸在液体中的体积越大，液体的密度越大，浮力就越大。1.实验：浮力大小与物体排开液体所受的重力的关系：用弹簧测力计测出物体所受的重力G1,小桶所受的重力G2；

把物体浸入液体，读出这时测力计的示数为F1（计算出物体所受的浮力F浮=G1-F1）并且收集物体所排开的液体;测出小桶和物体排开的液体所受的总重力G3，计算出物体排开液体所受的重力G排=G3-G2阿基米德原理浸入液体中的物体受到液体向上的浮力，浮力的大小等于物体排开液体所受的重力公式：F浮=G排=ρ液gV排从阿基米德原理可知：浮力的大小只决定于液体的密度、物体排液的体积（物体浸入液体的体积），与物体的形状、密度、质量、体积、及在液体的深度、运动状态无关。内容物体的浮沉条件物体的浮沉条件及应用1)轮船是采用空心的方法来增大浮力的。轮船的排水量：轮船满载时排开水的质量。轮船从河里驶入海里，由于水的密度变大，轮船浸入水的体积会变小，所以会上浮一些，但是受到的浮力不变（始终等于轮船所受的重力）。2)潜水艇是靠改变自身的重力来实现上浮或下潜。3)气球和飞艇是靠充入密度小于空气的气体来改变浮力。4)密度计是漂浮在液面上来工作的，它的刻度是“上小下大”。浮力的应用浮力的计算：压力差法：F浮=F向上-F向下称量法：F浮=G物-F拉（当题目中出现弹簧测力计条件时，一般选用此方法）漂浮悬浮法：F浮=G物阿基米德法：F浮=G排=ρ液gV排（当题目中出现体积条件时，一般选用此方法）/dx//dx/sydxyy/8267.html/dx/sydxyy/8266.html/dx/sydxyy/8265.html/dx/sydxyy/8264.html/dx/sydxyy/8263.html/dx/bcdxyy/8262.html/dx/bcdxyy/8261.html/dx/bcdxyy/8260.html/dx/bcdxyy/8259.html/dx/bcdxyy/8258.html/dx/bsdxyy/8257.html/dx/bsdxyy/8256.html/dx/bsdxyy/8255.html/dx/bsdxyy/8254.html/dx/bsdxyy/8253.html/dx/lydxyy/8252.html/dx/lydxyy/8251.html/dx/lydxyy/8250.html/dx/lydxyy/8249.html/dx/lydxyy/8248.html/dx/thdxyy/8247.html/dx/thdxyy/8246.html/dx/thdxyy/8245.html/dx/thdxyy/8244.html/dx/thdxyy/8243.html/dx/spdxyy/8242.html/dx/spdxyy/8241.html/dx/spdxyy/8240.html/dx/spdxyy/8239.html/dx/spdxyy/8238.html/dx/hhdxyy/8237.html/dx/hhdxyy/8236.html/dx/hhdxyy/8235.html/dx/hhdxyy/8234.html/dx/hhdxyy/8233.html/dx/qthdxyy/8232.html/dx/qthdxyy/8231.html/dx/qthdxyy/8230.html/dx/qthdxyy/8229.html/dx/qthdxyy/8228.html/dx/jmsdxyy/8227.html/dx/jmsdxyy/8226.html/dx/jmsdxyy/8225.html/dx/jmsdxyy/8224.html/dx/jmsdxyy/8223.html/dx/mdjdxyy/8222.html/dx/mdjdxyy/8221.html/dx/mdjdxyy/8220.html/dx/mdjdxyy/8219.html/dx/mdjdxyy/8218.html/dx/ycdxyy/8217.html/dx/ycdxyy/8216.html/dx/ycdxyy/8215.html/dx/ycdxyy/8214.html/dx/ycdxyy/8213.html/dx/dqdxyy/8212.html/dx/dqdxyy/8211.html/dx/dqdxyy/8210.html/dx/dqdxyy/8209.html/dx/dqdxyy/8208.html/dx/jxdxyy/8207.html/dx/jxdxyy/8206.html/dx/jxdxyy/8205.html/dx/jxdxyy/8204.html/dx/jxdxyy/8203.html/dx/sysdxyy/8202.html/dx/sysdxyy/8201.html/dx/sysdxyy/8200.html/dx/sysdxyy/8199.html/dx/sysdxyy/8198.html/dx/hgdxyy/8197.html/dx/hgdxyy/8196.html/dx/hgdxyy/8195.html/dx/hgdxyy/8194.html/dx/hgdxyy/8193.html/dx/qqhedxyy/8192.html/dx/qqhedxyy/8191.html/dx/qqhedxyy/8190.html/dx/qqhedxyy/8189.html/dx/qqhedxyy/8188.html/dx/wzdxyy/8187.html/dx/wzdxyy/8186.html/dx/wzdxyy/8185.html/dx/wzdxyy/8184.html/dx/wzdxyy/8183.html/dx/zwdxyy/8182.html/dx/zwdxyy/8181.html/dx/zwdxyy/8180.html/dx/zwdxyy/8179.html/dx/zwdxyy/8178.html/dx/gydxyy/8177.html/dx/gydxyy/8176.html/dx/gydxyy/8175.html/dx/gydxyy/8174.html/dx/gydxyy/8173.html/dx/ycdxbyy/8172.html/dx/ycdxbyy/8171.html/dx/ycdxbyy/8170.html/dx/ycdxbyy/8169.html/dx/ycdxbyy/8168.html/dx/nxdxyy/8167.html/dx/nxdxyy/8166.html/dx/nxdxyy/8165.html/dx/nxdxyy/8164.html/dx/nxdxyy/8163.html/dx/gemdxyy/8162.html/dx/gemdxyy/8161.html/dx/gemdxyy/8160.html/dx/gemdxyy/8159.html/dx/gemdxyy/8158.html/dx/hbdxyy/8157.html/dx/hbdxyy/8156.html/dx/hbdxyy/8155.html/dx/hbdxyy/8154.html/dx/hbdxyy/8153.html/dx/hndxyy/8152.html/dx/hndxyy/8151.html/dx/hndxyy/8150.html/dx/hndxyy/8149.html/dx/hndxyy/8148.html/dx/hxdxyy/8147.html/dx/hxdxyy/8146.html/dx/hxdxyy/8145.html/dx/hxdxyy/8144.html/dx/hxdxyy/8143.html/dx/hddxyy/8142.html/dx/hddxyy/8141.html/dx/hddxyy/8140.html/dx/hddxyy/8139.html/dx/hddxyy/8138.html/dx/gldxyy/8137.html/dx/gldxyy/8136.html/dx/gldxyy/8135.html/dx/gldxyy/8134.html/dx/gldxyy/8133.html/dx/ysdxyy/8132.html/dx/ysdxyy/8131.html/dx/ysdxyy/8130.html/dx/ysdxyy/8129.html/dx/ysdxyy/8128.html/dx/xndxyy/8127.html/dx/xndxyy/8126.html/dx/xndxyy/8125.html/dx/xndxyy/8124.html/dx/xndxyy/8123.html/dx/qhdxyy/8122.html/dx/qhdxyy/8121.html/dx/qhdxyy/8120.html/dx/qhdxyy/8119.html/dx/qhdxyy/8118.html/dx/lndxyy/8117.html/dx/lndxyy/8116.html/dx/lndxyy/8115.html/dx/lndxyy/8114.html/dx/lndxyy/8113.html/dx/dxdxyy/8112.html/dx/dxdxyy/8111.html/dx/dxdxyy/8110.html/dx/dxdxyy/8109.html/dx/dxdxyy/8108.html/dx/qydxyy/8107.html/dx/qydxyy/8106.html/dx/qydxyy/8105.html/dx/qydxyy/8104.html/dx/qydxyy/8103.html/dx/jqdxyy/8102.html/dx/jqdxyy/8101.html/dx/jqdxyy/8100.html/dx/jqdxyy/8099.html/dx/jqdxyy/8098.html/dx/pldxyy/8097.html/dx/pldxyy/8096.html/dx/pldxyy/8095.html/dx/pldxyy/8094.html/dx/pldxyy/8093.html/dx/zydxyy/8092.html/dx/zydxyy/8091.html/dx/zydxyy/8090.html/dx/zydxyy/8089.html/dx/zydxyy/8088.html/dx/wwdxyy/8087.html/dx/wwdxyy/8086.html/dx/wwdxyy/8085.html/dx/wwdxyy/8084.html/dx/wwdxyy/8083.html/dx/tsdxyy/8082.html/dx/tsdxyy/8081.html/dx/tsdxyy/8080.html/dx/tsdxyy/8079.html/dx/tsdxyy/8078.html/dx/bydxyy/8077.html/dx/bydxyy/8076.html/dx/bydxyy/8075.html/dx/bydxyy/8074.html/dx/bydxyy/8073.html/dx/jcdxyy/8072.html/dx/jcdxyy/8071.html/dx/jcdxyy/8070.html/dx/jcdxyy/8069.html/dx/jcdxyy/8068.html/dx/whdx/8067.html/dx/whdx/8066.html/dx/whdx/8065.html/dx/whdx/8064.html/dx/whdx/8063.html/dx/whdx/8062.html/dx/zzdxb/8061.html/dx/zzdxb/8060.html/dx/zzdxb/8059.html/dx/zzdxb/8058.html/dx/zzdxb/8057.html/dx/zzdxb/8056.html/dx/hebdx/8055.html/dx/hebdx/8054.html/dx/hebdx/8053.html/dx/hebdx/8052.html/dx/hebdx/8051.html/dx/hebdx/8050.html/dx/sxdx/8049.html/dx/sxdx/8048.html/dx/sxdx/8047.html/dx/sxdx/8046.html/dx/sxdx/804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