商法导论复习提纲课件

复习提纲Outcome1考试简介考试形式：闭卷考试时长：2小时考试形式：问答题（一共10道题：答对7题以上，Pass；答对6题，Redo；答对5题或更少，Fail）Whatisacrime?Acrimeisbehaviourwhichisregardedassoreprehensibleandwhich,consequently,threatensorunderminesthesecurityofsociety.犯罪是一种威胁和破坏社会安全的应该受到责罚的行为。CriminalbehaviouroughttobepunishedbytheStatebytheimpositionofaprisonsentenceorfineorothersanctiononthepersonwhoisconvictedofacrime.犯罪行为应该被惩罚，应由国家对犯罪的人施以监禁、罚金或者其他的惩罚。Criminalbehavior/Criminalconduct:murder(谋杀罪）manslaughter（过失杀人罪）treason（叛国罪）assault（侵犯人身罪）rape(强奸）fire-raising(纵火罪）piracy（海盗行为）vandalism（肆意破坏公物罪）robbery（抢劫）theft(盗窃罪）fraud(诈骗）abuse(虐待罪）Supplyingillegaldrugs(提供毒品罪）house-breaking（非法侵入住宅罪）Civildispute(民事纠纷）

1）Employmentlawdisputes(劳动纠纷）unfairorwrongfuldismissalclaims;unlawfuldiscriminationcasesinvolvingundeductionsfromwages.

2)Familylawdisputes（家庭法纠纷)

custodyoradoptionofchildren

3)Divorceorseparationactions

4)Contractualdispute

5)Defamation（诽谤）ofcharacter.

6)Landdisputes

7)Successiondisputes(wills)

8)Trusts

9)Personalinjuryclaims

DifferencesbetweencivillawandcriminallawinScotland:CriminallawisprimarilyusedbytheStateasameansofmaintaining(保持,捍卫)lawandorderbypunishingcertainindividualswhoindulgein（沉溺于）behaviourwhichisregardedascriminalandanti-social.TheStateusesthecriminallawtopunishcriminalsonbehalfofthecommunityorsociety.

Theciviljusticesystem,incontrastwithcriminallaw,aimstoresolvelegaldisputesbetweenprivateindividualsinareasaswide-rangingasfamilylaw,companylaw,partnershiplaw,bankingandfinancelaw,saleofgoodsandservices,consumerlaw,personalinjuryclaims,trusts,defamationactions,successionissuesanddivorce.(列举几个即可）Differentcourts,standardsofproofandproceduresexistdependingonwhetherwearetalkingaboutacriminalactionoracivildispute.Themainsourcesof

modernScotsLaw

(现代苏格兰法的主要渊源）1）StatutorySourcesofLaw

(法律的成文法渊源）a)ActsofParliament

(国会法案）b)DelegatedLegislation（授权立法）c)EuropeanUnionLaw（欧盟法）2)CommonLawSources

(普通法渊源）a)JudicialPrecedent(判例法）b)Custom（习惯法）c)Equity（衡平法）d)InstitutionalWritings（经典法律著述）ActsofparliamentTheLicensing(Scotland)Act1975TheDivorce(Scotland)Act1976AbolitionofPoindingsandWarrantSalesAct2001DogFouling(Scotland)Act2003TheHealthandSatefyatWorkAct1974SaleofGoodsAct1979EmploymentRightsAct1996ProtectionofChildren(Scotland)Act2003Superiorlegislativebody:

theWestminsterParliamentortheScottishParliament?Answer:

theWestminsterParliament(theUKparliament)WHY?UnlikethepreviousScottishParliamentwhichwasabolishedbytheActofUnionin1707,thenewScottishParliamentisnotacompletelyindependentbody.TheScottishParliamentisquiteclearlyaninferior(下级的）bodyincomparisontotheWestminsterParliament.与1707年联盟条例废除的前苏格兰议会不同，新的苏格兰议会不是一个完全独立的组织。与英国议会相比，很明显苏格兰议会只是一个下级组织。

ItistheWestminsterParliamentfromwhichtheScottishParliamentderivesitsauthoritytopasslawsforScotland.AnylegislationoftheScottishParliamentisconsideredtobesecondarylegislationnotprimarylegislation.ItshouldalsoberecalledthatasimpleActoftheWestminsterParliamentisallthatitwouldtaketoabolishScotland'sParliament.

苏格兰议会制定在苏格兰实施的法律的权力来源于英国议会。所有由苏格兰议会通过的法律都被认为是二级法律而不是主体法例。此外应指出的是英国议会制定一个简单的条例就可以将废除苏格兰议会。Whatisastatute?

ActsofParliamentareoftenreferredtoasstatutelaw.UntilthecreationoftheScottishParliament,theWestminsterParliamentalonemadelawsforScotland.However,WestminsterParliamenthasgiventhescottishparliamentauthorityinmanydifferentareasofpolicytomakestatutelaw.议会法常常被称为statutelaw,在苏格兰议会出现之前，英国议会单独制定适用于苏格兰的法律。不过英国议会授予了苏格兰议会在不同的法律领域制定法律的权力。ThemaininstitutionsofEU

(欧盟的组织机构）

TheEuropeanCommission

（欧洲委员会）

TheCouncilofMinisters

（部长理事会）

TheEuropeanParliament

（欧洲议会）

TheEuropeanCourtofJustice

（欧洲法院）（thefourmajorinstitutions)《罗马条约》创设的四大机构

Institutionshavelaw-makingpowers:TheCouncilofMinisters（部长理事会）TheEuropeanParliament（欧洲议会）ThePrimacyofEULaw

欧盟法律的至上性"theprimacyofEULaw"referstothefactthatshouldtherebeaconflictbetweenaEuropeanUnionlegalruleorprovisionandScotslaw,aScottishCourtwouldbeobligatedtoimplement

（实施，执行）theEuropeanprovisionattheexpenseof（以…为代价）domesticlaw."欧盟法的至上性"指如果欧盟的法律规定或者条款与苏格兰法出现冲突时，苏格兰法庭必须放弃国内法而适用欧盟条款。Reason:TheEuropeanUnionisanorganizationoracluboftwenty-sevenmemberstates.Likemostorganisationsorclubs,themembershavetoobey

（遵守）therulesorlawsinordertoenjoythebenefitsofmembership.欧盟是个组织或者说拥有27个成员国的社团，与其他组织和社团一样，成员国必须遵守规则才能够享受到成员利益。BritainhasbeenamemberoftheEuropeanUnionsince1stJanuary1973asaresultofthepassingoftheEuropeanCommunitiesAct1972bytheWestminsterParliament.Itisthislegislationwhichrecognisesthesupremacy（最高地位）ofEuropeanlawoverdomesticlaw.英国议会1973年1月1日通过了1972欧洲共同体法案，英国成为了欧盟的成员国。这部法案认可了欧盟法相对于国内法的优先性。BythetimeBritainbecameamermberoftheEuropeanUnionin1973,manyofthekeylawswerealreadyinplaceandBritainhadtoaccepttheseasthepriceofmembershipoftheEuropeanUnion.If,however,BritaindecidedtowithdrawfrommembershipoftheEuropeanUnion,thenationallawwouldonceagainreignsupreme.ExamplesofEuropeanUnion

legalrule:Regulations(规章）Directives（指令）Decisions（决定）Recommendations（提议）Opinions（意见）Whatismeantbythedoctrineofjudicialprecedent？司法判例学说是什么意思？Answer:Thedoctrineofjudicialprecedentinvolvesaprocesswherebyjudgescandeveloparuleoflawbymakingadecisioninatestcase（判例案件）.Atestcaseisoneinwhichclarification（说明）ofanimportantpointoflawissoughtandjudges,afterlisteningtoopposinglegalarguments,willhavetomakethedecisionastowhichviewofthelawiscorrect.Oncethisdecisionhasbeenmade,futurejudgesandcourtswillbeexpectedtofollowthereasoninglaiddowninthetestcaseiftheyaredealingwithacasewhichraisessimilarlegalissues.Itshouldbestressedthatnoteveryjudgecanmakeanew,bindinglegalrule.Theauthorityofthejudgeor