无机非金属材料工程专业英语-第1章课件

Chapter1IntroductionLearningObjectives21.1HistoricalPerspective21.2MaterialsScienceandEngineering21.3WhyStudyMaterialsScienceandEngineering?41.4ClassificationofMaterials51.5AdvancedMaterials61.6ModernMaterials’Needs6

Chapter1IntroductionLearning汉语翻译成英文材料科学材料工程金属材料非金属材料陶瓷材料高分子材料复合材料生物材料半导体材料先进材料汉语翻译成英文材料科学WordsandphrasesDeep-seated:close/intimate紧密的Virtually:practically/infact/nearly/asgoodas/ineffect/inessence实际上地Everysegmentofoureverydaylives:日常生活的每个方面Segment:section/division/part/piece部分、片Manipulate:control/employ控制、使用WordsandphrasesDeep-seated:Designate:define/denote/label/name标记、命名Accessto):approach途径Pottery:pots/dishesorotheritemsmadefromclayandfiredinakiln(oven)陶器Alter:change改变Utilization:application/use应用、用途Empower:control驾驭、控制Designate:define/denote/labelWordsandphrasesCharacteristic:peculiarity,feature/trait/attribute/property特质Evolve:produce生产Complex:sophisticated复杂的Contemporary：Someonewholivedorwasinaparticularplaceatthesametimeassomeoneelse.Modern/belongingtothepresenttime同时代的Nebulous:vague.Anideathatisnebulousisnotatallclearorexact.模棱两可的WordsandphrasesCharacteristiRelatedto:beconcernedwith相关的Encompass：tocompletelycoverorsurroundsth.覆盖或环绕Realm：territroy/monarchy/zone/domain/region/kingdom/area/branch区域Agglomerate：melt团聚、成块-volcanicrockconsistingoflargefragmentsfusedtogetherRelatedto:beconcernedwithVocabularyContemporary当代Stimulus激励，刺激Opaque不透明Translucent半透明Transparent透明Deep-seated根深蒂固的，深层的Existence存在,实在,生活,存在物,实在物Sophisticated复杂的Forerunner先驱(者),传令官,预兆Intimately密切地VocabularyContemporary当代Elaboration解释，阐述Stepwise楼梯式的,逐步的Recreation消遣,娱乐segment段,节,片断Deteriorative恶化，变质，Elaboration解释，阐述Evoke引起，唤起Interdisciplinary交叉学科Metallurgy冶金Nebulous模糊的，云雾状的Agglomerate团聚，大块Dielectriccurrent介电常数Thermalconductivity热传导Evoke引起，唤起Heatcapacity热容Refraction折射，衍射Ductility延展性Overriding最重要的Prohibitive抑制Judicious明智的criterion准则Heatcapacity热容1.1Historicalperspective(观察，透视)

Materialsareprobablymoredeep-seated(根深蒂固的,深层的)inourculturethanmostofusrealize.Transportation,housing,clothing,communication,recreation（娱乐）,andfoodproduction—virtually（事实上）everysegment（方面）ofoureverydaylivesisinfluencedtoonedegreeoranother（不同程度地）

bymaterials.1.1Historicalperspective(观察Historically,thedevelopmentandadvancementofsocietieshavebeenintimately（密切地）tiedtothemembers’abilitytoproduceandmanipulate

（使用）materialstofilltheirneeds.Infact,earlycivilizationshavebeendesignated（命名）bytheleveloftheirmaterialsdevelopment(i.e.,StoneAge,BronzeAge,IronAge).Historically,thedevelopmentStoneageironageSteelageAdvancedmaterialsagebronzeageStoneageironageSteelageAdvaTheearliesthumanshadaccesstoonlyaverylimitednumberofmaterials,thosethatoccurnaturally:stone,wood,clay（粘土）,skins,andsoon.Withtimetheydiscoveredtechniquesforproducingmaterialsthathadpropertiessuperiortothoseofthenaturalones;thesenewmaterialsincludedpottery（陶器）andvariousmetals.TheearliesthumanshadaccesFurthermore,itwasdiscoveredthatthepropertiesofamaterialcouldbealtered

（改变）byheattreatmentsandbytheadditionofothersubstances.Atthispoint,materialsutilization（利用）wastotallyaselectionprocess,thatis,decidingfromagiven,ratherlimitedsetofmaterialstheonethatwasbestsuitedforanapplicationbyvirtueof

（凭借）itscharacteristics（特性）.Furthermore,itwasdiscoveredItwasnotuntilrelativelyrecenttimesthatscientistcametounderstandtherelationshipbetweenstructuralelementsofmaterialsandtheirproperties.Thisknowledge,acquiredinthepast60yearsorso,hasempowered

（使能够）themtofashion(shape),toalargedegree（非常）,thecharacteristicsofmaterials.ItwasnotuntilrelativelyreThus,tensofthousandsofdifferentmaterialshaveevolved

（出现）withratherspecializedcharacteristicsthatmeettheneedsofourmodernandcomplexsociety.Theseincludemetals,plastics,glasses,andfibers.Thus,tensofthousandsofdifTheuglybowlandthebeautifulcuparedifferentinappearance,butdoyouknowthebowlistheancestorofthecupiftracebackto7000yearsago?porcelainceramicsTheuglybowlandthebeautifuThedevelopmentofmanytechnologiesthatmakeourexistencesocomfortablehasbeenintimatelyassociatedwiththeaccessibility(途径)ofsuitablematerials.Anadvancementintheunderstandingofamaterialtypeisoftentheforerunner（先驱）

tothestepwise（逐步的）progressionofatechnology.ThedevelopmentofmanytechnForexample,automobileswouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouttheavailability

（利用）ofinexpensivesteelorsomeothercomparablesubstitute.Inourcontemporary(同时代的)era,sophisticated

（复杂的）electronicdevicesrelyoncomponentsthataremadefromwhatarecalledsemi-conducting（半导体的）materials.Forexample,automobileswouldMaterialsscientistsandengineersseek

（try,investigate寻求）tounderstandandcontrolthebasicstructureofmaterialsinordertomaketheproductsstronger,lighter,brighter,safer,fasterandbettersuited(adapt,fit)to(适合)humanneeds.Everypartinyourcarandeverypieceofyourcomputerarecarefullyselectedtooptimize(优化)performanceandcosteffectiveness.3.TaskforMaterialsscientistsandengineersMaterialsscientistsandengin4.MaterialsScienceandEngineering(MSE)discipline

Thedisciplineofmaterialsscience

involvesinvestigatingtherelationshipsthatexistbetweenthestructuresandpropertiesofmaterials.Incontrast,materialsengineering

is,onthebasisofthesestructure–propertycorrelations,designingorengineeringthestructureofamaterialtoproduceapredetermined(预定的)setofproperties.Throughoutthistextwedrawattentiontotherelationshipsbetweenmaterialpropertiesandstructuralelements.4.MaterialsScienceandEngine‘‘Structure’’isatthispointanebulous（模糊的）termthatdeservessomeexplanation.Inbrief,thestructureofamaterialusuallyrelatestothearrangementofitsinternalcomponents.Subatomicstructureinvolveselectronswithintheindividualatomsandinteractionswiththeirnuclei(原子核).Onanatomiclevel,structureencompasses(包含)theorganizationofatomsormoleculesrelativetooneanother.‘‘Structure’’isatthispointThenextlargerstructuralrealm(区域),whichcontainslargegroupsofatomsthatarenormallyagglomerated(团聚)together,istermed‘‘microscopic,’’meaningthatwhichissubjecttodirectobservationusingsometypeofmicroscope.Finally,structuralelementsthatmaybeviewedwiththenakedeyearetermed‘‘macroscopic.’’ThenextlargerstructuralreaThenotionof‘‘property’’deserveselaboration.Whileinserviceuse,allmaterialsareexposedtoexternalstimuli（刺激）

thatevoke（唤起）

sometypeofresponse.Forexample,aspecimensubjectedtoforceswillexperiencedeformation;orapolishedmetalsurfacewillreflectlight.Propertyisamaterialtrait（特性）intermsofthekindandmagnitudeofresponsetoaspecificimposed（施加的）stimulus（刺激）.Generally,definitionsofpropertiesaremadeindependentof

（与无关）materialshapeandsize.Thenotionof‘‘property’’desVirtuallyallimportantpropertiesofsolidmaterialsmaybegroupedintosixdifferentcategories:mechanical,electrical,thermal,magnetic,optical,anddeteriorative.Foreachthereisacharacteristictypeofstimuluscapableof

provoking(evoke)differentresponses.Mechanicalpropertiesrelatedeformationtoanappliedloadorforce;examplesincludeelasticmodulus(弹性模量)andstrength.VirtuallyallimportantproperForelectricalproperties,suchaselectricalconductivity

（电导率）anddielectricconstant（介电场数）,thestimulusisanelectricfield（电场）.Thethermal（热的）behaviorofsolidscanberepresentedintermsofheatcapacity（热容）andthermalconductivity（热导率）.Forelectricalproperties,suMagnetic（磁性的）propertiesdemonstratetheresponseofamaterialtotheapplicationofamagneticfield

（磁场）.Foroptical（光学的）properties,thestimulusiselectromagnetic（电磁的）orlightradiation（光辐射）;indexofrefraction（折射）andreflectivity

（反射）arerepresentativeopticalproperties.Finally,deteriorative（腐败的）characteristicsindicatethechemicalreactivity（化学反应）ofmaterials.Thechaptersthatfollowdiscusspropertiesthatfallwithineachofthesesixclassifications.Magnetic（磁性的）propertiesdemon

Inadditiontostructureandproperties,twootherimportantcomponentsareinvolvedinthescienceandengineeringofmaterials,viz(namely,thatis).‘‘processing’’(加工)and‘‘performance（性能）.’’

Withregardtotherelationshipsofthesefourcomponents,thestructureofamaterialwilldependonhowitisprocessed.Furthermore,amaterial’sperformancewillbeafunctionofitsproperties.Thus,theinterrelationshipbetweenprocessing,structure,properties,andperformanceislinear,asdepictedintheschematicillustrationshowninFigure1.1.

InadditiontostructThroughoutthistextwedrawattentiontotherelationshipsamongthesefourcomponentsintermsofthedesign,production,andutilizationofmaterials.MaterialsScienceandEngineering(MSE)isthediscipline(学科)devotedto(专心于)helpinghumanbeingsusematerialsmoreeffectively(有力的)andefficiently(有效的).Thestoryofmaterialsisanancientonethatbeganwithhumanitylearningtoshape（成形）

rockandworkmetal.Fromtheprehistoricbeginning,thestoryofhumanadvancesinmaterialscontinuestounfold(展开).ThroughoutthistextwedrawaForexample,thedevelopmentofsteelspermittedthebuildingofskyscrapersandsuspensionbridges;advancesinsiliconbasedtechnologyprovidedthefoundationforelectronicsandcomputers,Newbiomaterialshaveresultedinmedicalbreakthroughsthatsaveandimprovelives.MaterialsscientistsandengineersfocusonthemanipulationofatomicscalestructuretochangematerialspropertiesForexample,thedevelopmentoThisfocushaspushedourdisciplinetotheforefront（最前沿）ofdevelopingandapplyingnewtoolstoobserveandmanipulatematteratthesmallestscales.Theseadvancescontinuetoplayanimportantpartintheemergenceoffieldssuchasnanotechnologyatthebeginningofthe21stcentury.Thisfocushaspushedourdisc5ThefutureofhumanitydependsonourwiseuseofmaterialsMostofthetechnologicalinnovationsthatweassociatewithcontemporary（现代）lifehaveinvolvedsomemajoradvanceinmaterialsprocessingorapplication.5ThefutureofhumanitydepenAutomobiles,satellites,televisions,computersandDVDplayersallwouldnotbepossiblewithoutadvancesinpolymers,ceramics,metalsandsemiconductors.Newadvancesarebeingpioneeredinourlaboratories.Automobiles,satellites,televThedirectthreatofglobalwarminganddwindling(缩小)fossilfuelresourceshavemadetheefficientuseofenergyapriority(优先).MSEfacultyandstudentsworkactivelytomakelight-weightenginecomponentsoutofaluminumandmagnesiuminordertoboost(促进,增强)fuelefficiency.Theyalsopioneerimprovedhigh-temperaturematerialsthatareimportantforefficientjetenginesandelectricitygeneration.ThedirectthreatofglobalwaTorestorehearingtodeafpeopleandsighttoblindpeopleprostheticdevicesmustmakecontactbetweenthebrainandamicrophoneorcamera.MSEfacultyandstudentsworktofindwaystoInterface（界面）silicontechnologytoneuraltissue（神经组织）.Thisrequiresthedevelopmentofcoatingsthatarebiocompatible(生物相容的)andelectricallyconducting.TorestorehearingtodeafpeoMoore'slawstatesthatthenumberoftransistors（晶体管）onthelatestcomputerchipdoublesapproximatelyevery18months.Thistranslatesintomorememoryandfaster,cheapercomputers.Butthereisalimittothedensityoftransistorsthatcanbeplacedonacomputerchipusingcurrenttechnology.Moore'slawstatesthatthenuMSE

facultyandstudentsdevelopmethodstospontaneously（自发）generatestructuresafewtenstohundredsofatomsacrosstoformthebasisforquantum（量子）computers.Thesenextgenerationcomputerswillexploitthephysicsofquantumconfinement（量子陷阱）thatdominateatthattinyscale.MSEfacultyandstudentsMakingcomponentsoutofnewmaterialsofteninvolvesanextensivecycleofdesign,creation,testingandredesign.Thisprocessiscostlyandtimeconsuming.MSEfacultyandstudentsdevelopcomputersimulationtechniquestopredictmaterialbehaviorsuchasresistancetofailure,stability,andhightemperatureformability.Thesecomputingadvancesspeedthewaytowardtheintroductionofnewmaterialsinasafeandcost-effectivemanner.MakingcomponentsoutofnBuildingonasolidfoundationandbridgingmanyfieldsBuildingonasolidfoundationCourseworkintheMSEdepartmentemphasizestherelationshipbetweenhowamaterialisprocessed,itsstructureandtheresultingpropertiesandisbuiltonafirmgroundinginphysicsandchemistry.Hands-onlearningandaccesstosophisticatedinstrumentationallowstudentstogainvaluableexperienceincharacterizingmaterialsstructureandproperties.（youcanbeapoliceusingSEMorTEM）CourseworkintheBecausematerialsenablenewproductsandtechnologies,itisnearlyimpossibletofindanengineeringdisciplinethatdoesnotinterfaceinsomewaywithMaterialsScienceandEngineering.Thisisespeciallytrueformechanical,aerospace,electrical,chemicalandbiomedicalengineeringwheredualmajorsareoftenpursued.

Becausematerialsenablenewp1.2Materialsscienceandengineering1.Termsofdefinition

MaterialsScience:investigatingtherelationshipsthatexistbetweenthestructuresandpropertiesofmaterials.MaterialsEngineering:onthebasisofstructure–propertycorrelations,designingorengineeringthestructureofamaterialtoproduceapredeterminedsetofproperties.1.2MaterialsscienceandengStructure:

Anebulous(模糊）term;Inbrief,thearrangementofitsinternalcomponentsSubatomicstructure---involveselectronswithintheindividualatomsandinteractionswiththeirnucleiAtatomiclevel---structureencompassestheorganizationofatomsormoleculesrelativetooneanother.microscopic(显微)—alargegroupofatomsagglomeratedtogether.Macroscopic(宏观)–wherethestructureelementsmightbeviewedbynakedeye.Structure:microscopic(显微)—aproperty:

1.amaterialtrait(特性)intermsofthekindandmagnitudeofresponsetoaspecificimposedstimulus。Examples:AloadedsteelbarwillbedeformedAheatedplasticplatewillbesoftenedApolishedmetalsurfacewillreflectlightproperty:1.Mechanical2.electrical

3.thermal

4.Magnetic

5.optical 6.deteriorative(变质，化学)aelasticmodulusb.indexofrefractionc.strengthd.reflectivitye.thermalconductivityf.heatcapacityg.electricalconductivityh.plasticityI.electromagneticj.lightradiationchemicalreactivityDielectricconstantVirtuallyallimportantpropertiesofsolidmaterialsmaybegroupedintosixdifferentproperty:1.MechanicalaelasticmodulInadditiontostructureandproperties,processingandperformanceareanothertwoimportantcomponentsforMSE.Fourcomponentsthatareinvolvedinthedesign,productionandutilizationofmaterialsprocessing→structure→properties→performanceInadditiontostructureandpThreethinaluminumdiskspecimensplacedoverprintedmatter,fromlefttorighttheyaretransparent,translucentandopaque,why?Becausetheyareprocesseddifferently,thenhavedifferentstructure;differentstructureleadstodifferentpropertiesandiftheyareputintouse,theperformancemustbedifferenttoo.Threethinaluminumdiskspeci1.3WhystudyMaterialsscienceandengineering?Manyanappliedscientistorengineerwillatonetimeoranother，whethermechanical,

civil(土木),chemical,orelectrical,beexposedtoadesignprobleminvolvingmaterials.Examplesmightincludeatransmissiongear(传动齿轮),thesuperstructureforabuilding,anoilrefinery(炼油厂)component,oranintegratedcircuitchip(集成电路板).Ofcourse,materialsscientistsandengineersaresuchspecialistwhoaretotallyinvolvedintheinvestigationanddesignofmaterials.Forthemtrytoselectionpropermaterialstofulfillspecificpurposeisnoteasy.1.3WhystudyMaterialssciencThreecriteriathatareimportantinthematerialsselectionpurpose:1.