韩礼德三大纯理功能课件

Functionalgrammar

----Threemetafunctions1.Functionalgrammar2.TheIdeationalFunction3.TheInterpersonalFunction4.TheTextualFunctionFunctionalgrammar

----Threem1.Functionalgrammar

Basicviewpoints:Languageistheproductofsocialactivities.Languageiswhatitisbecauseithastoservecertainsocialfunctions.Socialdemandsonlanguagehashelpedtoshapeitsstructure.Hallidaydefinesafunctionalgrammaras"essentiallya'natural'grammar,inthesensethateverythinginitcanbeexplained"Heexploreslanguageintermsoftherelationsbetweenlanguageandsocialneeds,socialstructure,andsocio-culturalbackground.1.Functionalgrammar

Basicvie1.Functionalgrammar

Hallidayviewslanguagedevelopmentinchildrenas"themasteryoflinguisticfunction",and"learningalanguageislearninghowtomean"“语言功能的掌握”、“学习语言就是学习如何表达”1.Functionalgrammar

Halliday1.Functionalgrammar

Sevenfunctionsinchildren'smodeloflanguage:Theinstrumentalfunction(工具):tomeethismaterialneeds,goodsandservices;Theregulatoryfunction(控制):tocontrolothers’behavior;Theinteractionalfunction(互动):totalkwithothersThepersonalfunction(个人):toexpresshisfeelingsTheheuristicfunction（启发）:toknowabouthisownsurroundingsTheimaginativefunction（想象）:tocreatesurroundingsTheinformativefunction（告知）:toprovideinformationforothers1.Functionalgrammar

Sevenfun1.Functionalgrammar

Theadult’slanguagehastoservemanyfunctions,senvenfunctionsofchildren‘slanguagearegraduallyreducedtoasetofhighlycodedandabstractfunctions,whicharemeta-functions(纯理功能）:

Ideationalfunction（概念功能）Interpersonalfunction（人际功能）Textualfunction.（语篇功能）1.Functionalgrammar

Theadult2.TheIdeationalFunctionTheideationalfunction("experimental"and"logical")istoconveynewinformationunknowntothehearer.Itisameaningpotential(意义潜势),usedinalllanguages.Itistorefertocategoriesofexperienceoftheworld.2.TheIdeationalFunctionThei2.TheIdeationalFunctionTheideationalfunctionmainlyconsistsof

transitivity（及物性）

andvoice（语态）.2.TheIdeationalFunctionThei2.TheIdeationalFunctionTransitivityisthegrammaroftheclauseinitsideationalaspect.

Itconsistsof6differentprocesses:material,mental,relational,behavioral,verbalandexistential.2.TheIdeationalFunctionTrans2.1.Materialprocesses(物质过程)Materialprocessesarethoseinwhichsomethingisdone.(表示做某件事的过程)Process:anactionverbActor(logicalsubject):动作者Goal(logicaldirectobject):目标

2.1.Materialprocesses(物质过程)Ma2.1.Materialprocesses(物质过程)

eg.Mybrotherbrokethevase.

ActorProcessGoal

2.1.Materialprocesses(物质过程)2.2.Mentalprocesses(心理过程)Mentalprocessesexpresssuchmentalphenomenaas"perception感知","reaction反应"and"cognition认知".Sensor:感觉者Phenomenon：被感知的现象2.2.Mentalprocesses(心理过程)Ment2.2.Mentalprocesses(心理过程)eg.perception感知Johnsawthemurderer.

sensorprocess

phenomenon

eg.reaction反应

Mysisterlikestheskirt.

sensorprocess

phenomenon

eg.cognition认知

Iknowthatshewasabsent.

sensorprocess

phenomenon

2.2.Mentalprocesses(心理过程)eg2.3.Relationalprocesses(关系过程)Relationalprocessescanbeclassfiedintotwotypes:Attributive(归属)：某个实体具有何种属性Identifying（识别）:一个实体与另一个实体是统一的2.3.Relationalprocesses(关系过程)2.3.Relationalprocesses(关系过程)eg.Attributive(归属)

Thefilmlastedtwohours.

carrier载体process过程attribute属性

eg.Identifying（识别）

Johnisourmonitor.identified被识别者processidentifier识别者token标记value价值2.3.Relationalprocesses(关系过程)2.4.Behavioral

processes(行为过程)Behavioral

processesrefertophysiologicalandpsychologicalbehavioursuchasbreathing,coughing,smiling,laughing,crying.一般只有一个参加者，一般为人。2.4.Behavioralprocesses(行为过程)2.4.Behavioral

processes(行为过程)

eg.Theoldmansighedforthedaysofhisyouth.

behaver行为者2.4.Behavioralprocesses(行为过程)2.5.Verbalprocesses(言语过程)Verbalprocessesarethoseofexchanginginformation.（say,tell,talk,etc.)sayer:讲话者receiver:受话者verbiage:讲话内容2.5.Verbalprocesses(言语过程)Ver2.5.Verbalprocesses(言语过程)eg.Mywatchsaysitisnine-thirty.

sayerverbiage

2.5.Verbalprocesses(言语过程)eg2.6.Existential

processes(存在过程)

Existential

processesrepresentthatsomethingexistsorhappens.(be,exist,etc.)eg.Thereisanewofficebuilding.

existent存在物2.6.Existentialprocesses(存在过程2.7.summaryProcesstype(过程类型)categorymeaning（意义）participants（参加者）Material:

doing

Actor,GoalActiondoingEventhappeningBehavioralbehavingBehaverMental:sensingSensor,PhenomenonPerceptionseeingAffectionfeelingCognitionthinkingVerbalsayingSayer,TargetRelational:beingAttributionattributingcarrier,AttributeIdentificationidentifyingIdentified,identifierExistentialexisting

Existent

2.7.summary3.TheInterpersonalFunction（人际功能）Theinterpersonalmeta-functionembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations.Itisaboutthesocialworld,especiallytherelationshipbetweenspeakerandhearer,andisconcernedwithclausesasexchanges.3.TheInterpersonalFunction（人Intheinterpersonalmeta-functionsubject主语mood(语气)finiteelement限定成分Aclausemodality(情态)Intheinterpersonalmeta-func3.1Mood(语气)Moodprovidesuswiththespeechfunctions,suchaspersuading,enticing(诱骗),requesting,ordering,suggesting,asserting,insisting,doubting,andsoon.Subject:noun,nounphrase,shortsentence,etc.Finiteelement

isanumberofverbaloperators(动词运算符)expressingtense(has,is)ormodality(must,can)3.1Mood(语气)MoodprovidesusMoodThosewhowishtoparticipateinthecontestmustputtheirnameshere.Toarguewiththecaptainisaskingfortrouble.Ignoringtheproblemwillnotmakeyourworkeasier.MoodThatteapotthedukehasgiventomyauntlastyear补语主语限定成分谓语状语剩余部分语气剩余部分(residue)Thatteapottheduke3.2Modality(情态)Modality（情态）referstothejudgmentonachievementorientationandeffectivenessofspeakers’proposition(命题),ortherequiredobligationinthecommand,ortheexpressedwillingnessintheproposal(提议).

3.2Modality(情态)Modality（情态）

assertion(断言)thisis命题(proposition)negation(否定)thisisnotprescribing(规定)doit提议(proposal)proscribing(禁止)don’tdoit

命题（proposition）在断言和否定之间有两种可能性:(1)不同量值的概率（如possibly,probably,certainly）(2)不同量值的频率（如sometimes,usually,always）命题（proposition）在断言和否定之间有两种可能性:提议(proposal)在做此事与不能做此事之间也有两种可能性。哪一种起作用取决于小句的言语功能是命令(command)还是提供（offer）.命令句中，中介量值代表不同程度的义务(如allowedto,supposedto,requiredto)提供句中，中介量值代表不同程度的意愿(如willingto,anxiousto,determinedto)提议(proposal)在做此事与不能做此事之间也有两种可能3.3SpeechFunction(言语功能)AccordingtoHalliday,ofthevariousspeechroles（言语角色）,twoarethemostbasic:giving(给予)andtaking(求取)。Ininterpersonalcommunications,thecommoditiesexchanged(交换物)canalsofallintotwokinds:goods-services（物品及服务）andinformation（信息）.Thus,speechrolesandcommoditiesexchangedmakeupfourprincipalspeechroles:offer,command,statement,andquestion.3.3SpeechFunction(言语功能)Accor韩礼德三大纯理功能ppt课件4.TextualFunctionTextualFunction

referstotheexistenceofamechanisminthelanguage,whichcanorganizeanystretchofverbalorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedchaptersandmakealivinglanguagefragmentdistinguishfromarandompermutation.

语篇功能是语言中的机制，语篇功能是指语言中存在一种机制，可以将任何的一段口头或书面的话语组织成连贯统一的篇章，使一个活的言语信息片段区别于一堆随机排列的句子。4.TextualFunctionTextualFun32Inourdailyuse,thebasicunitoflanguageisnotwordorsentence,butthetext“语篇”.Inordertomakeothertwofunctionswork,thespeakermustorganizethemtogether.Thisiscalledtextualfunction.languagemakeslinkswithitselfandwithfeaturesofthesituationwhichitisused.Thisenablesthespeakerorwritertoconstructatextthatisconnected.Thetextualmetafunctionenablestherealizationoftherelationbetweenlanguageandcontext,makingthelanguageuserproduceatextwhichmatchesthecontext.Inourdailyuse,thebasicun33TherelevantgrammaticalsystemsincludeTheme,GivenandNew,aswellasthesystemsofcohesion,suchasReference,Substitution,andEllipsis.ThreeRoutes:

Thematicrelations主位结构

Informationstructure信息结构

Cohesion衔接Therelevantgrammaticalsyste34TheconceptofThemeisimp