适应力强的一代：支持青年人在东非和西非旱地获得体面工作的前景（英）-2021.9-116正式版

September2021REPORTRESILIENTGENERATIONSupportingyoungpeople’sprospectsfordecentworkinthedrylandsofeastandwestAfricaMairiDupar,EmmaLovell,OliviaWalmsley,VidyaDiwakar,CamilleBalcou,BezaTesfayeandVaidehiKrishnan每日免费获取报告1、每日微信群内分享7+最新重磅报告；2、每日分享当日华尔街日报、金融时报；3、每周分享经济学人4、行研报告均为公开版，权利归原作者所有，起点财经仅分发做内部学习。扫一扫二维码关注公号回复：研究报告加入“起点财经”微信群。。AcknowledgementsTheauthorswouldliketothankthefollowingpeoplefortheirreviewandinputsintothereport:MaryAllen,ElizabethCarabine,NicolaJonesandAndrewShepherd,aswellasColetteBenoudji,JonKurtz,MarkRedwood,MauricioVazquez,KatharineVincentandSteveWiggins,fromtheSupportingPastoralismandAgricultureinRecurrentandProtractedCrisis(SPARC)programme.TheauthorswouldalsoliketothankSanjanaBahadurandInèsMoualilfortheirvaluablecontributionstothisreport,andaccompanyingissuebrief.Wewouldliketothankalloftheindividualswespoketoduringkeyinformantinterviews,fromdevelopmentpartners,pastoralistnetworksandyouthnetworks,fortheirtimeandusefulcontributions.ManythankstoSPARCandGenderandAdolescence:GlobalEvidence(GAGE)forfundingthispieceofwork.Theyare,inturn,supportedbytheUnitedKingdom’sForeign,CommonwealthandDevelopmentOffice(FCDO).WewouldalsoliketothankRajeshreeSisodiaforallherhelpwithcommunicationsaspectsofthisreportandJulieGradyThomas(forcopyeditingandlayingoutthetext),LucyPeers(fordesigningtheinfographicsandfigures)andNinaBehrman(forproof-readingthereport).2SPARCResilientgenerationTABLEOFCONTENTSAcknowledgementsTables,figuresandboxesAcronyms2456Executivesummary1.Introduction12162121251.1.Scopeandmethodology1.2.Defining‘youth’1.3.DefiningdecentworkintheeastandwestAfricandrylands1.4.An‘opportunityspaces’approach2.Context2627293141452.1.DecentworkforAfrica’syoungpeopleisaregionalpolicypriority2.2.Thereality:youth(un)employmentineastandwestAfricandrylands2.3.Barriersandopportunitiesforyoungpeople’semploymentinruralareas2.4.Howclimatechangeandotherhazardsshapethepresentandfutureofwork2.5.Theneedforclimate-responsiveeducation,trainingandsupporttofamilies3.Youngpeopleinruralareas:narratives,aspirationsandinfluenceindecision-making483.1.Dominantnarrativesaboutyoungpeopleinruralareas3.2.Whatareyoungpeople’saspirationsandpreferencesforwork?3.3.Youngpeopleindecision-makingandleadership4950534.Lessonsfrompoliciesandprogrammestoeducateandprepareyoungpeoplefordecentwork564.1.Tailorededucationforruralchildrenandyoungpeoplemustbescaledup574.2.Vocationaltrainingandjobschemesforyoungpeopleinruralareasfocusonagricultureandentrepreneurship626468784.3.Climateresilienceandnationaldevelopmentarestartingtobecomeintegratedobjectives4.4.Investmentatthenexusofyouth,pastorallivelihoodsandclimateresilienceisstillunder-developed4.5.Socialprotectionschemesarenotfulfillingtheirpotentialtosupportyoungpeople'stransitionsintosecureemployment5.Conclusionandrecommendations5.1.Summaryofkeyfindings828385865.2.Criticalknowledgeandresearchgaps5.3.RecommendationsAnnex:NationalpoliciesandplansA1.Ethiopia92939596979899A2.NigeriaA3.SouthSudanA4.SomaliaA5.SudanA6.MaliReferences1003TABLES,FIGURESANDBOXESTablesTable1Table2Table3Keydefinitions202528OpportunityspacesforaspectrumofworkoptionsRegionalpoliciesthatframedecentworkandcommittoinvestmentinjobsFiguresFigure1Figure2Figure3Figure4Thenexusofyouth,employment,climatechange,agricultureandpastoralismDrylandregionsofeastandwestAfrica10131718Populationunder20yearsold(2019)Populationemployedintheclimate-vulnerableagriculture,forestryandfishingsectors(2019)Figure5Opportunitiesforinterventiontosupportyoungpeople’spathwaysintodecent,climate-resilientworkinthedrylands22Figure6Figure7Figure8Figure9Figure10Figure11Figure12Goal8oftheSDGsandrelevantyouthtargets27304042445477Employmenttopopulationratio(ages15-24)(2019)Proportionofyoungpeoplewhoareliterate(ages15-24)(2018)ImpactsofclimatechangeinAfricaHowadaptationactionscanreducemajorclimaterisksinAfricaMainmodesofparticipationforyoungpeopleTheBOMAProject’sREAPmodelBoxesBox1Box2Box3Researchquestions152434Whataretheboundaries?YouthemploymentvschildlabourvsindenturedlabourWhydoyoungpeoplemigratefromtheruraltourbanareas–andwhataretheconsequences?Box4Box5Legalrights–amissing‘enabler’toopennewopportunitiesforyoungpeoplefrompastoralcommunities?3738InvestingincreditforwomenindrylandeconomiescreateswiderbenefitsforcommunitiesBox6Box7Box8Ruralandpastoralistissuesonthecurriculum–countryinitiativesataglanceLocalisedengagement5858Changingtheeducationaloffertomatchpastoralists’needs–countryinitiativesata59glanceBox9Aclimate-smarteducation?Countrypoliciesataglance6264667073Box10Box11Box12Box13Youthpoliciesandemploymentpoliciesfeaturingyouth–countriesataglanceClimatemainstreaminginnationalgrowthplans–countriesataglanceTargetingdrylands–theDrylandsDevelopmentProgramme(DryDev),2013-2019ENGINE–agirl-focusedapproachtodevelopingskillstrainingandexpandingindividuals’choicesfordecentworkinNigeriaBox14Box15TheBOMAProject’sRuralEntrepreneurAccessProject(REAP)Fromfoundationaleducationtoentrepreneurialskills–YouthinAction76804SPARCResilientgenerationACRONYM

SDryDevEACDrylandsDevelopmentProgrammeEastAfricanCommunityECOWASENGINEFAOEconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStatesEducatingNigerianGirlsinNewEnterprisesFoodandAgricultureOrganizationFARMFCDOGAGEGGWIGLFAICRAFICTFood,Agribusiness,andRuralMarketsForeign,CommonwealthandDevelopmentOfficeGenderandAdolescenceGlobalEvidenceprogrammeGreatGreenWallInitiativeGlobalLandscapesForumAfricaWorldAgroforestryCentreInformationandCommunicationTechnologyInternationalLabourOrganizationILONAPNationalAdaptationPlanNDCNationallyDeterminedContribution(alsoknownasnationalclimateplan)Non-GovernmentalOrganisationNGOPAREJPRAPSSupportProjectfortheResilienceofYouthEnterprisesRegionalSahelPastoralismSupportProjectPro-ARIDESProgrammeAgroalimentairepourlaRésilienceIntégréeetleDéveloppementÉconomiqueduSahelPRODEC2Programmedécennaldedéveloppementdel’éducationetdelaformationprofessionnelledeuxièmegénérationREAPRuralEntrepreneurAccessProjectSDGsSustainableDevelopmentGoalsSPARCTVETSupportingPastoralismandAgricultureinRecurrentandProtractedCrisesTechnicalandVocationalEducationandTrainingUnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDesertificationUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeUnitedNationsChildren'sFundUNCCDUNESCOUNFCCCUNICEF5EXECUTIVESUMMARYContextTheeasternandwesternregionsofAfricahaveayouthfulpopulation,withpeopleundertheageof18comprisingaroundonehalfofthepopulationformostcountries.Thispromisestobeaboonforlabourmarkets,butalsochallengesgovernmentsanddevelopmentagenciestoprovidedecent,meaningfulincome-generatingopportunitiesforyoungpeople.Therural,predominantlyaridandsemi-aridareasoftheseregions–thedrylands–certainlyfacetheseissues.Thedrylandshavebeendefinedasareaswithhighclimatevariability;lowsoilfertility;sparseandmobilepopulations;geographiesthatareremotefromandpoorlyservedbydevelopmentinfrastructure;weakinstitutionsandweakhumancapital;richtraditionalandlocalknowledge;andethnicandculturaldiversity.Theseinterrelatedfactorscanleadtochallengesindeliveringservices;pooraccesstomarkets;lowerproductivity;andalaginhumandevelopment.Climatechangeandothershocks,includingconflict,continuetocreatenewandemergingrisksforrurallivelihoodsandyoungpeople’sopportunitiestosecuredecent,climate-resilientwork.Nevertheless,drylandregionsoffereconomicopportunitiesthatbuilduponthestrengthsofagricultureandpastoralism,includinglivelihooddiversification.Thisincludesdiversificationintotourism,processingandserviceindustries,renewableenergyproduction(includingsolar,geothermalandwindpower)andnewandgreentechnologiestodriveincomegrowthandsustainabledevelopment.Untilrecently,therehavebeenveryfewpoliciesandprogrammesthathavetargetededucation,skillsdevelopmentandemploymentsupporttoyoungpeopleinthedrylands–letaloneinaclimate-smartway.Policydebatesandprogrammedesignhavealsopaidmeagreattentiontogender,ageandpovertydynamics,andotherintersectingsocialidentities(suchasethnicity,religion,(dis)ability,geography,etc.)thatinfluenceyoungpeople’sexperiences,ideasandaspirations.Traditionalgenderandsocialnorms,roles,andresponsibilitiescontinuetoinfluencethelivelihoodoptionsandincome-generatingactivitiesavailabletoyounggirlsanddisadvantagedgroups,includingtheiraccesstoandcontroloverassetsandresources.ScopeandmethodologyThepurposeofthisstudyisto:ƒ

Reviewthefactorsthatcurrentlyshapeyoungpeople’slivelihoodsandworkprospectsinthedrylandsandtheirtrajectoriesasyoungadults.Notonlydoesthisreviewcoveryoungpeople’saccesstoeducation,skillstrainingandvocationalguidance,italsoincludesthemarketenvironment;governmentpoliciesandinvestmentpriorities;andcontextformulti-hazardrisks(includingclimatevariabilityandclimatechange,Covid-19,etc.)thatshapeyoungpeople’soptions,orwhatSumbergandOkali(2013)call‘opportunityspaces’fordecentwork.6SPARCResilientgenerationƒ

Examinetheopportunitiesandproviderecommendationsforexternalactorstoworkwithyoungpeopleindrylandcommunitiestobroadentheir‘opportunityspaces’fordecentwork,andtodothisinawaythatisfullygender-responsiveandsociallyinclusiveofyoungpeopleinalltheirdiversity.Thisincludescapturinglessonsfromexistingprojectexperiencetoinformdrylanddevelopmentinitiatives.Thereportfocusesonyoungpeoplefrompastoralistbackgroundsinthiscontext:thosewhoarestillactiveinpastoralism,aswellasthosewhohavedroppedout.Thereporttakesabroadlyregionalapproach,whilstalsofocusingontheopportunitiesforyoungpeopleinthecountriesofEthiopia,Mali,Nigeria,Somalia,SouthSudanandSudan.Wetakeanexpansiveviewof‘decentwork’thatisappropriatetotheregionsstudied.TofurtherdefinetheparametersofwhatdecentworkcouldlooklikeintheeastandwestAfricandrylands:ƒ

Weusetheconceptof‘opportunityspaces’,usedbySumbergandOkalitodescribetherangeof“moreorlessviableworkoptionsthatayoungpersonmayexploitasshe/heattemptstoestablishanindependentlife”(2013).Manyworkoptionsmerelyenableyoungpeopletosurvivefromdaytoday(aswithcasuallabourorlow-productivity,smallholderagriculture).However,otheroptionsallowrealincomesandcapabilitiestobeenhancedandcapitalaccumulated,andmayevenrebalancesocialinjustices(suchasgenderinequalities);theseopportunitiesarewhatwecharacteriseas‘decent’work(foradetaileddefinition,seeSection1.4).ƒ

Welookatyoungpeople’soptionsforwork,nowandinthemediumtolongerterm,inthecontextofclimatevariabilityandchange.Mostyoungpeople’sopportunityspacesfordecentworkareintheclimate-vulnerablesectorofagriculture(includingpastoralism),whichisatleastpartlyshapedbytheconditionofland,waterandnaturalresources,asaverageandextremetemperaturesincreaseandrainfallpatternschange.Opportunityspacesarealsoshapedbysociety’sresponsestoclimatechange,includingclimatepoliciesandclimatefinanceprojects.Therefore,wesuggestthat‘decentwork’inthecontextoftheeastandwestAfricandrylandsshouldalsoincreaseyoungpeople’sresiliencetoclimatechangeandothershocks.Theknowledgeandskillsthatyoungpeopledevelopinformalschoolingandjobtrainingandapprenticeshipneedtobeappropriateforthisfutureclimate.Theyshouldalsobesuitedtothepoliciesandinvestmentsinlow-carbon,climate-adaptivedevelopment,bothunderwaynowandonthenearhorizon.ƒ

Welookathowsocialandgendernormsshapeopportunityspaces,andtheroleofprogrammesinexpandingcommunityacceptanceofwhatlivelihoodoptionsandincome-generatingactivitiesareavailabletowomenandmen.Thisreportpredominantlyfocusesontheagriculturalsector,particularlypastoralism,asthisiswheremostdrylandresidentswork,atpresent.Italsoconsidersthebroadeningsenseofeconomicopportunityinthedrylands,trackingtheconsiderablepoliticalfocusandupswingininvestmentinlandrestorationagendas(e.g.throughsustainablelandmanagement,forestryandagroforestry,andotherformsoflow-carbon,climate-resilientjobs).Theseincludeopportunitiesoutsidesubsistenceagricultureforcreatingmorejobsinagriculturevaluechains,includinginprocessingandtrade;intheservicessector(e.g.financialandinformationservices);insustainabletourism;inexpandingutilityservices(e.g.renewableenergyandclimate-resilientwaterinfrastructure);andthroughthecreationofmoreurban-basedjobsforrural-urbanmigrantstosecure,includinginsomecountriesthroughagrowinglow-carbon7(or‘green’)industrialsector.Whilesomeoftheseoptionsmaynotcurrentlybeviableinsomeconflict-affectedcontexts(e.g.sustainabletourism),theycouldformpartoflong-term,post-conflictdevelopmentplans.Theresearchinvolvedareviewof:i)greyandacademicliterature;ii)existingpolicydocuments;iii)programmeinterventions;iv)statementsbyyoungpeopleinregional/internationalfora;andv)18keyinformantinterviewswithdevelopmentpartners,pastoralistandyouthnetworksintheregion.KeyfindingsYouthemploymentisastatedpolicypriorityfortheAfricanUnionasawhole.Therearesubstantialnumbersofpoliciesfortheprovisionofyouthemploymentinthesixcountriesstudied.Therearevaryingdegreesofintegrationbetweenemploymentpoliciesandtheclimateresilienceand/orlow-carbondevelopmentagendas,acrossthecountriesstudied.Theregion’smostpopulouscountries,NigeriaandEthiopia,havecoherentgreengrowthand/orgreenemploymentpolicies.Nigeria’supdatednationalclimateplan,theNationallyDeterminedContribution,hasamajornewsectionontheimportanceofinvestingin‘greenjob’creationandhighlightstheneedsandpotentialofyoungpeople.Ethiopiaestablisheditsall-of-governmentClimateResilienceGreenEconomyStrategyin2011andhasbeensystematicallystrengtheningthegovernancemechanismstointegrateclimateresilienceinsectoralpoliciesandprogrammes.Intheotherfocalcountries,employmentgeneration(includingyouthskillstraining)islesswell-integratedwithclimateandenvironmentalsustainabilitygoals,atpresent.Thatsaid,integrationoftheclimateadaptationandlandrestorationagendaswitheconomicdevelopmentimperativesisanemergenttrendinregionalandnationalpoliciesandprogramming.Therearegrowingnumbersofinitiativestopromoteemploymentintheseareas,includingtheGreatGreenWallInitiative(GGWI),whichisaflagship,regional,pan-Africanprogramme.Exceptionallyfewpoliciesandprogrammesinortargetingthedrylandshaveworkedattheintersectionofdecentwork,youth,climateresilienceandpastoralism.Inthegrowingnumberofjobcreationandtrainingschemesfocusedonsettledagriculture,agroforestryandforestry(andrelatedlandrestorationandintegratedwatermanagement),thereisatendencytohaveeitherastrongclimate/environmentalsustainabilityfocusorayouthfocus.Itislesscommonforthemtoincorporatebothaspectsfully.Youngpeoplefromrural,drylandbackgrounds,especiallythosefrompastoralistbackgroundsareunder-representedinpolicyprocesses,whichmeanstheirneeds,priorities,vulnerabilitiesandcapacitiesarenottakenintoaccountindecision-making.Nationalyouthpolicies,wheretheyexist,seldompromoteclimate-resilientlivelihoodsandrarelyacknowledgepastoralists.Furthermore,thegeneralabsenceofdisaggregatedandintersectionaldataalsoleadstoyoungpeoplefrompastoralistbackgroundsbeingunder-representedinpoliciesandprogrammes.Youngwomenandmenwithdisabilitiesinpastoralistcommunitiesremainalmost‘invisible’.Thismakesitimpossibletodeterminewhethertheneedsofyoungpeoplefrompastoralistcommunitiesarebeingmetregardingpathwaysintosecurelivelihoodsanddecentwork.8SPARCResilientgenerationAmongyoungpeoplefrompastoralistandagropastoralistbackgrounds,educationalattainmentislikelytobestymiedbylackofreliableorqualityschooling.Someofthecountriesstudiedhavemadeprovisionsforteachingmodalitiesthatbettersuitpastoralistlivelihoods(e.g.mobileschoolsandtailoringofschoolsessionstotheseasonalcyclesofthepastoralistcalendar),buttheseinitiativesarenotyetwidelyimplemented.Thereisapressingneedtobetterdocumentandsharelearningaboutpilotsolutions.Educationalcurriculaaregenerallycriticisedintheliterature,andbykeyinformants,asbeingurban-biasedandoutoftouchwithruralpriorities(andpastoralism,whererelevant).Curriculadonotyetsufficientlyintegratecontentonclimatechange,norwhatitmeansfortheruralplaceswhereyoungpeoplegrowup.Capitalconstraints,includingland(tenureandaccess)andfinance,arecitedbykeyinformantsandintheliteratureasinsurmountableconstraintsforyoungpeoplewhowishtomakealivingfromagricultureorpastoralism,includingconventionalproductionorthroughvaluechainaddition.Youngpeopleencounterage-andgender-relatedbarrierstoaccessingandowninglandandcredit.Villagesavingsandloansschemescansupportaccesstomicrocredit,butoftenprovideinsufficientsumstosupportyoungpeople’srequirements.Inanyyouthcohortfromthedrylandareas,includingpastoralist/agropastoralistbackgrounds,therewillbeadiversityofpreferencesforwork.Youngpeoplefrompastoralistbackgroundstellustheyseetheirconventionalchoicesas:i)stayingintraditionallivelihoods;ii)expandingeconomicopportunitywithinlivestockandagropastoralistvaluechains(e.g.throughmicroenterprise);iii)whatintervieweescall‘droppingoutofpastoralism’toseekalternativeruralwork;oriv)migratingtotowns,citiesandfurtherafieldforentirelydifferentemployment.Inadditiontotheirownpreferences,eachyoungpersonwillhavetofacedifferentbarriersandopportunitiesforworkpathwaysincluding:theirpositionsinfamilyhierarchiesandinheritancesystems;age,genderandculturalexpectations;andtheextenttowhichtheycanaffordtomigrate;andsoon.Itisthetaskofsupportprogrammesforyoungpeople’seducation,skillsandemploymenttonavigatetheseissuessensitively.Ratherthanbeingprescriptiveaboutyoungpeople’sfutures,suchpoliciesandprogrammescanopenthe‘opportunityspaces’foryoungpeople,givingthemabroaderrangeofinformedchoices.RecommendationsTheoverarchingrecommendationofthisstudyistoestablishmoreprogrammesthatincludeanintegratedapproachtoyouth,climate,agricultureandpastoralism.Thisstudyhighlights(seeFigure1)thelargegapinprogrammeinterventionsthataddressthisparticularnexusofissuesandthehugepotentialforinvestmentinthisarea.Itisalsoimportanttoexpandthenarrativearoundyoungpeople’slivelihoodoptionsindrylandregions.Thishastwoelements:youngpeoplethemselvescanbeencouragedtothinkmorebroadly,withinandfarbeyondagricultureandpastoralism,aboutworkchoicestopursue;and–thisiscritical–policy-makersanddevelopmentpractitionerscanrecognisetheopportunitiesthatare/couldbeavailabletosupporteconomicgrowthinthedrylandsandbuilduponthem.11ꢀThisincludestourism,processingandserviceindustries,renewableenergyproduction(includingsolar,geothermalandwindpower)andtheuseofnewandgreentechnologiesandnewlivelihoodopportunitiesinurbancentres.9FIGURE1:THENEXUSOFYOUTH,EMPLOYMENT,CLIMATECHANGE,AGRICULTUREANDPASTORALISMSource:Authors.Morespecificrecommendationsforaction,whichapplytodifferentinterventionsalongyoungpeople’slifestagesfromeducationthroughvocationaltrainingandworktransitions,followbelow.Recommendationsarealsoprovidedforaddressingtheenablingenvironmenttosupportyoungpeople’saccesstosecure,decentworkinthedrylands.1.Strengtheningtheeducationalfoundationsfordecentworkby:ƒ

teachingbasicliteracyandnumeracyinthecontextofappliedlearningthatisrelevanttothedrylands;ƒ

providingyoungpeoplewithastrongunderstandingofthebasicsofclimatechangeanditsimplications;ƒ

addressingthesocioeconomicandculturallyspecificdriversforschoolabsenteeismanddrop-out,andhelpingyoungpeopletocatchup;ƒ

bridginggapsinaccesstoinformationandcommunicationsthatcouldhelpyoungpeopleaccesscontinuallearning;ƒ

adaptingteachingregimestomeettherealitiesofpastoralistcommunities.10SPARCResilientgeneration2.Enhancingvocationaltrainingandguidanceforyoungpeopleinthedrylandsby:ƒ

askingyoungpeoplewhattheythink;ƒ

consultingwithyoungpeopleinalltheirdiversityaboutworkandlivelihoodpriorities(notjustlimitedtodifferencesbetweenyoungwomenandmenbutalsodisaggregatedbyethnicity,(dis)ability,agecohorts,etc.andotherintersectionalaspects),inordertorespondtothedistinctneedsandprioritiesofdifferentgroupsofyoungpeople;ƒ

tacklinggenderdiscriminationandtargetingthespecificneedsofgirlsandyoungwomen;ƒ

supportingyouthleadershipandtheintegrationofyoungpeople(acrossgenders,age,abilitiesandeconomicstatus)inthedesignofprojectsandprogrammes;ƒ

broadeningyoungpeople’ssenseofchoiceandstrengtheningtheirvocationalskills;ƒ

ensuringyoungpeople’svocationalskilltrainingisclimate-smart;ƒ

providingservicestoyoungpeople(e.g.mentoring,workexperience/apprenticeships,role-modelling)thatexpandyoungpeople’saspirations,theirideasaboutworkandlivelihoodchoices,theircapabilities,incomesandabilitytoaccumulateassets,andtheirtransitionintodecentwork;ƒ

supportingthosewhohavedroppedoutofformaleducation,andensuringallinterventionsarefacilitatedinagender-responsiveandsociallyinclusivewaytosupportgirls’andboys’choicesarounddecentwork.3.Broadeningyoungpeople’ssenseofchoiceandaccesstowidereconomicopportunitiesavailableinthedrylandareas,includingclimate-resilient,low-carbonvocationsby:ƒ

raisingawarenessaboutthewiderangeofeconomicopportunitiesthatareavailabletosupporteconomicgrowthinthedrylands,beyondagricultureandpastoralism;ƒ

enhancingyoungpeople’s‘opportunityspaces’forfindingandsustainingdecentworkbystrengtheninglabourmarketconditions(supply/viabilityofjobs)andindividuals’skillsandqualificationsforpursuingdifferentworkchoices;ƒ

matchingtheclimate-resilient,low-carbonambitionsofgovernmentswithvocationsthatyoungpeoplecanaspiretoandaccess.4.Addressingtheenablingenvironmenttosupportyoungpeopletoaccessandsecuredecentworkinthedrylandsby:ƒ

ensuringmarketsareviabletosupportyoungpeopletodevelopmicro-andsmallenterprises,aswellasgenerateincomeandaccumulateassets;ƒ

developingtheinfrastructure,includinginformationsystemsandmarketintelligence,tounderstandandsupportresilientmarketsystemsinthedrylands;ƒ

examininghowlegalframeworkscansupportcommunities’accesstoland,includingthroughcollectiveownership,andhowthiscouldbenefityoungpeople;ƒ

providingyoungpeoplewithaccesstocapital/financeandfinancialservices,andensuringaccessisinclusiveofwomenandothermarginalisedgroups,whichmayinvolveadaptingthecollateralandpaperworkrequirementsforsmallloanstomakethemmoreaccessible.111.INTRODUCTIONAfricaistheworld’s‘youngestcontinent’–60%ofthecontinent’spopulationisundertheageof25(Dews,2019).Thistrendlookssettocontinue.Fertilityratesinsub-SaharanAfricaarethehighestintheworld,at4.6childrenperwomanin2019–althoughthishasdecreasedfrom6.77in1980(WorldBank,2019a).Astheseyoungpeoplereachworkingage,thisyouthsurgepromisestobeaboonforAfricanlabourmarkets,butitalsochallengesgovernments,developmentagenciesand‘investorsinpeople’tostimulatetheeconomiesandprovidedecent,meaningful,income-generatingopportunitiesforyoungpeople(UNFPA,2018:4;Amsleretal.,2017;Canningetal.,2015).AccordingtotheUnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDesertification(UNCCD)(n.d.):"InAfrica,theyoungpopulationisrapidlygrowingandexpectedtodoubletoover830millionby2050.OfAfrica’snearly420millionyouthaged15-35,one-thirdareunemployedanddiscouraged,anotherthirdarevulnerablyemployed,andonlyoneinsixisinwageemployment.Andtheyoungwomenthatmakeupoverhalfoftheyouthunemployed,arefindingitharderthanevertoclosethegendergap".ThedrylandsofeastandwestAfricaare"arid,semi-arid,anddrysubhumidzones"(CervigniandMorris,2016:1;seealsoFigure2)thatarehometoapproximately300millionpeoplewhorelyonpastoralismanddependonnaturalresourcesfortheirlivelihoods(ibid.:1).Africanpastoralismhasa"highrelianceonlivestockasasourceofeconomicandsocialwellbeing,andvarioustypesofstrategicmobilitytoaccesswaterandgrazingresourcesinareasofhighrainfallvariability"(AfricanUnion,2013:6).PastoralismhasevolvedovermillenniatoplayanessentialroleinAfrica’snationalandregionaleconomies,aswellasasourceoflivelihood,foodsecurity,incomeandwellbeing(FAO,2018a;CervigniandM