Types-of-Semantic-Change(英语词义的变化方式)-(课堂PPT)

Lexicology

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TypesofSemanticChange

(词义的变化方式)2

1：Generalization(词义的扩展)

又称：extension

Meaning:

Theword“generalization”isatermofLatinoriginreferringtothestretchingofmeaning.“picture”原义词:onlyapainted.扩展后的意义:adrawing,aphotographandsoon.“thing”原义词:apoliticalorjudicialassembly.(治会议或审判大会)扩展后的意义:asatinganeventuallythismeaningof“matter”.

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原义

扩展后的意义

1:bribery

给乞丐的残羹剩饭行贿；受贿2:economy

家庭料理经济3:influence

古代星占学家用来指一种从影响强大物质星际降入人间

4:holidays

专指圣诞节、复活节等节日任何假日5:sanctuary

圣所、圣殿

避难所、庇护所

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2:Specialization(词义的缩小)

Meaning:

“Specialization”isalsoatermofLatinoriginreferringofmeaning.

“deer”

原义:animal缩小后的意义:deer“artillery”原义:munitionsofwar缩小后的意义:

mountedguns(军需品)

(安装枪)5

原义缩小后的意义1:hangar

棚飞机棚、飞机库

2:garage安全地方汽车间3:stink

任何一种气味臭气4:poison

饮料毒药5:hospital

供游者休息娱乐的场所医院

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ElevationofmeaningDefinition:ElevationreferstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningtopositionofimportanceChange:fromnegativetopositive

fromderogatorytoappreciative

fromneutraltoappreciativefromunimportanttoimportant7

ElevationofmeaningExamplesOriginallyMeaningafterelevationMarshallHorse

servantMinisterCraftsmanapersongoodat

cheatingaworkerinaskilledtradeshrewdwicked;maliciouskeen-witted;Cleverorsharp8

Change:frompositivetonegativefromappreciativetopejorativefromneutraltonegativefromimportanttounimportantDegenerationofmeaningDefinition:Itisaprocessbywhichwordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon-affectivewordscomebeusedinderogatorysense9

DegenerationofmeaningExamplesOriginallyMeaningafterdegeneration

VillainAfarmlaborScoundrelBoorAfarmerArough,ill-manneredperson

KnaveBoyDishonestperson

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Theuseoftheabstractfortheconcreteorviceversa.Thespecificmeaning

TheabstractmeaningE.g.“Threat”means“army”atfirst.

Laterextendedto"threat".11

Theabstractmeaning

ThespecificmeaningE.g.“Proposition”means“suggested”or“offer”.

Butthiswordcanalsobeusedtorefertopeople.Itmeans“Difficulttodealwith”.12

Common

wordsfrompropernames.

Alotofcommonnounsareevolvedfrompropernouns.

E.g.“DonJuan”isaSpanisharistocracy.Nowwecalledtheperson“aDonJuan”,itmeans“aphilanderer”.Thisprocessisalsocalled“antonomasia”.13

Theplacepropernouns(Itfromthefeaturesoflocalnaming)E.g.“copper”

fromthe"Cyprus“.Becausetheareaisfamousforitscopperproduction.

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ThenamesofpropernounsE.g.“shrapnel”

wasinventedbyaBritishgeneralshrapnel.Itusuallycomesfromthenameoftheinventor.15

2.Someoneforthefirstorfindaneventtofame,afterintoacommonnoun.E.g.“sandwich”wasderivedfromacount.Inordertosavethetimeofgambling,heusedapieceofmeattoeatbreadclip.16

3.Afamousfigureinthenovel,asaresultoftheobviouscharacteristicsofthepersonreferredtothegeneral.E.g.Weuse"Tartuffe"tosay“hypocriticalpeople”.

Itisfromtheplaywrightmoliere'scomedycharacterthesamename.17

ThetitleofpropernounsormovienameE.g.“radicalchic”

isthetitleofTomWolfe'sworks.

Nowwealsousedtoreferto"associatewithradicalfashion"18

TransferenceofmeaningTheprocessbywhichthedifferencehasoccurredinthedevelopmentofalanguageiscalledtransferenceofmeaning19

objectivemeaning(1)Subjectivemeaning.1e.g

“Shamekepthimsilent”

＆“shamefultreatment”20

(3)Objectivemeaning(2)Subjectiveandobjectivetwokindsofmeaning.e.gKnowledge,theory,feelingAprofoundprofessor21

2ObjectivemeaningSubjectivemeaninge.g“feelingsorrows”＆“sorrowsthat