TRB+公共交通中的法律问题和新兴技术（演讲PPT）

TRBWebinar:LegalIssuesandEmergingTechnologiesinPublic

TransitJune8,20231:00–2:30PMLegal

Issues

and

Emerging

Technologies

in

Public

TransitM

AT

THEW

W.

DAUS,

ESQ

&

WINDELS

MARX

STAFFJ

U

N

E

8

,

2

0

2

36Moderator:

Matthew

W.

Daus,

Esq.•••FormerCommissioner/Chair/CEO&GeneralCounsel,NewYork

City

Taxi

&

LimousineCommissionFormerNYC

CivilService

Commissioner,

NYC

Human

Rights

Prosecutor,

Special

Counsel(NYCTrade

WasteCommission),GeneralCounsel(NYC

CommunityDevelopment

Agency)President,IATR•InternationalAssociation

ofTransportationRegulators

www.iatr.global••Chair,

TransportationLaw

Committee,NYC

BarAssociationTransportationTechnology

Chair,

CUNY-UTRC,

CCNY••UniversityTransportationResearchCenterTheCenterforSocialandEconomicMobility

forPeople

andCommunitiesthroughTransportation(SEMPACT)•FormerDistinguished

Lecturer,TheCityCollegeofNew

York

(CCNY),

TheCityUniversityofNew

York

(CUNY)•Partner

&

Chair,

Transportation

Practice•WindelsMarxLane

&Mittendorf,

LLP

Contact:

mdaus@;

212-237-11067Speaker:

Patricia

Gatling•Former

State

DeputySecretary

for

Civil

Rights,NewYork

State•Former

Commissioner/Chair,

NewYork

CityHuman

RightsCommission•Former

First

DeputyAssistant

DistrictAttorney,

Office

of

theKingsCounty

DistrictAttorney•Counsel,Transportation

Practice•

WindelsMarx

Lane&Mittendorf,

LLP

•Trustee,

The

Lawyers’

Fund

for

Client

Protection

of

theState

ofNewYorkCounsel8Speaker:

Breanne

Injeski•Former

DeputyGeneral

Counsel

and

ChiefEthicsOfficer,

Office

oftheNewYork

CityComptroller•Former

Directorof

Enforcement,

NYC

ConflictsofInterest

Board•Special

Counsel,

Transportation

Practice•

WindelsMarx

Lane&Mittendorf,

LLPSpecial

Counsel9Speaker:

Sherbune

Paul•Former

Supervising

Attorney

oftheAppeals,

Recruitment,Training

and

Seizures

Unit

(ARTS),NewYork

CityTaxi

&Limousine

Commission•Former

AgencyAttorney,

NYC

Administration

for

Children’sServices•Secretary,

Transportation

LawCommittee,

NYC

BarAssociation•AssociateAttorney,

Transportation

Practice•

WindelsMarx

Lane&Mittendorf,

LLP

AssociateAttorney•Immediate

Past

President,

Haitian

American

LawyersAssociationofNewYork10Topics

for

Today

’s

ConversationANOVERVIEWOFEMERGINGTECHNOLOGYINNOVATIONSINPUBLIC

TRANSPORTATIONCOMMONLEGALCHALLENGESANDISSUESTHAT

ARISEEmerging

Innovations

inPublic

TransportationHOW

PUBLIC

TRANSIT

AGENCIES

ARE

USING

TECHNOLOGY

TOENHANCE

SERVICE

AND

PROMOTE

PUBLIC

HEALTH

AND

SAFETY12Report:

Legal

Issues

and

EmergingTechnologies.PublishedOctober2022.Can

befound

at:https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26786/legal-issues-and-emerging-technologies13Report:

Legal

Issues

and

EmergingTechnologiesWhat

Is

TCRP?.The

Transit

Cooperative

Research

Program

(TCRP)

is

an

applied

research

program

that

develops

near-term,practical

solutions

to

problems

facing

public

transportation..TCRP

is

sponsored

by

the

Federal

Transit

Administration

(FTA)

and

works

in

partnership

with

the

AmericanPublic

Transportation

Association

(APTA)..TCRP

is

managed

by

the

Transportation

Research

Board

(TRB),

a

division

of

theNational

Academies

ofSciences,

Engineering,

and

Medicine.Methodology.Researched

and

reviewed

existing

regulations,

legal

issues,

case

law,

and

literature

relating

to

transit

agencies’use

of

new

and

emerging

technologies.Purpose

of

the

Report.

The

TRB

Transit

Cooperative

Research

Program's

TCRP

Legal

Research

Digest

59:Legal

Issues

and

EmergingTechnologies

provides

transportation

attorneys

with

guidance

and

resources

to

assist

with

these

legal

changesresulting

from

the

implementation

of

technology,

including

regulatory

challenges,

risk

management,cybersecurity,

privacy,

handling

confidential

and

proprietary

information,

intellectual

property

rights,

civilrights

andenvironmental

justicecompliance,

labor

and

employment

law,

and

procurement

issues.14Report

ContributorsTCRP

Project

Committee

J-5.

The

Committee

ischaired

by

SHERYL

KINGBENFORD,

Greater

Cleveland

Regional

Transit

Authority,

Cleveland,Ohio.

Members

are

ROLF

G.ASPHAUG,

Consultant,

Denver,

Colorado;JAYME

BLAKESLEY,

Hayes

Godfrey

Bell,P.C.,

Holladay,

Utah;

DARRELLBROWN,

Consultant,

New

Orleans;

APRIL

GREENHOUSE,

MetropolitanTransit

Authority

ofHarris

County,

Houston,

Texas;

JAMES

P.

LARUSCH,Raul

V.

Bravo

+Associates,

Inc.,

Reston,

Virginia;

ELIZABETH

M.

O’NEILL,Metropolitan

Atlanta

Rapid

Transit

Authority,

Atlanta,

Georgia;

ROBINM.

REITZES,

San

Francisco

CityAttorney’s

Office,

SanFrancisco,California;

JAMES

S.THIEL,Madison,

Wisconsin;

and

ALAN

S.ZIMMET,Tampa,

Florida.BONNIE

GRAVES

provides

liaison

with

the

Federal

TransitAdministration;

LINDA

FORD

provides

liaisonwith

APTA;

ROBERTSHEAprovides

liaison

with

TRB’s

Technical

Activities

Division,

andGWENCHISHOLM

SMITH

represents

the

TCRP

staff.Andie

Pitchford,

Distance

Learning

Coordinator,

TRB15Emerging

Technologies

–Ca

teg

ories

&

Themes•

Vehicle

Technologies•

Mobility

Options•

System

Optimization•

Smart

Infrastructure•

Accessible

Service•

Safety,

Security,

and

Risk

Management

forVehicles16Vehicle

Technologies17Electric

Vehicles

&Buses•Electricvehicles

(EVs)consist

ofhybrid

electricvehicles

(HEV),fuel

cell

electricvehicles

(FCEV)and

battery

electricvehicles

(BEV).•

HEVsuseless

fuel

thanconventionalvehiclesbyemployingelectric-drivetechnologies

toboostefficiency.•

Plug-inhybrid

EVs

andall-electricEVs

arecapableof

beingpowered

onlyby

electricity,whichisproduced

fromnatural

gas,coal,nuclearenergy,andrenewable

resourcesU.S.

Dep’t

of

Energy,

2020,/fuels/electricity_benefits.html18Autonomous

Vehicles

&

Buses•Automated

vehicle

(AV)systems

aredrivenby

threebasicsets

oftechnology:•••Sensorstomonitor

theenvironment

around

thevehicle,Software

systems

that

analyze

thedatacollected,

andActuators

that

operatethevehicle’s

systems

suchassteeringor

brakes.•Automated

systemscanbe

applied

and

usedfor

driverfatigue

alerts,

objectdetectionand

collision

avoidance,automatic

breaking,lane-keeping

assist,

and

parking

assist.•Whenautomated

driving

technologies

arecombined,itdeterminesanautonomous

ratingon

a

1–5

scaleinaccordance

withtheSocietyofAutomotive

Engineers.19Connected

Vehicles•Connected

vehicle

(CV)

technology

enables

cars,buses,trucks,trains,roads,andotherinfrastructure,

suchascellphones,

to“talk”

to

eachother.•Carsuseshort-rangeradiosignals

to

communicate

directly,

soeachvehicleon

the

roadwould

be

awareof

other

vehiclesnearby.•Driversreceive

notificationsnear

dangerous

situations.•Three

DifferentTypes

of

Connected

Vehicle

Communications:•

Vehicle

toVehicle

(V2V)•

Vehicle

toInfrastructure

(V2I)•

Vehicle

toPassenger

(V2P)20Mobility

Options21Multi-Modal

Trip

Planning:Mobility-as-a-Service

(MaaS)MaaSisthe

integration

ofmultiple

forms

oftransportation

services

intoasinglemobilityserviceorplatform

that

isaccessibleondemand.Itallowsforafluid

system

that

incorporatesvarious

modes

oftransport

sotravelerscanreachtheir

destination

seamlessly,allowingforcompletepoint-to-point

trips.Modes

that

may

be

facilitated

through

aMaaSoperator

include

ridesharing,

car-sharing

orbike-sharing,

taxis,car

rental,

public

transit(buses,subways,rail)oracombination

thereof.22Mobility

on

DemandMOD

isa

transportation

concept

whereconsumers

canaccess

mobility,

goods,

andserviceson-demand

bydispatching

orusingshared

mobility,courier

services,unmannedand

public

transportation

solutions./research-innovation/mobility-demand-mod-sandbox-program23System

Management

&Optimization24Electronic

Payment

Systems•Fare

technologies

include

magnetic

stripemedium,contactless

smartcards,smartphonepayment,and

off-boardpayment.•New

technologies

allow

alternativesforpurchasing

fares

(e.g.,account-based

ticketing,online

account

management).•While

ultimately

related

to

thechoice

of

theoverall

fare

paymenttechnology,

purchasing

alsohasitsown

features

andoptions.25Route

Planning

&Optimization

Software•Route

optimization

is

theprocessof

finding

theshortestcoursebetween

these

points.•Thesoftwarequickly

testsdifferent

scenarios

and

considersconstraints

(traffic

congestion,vehicleavailability)

toprovidethebest

possibleroute.•Softwarecanreducetransportation

time,requiredresources(fuel),and

improvecustomerservice.26Dispatch

andScheduling

Software•Dispatchand

scheduling

softwarehelpsautomate

routing

and

scheduling

processesfortransportation

systems,

providing

an

easierwaytocoordinate

routesordeliveries

efficiently.Dispatch

management

systems

can

be

used

withdifferent

transportation

types,frombuses

andshipping

totaxisand

airlinesand

paratransitbrokeragesystems.27Real-Time

Information

TechnologyPassenger

real-time

information

systemsoffer

acommunicationlinkbetweentransitagencies

andtheirriders.Potentialusebytransitagenciestocontribute

to

improving

KeyPerformance

Indicator

(KPI)measuresofon-timeperformance

andpossiblyridership

numbers.28Positive

TrainControlPositiveTrainControl(PTC)

is

atechnologythatuses

aGPS

Systemwithradar

and

tracksensorsthatallowcomputers

to

remotelycontrol

thetrain

toprevent

collisions

andderailments.29Smart

Infrastructure30Smart

Pavement

&

Bridges:Connected

&

AutonomousVehicle

Networks•Smartpavements

are

pavementsystemsthattransformroads

into

large

sensor,

data,

andconnectivity

networksfor

nextgenerationandautonomousvehicles.•

Sensorsin

theroadways

allow

vehicles

to

communicatewiththeroad,

and

the

road

withthevehicles.•

Theyalsodetect

moisturelevels,

temperature,

strain,vibrationand

weight-in-motion,

and

collectdata.•Smartbridgesincorporate

sensorsto

monitor

avariety

ofsituations,including

speeding

andoverheadtruck

weight,

structural

health,temperature,

and

data

transmission.31Global

Legal

Issues

Involving

theImplementation

of

Public

TransitTechnology

Innovations32Legal

Issues•Many

legal

themescut

across

new

andemergingtechnologies.

Nearly

alltechnologies:oRaiseconcerns

about

cybersecurity,data

privacy,protectingconfidentialand

proprietaryinformation,

andliability;oRequire

compliance

with

federal

and

stateaccessibility

requirements;

andoRequire

consideration

ofTitleVI

and

environmentaljustice

issues

in

federally

fundedprojects.•At

the

sametime,theseemergingtechnologies

presentunique

legal

issuesand

challenges.33Cross-Cutting

Issues

for

Emerging

Technologies34State

Open

Records

Laws•Allfiftystatesandthe

Districtof

Columbiahave

enacted

statutes

modeledon

FOIA,oftenreferred

to

asopengovernmentlaws,freedomof

informationlaws(FOIL),orsunshine

laws.•Theselawsapply

to

governmentinformation,whichtypically

includes

data

inelectronicform.•Some

statesandthe

Districtof

Columbiahave

adopted

a“controlstandard”

insteadof

a“possession

standard”

to

determine

the

definitionof

whatconstitutes

publicrecords

whentherecords

werenotcreated

by

anagency.•Texas

includes

informationwherethe

publicagency

simply“has

arightof

accesstotheinformation”or

“spends

or

contributes

public

moneyfor

the

purposeof

writing,producing,

collecting,

assembling,or

maintaining

theinformation.”•Unless

anexemption

applies,

the

records

generally

mustbe

disclosed.•

Typically

exemptdisclosureofrecordsthat

wouldconstitute

anunwarranted

invasionofpersonal

privacy.•

Many

states

protect

trade

secrets

and

privileged

orconfidential

information

frompublicdisclosure.35FOIL

&

TNC

Data

LitigationTNCdataexempt

from

disclosure?•City

ofColumbus

v.

Lyft,Inc.,

22N.E.3d

304(Ohio

Mun.

Ct.

2014)•••Ohiostatecourtruled

drivers'

namesand

contactinformation

=tradesecret

exempt

from

disclosure.Drivers'

dates

ofbirthandcontactinformation

=sensitive,personally

identifiable

information

exempt

from

disclosure.Drivers'

physical

descriptors,

proofofcitizenship,

prior

felonydescriptions,and

vehicledescriptions

not

exempt

from

disclosure.•••Lyft,Inc.v.

Pennsylvania

PublicUtilities

Commission,

145A.3d1235(Pa.

Commw.

Ct.2016)Pennsylvania

appeals

court

ruled

Lyft’s

statistics

onthenumber

oftrips

provided

arenot

proprietary

dataandcan

bedisclosed.•Rasier-DC,

LLCv.B&LService,43Fla.

L.Weekly

145(Dist.

Ct.App.

2018)Floridaappeals

courtfound

Uber’s

aggregatetrip

and

feedataisnotatradesecret

and

issubjecttodisclosure.•Lyft,Inc.andRasier,

LLC,

v.

City

ofSeattle,

94026-6,

slipop.

(Wash.

Sup.Ct.May13,

2018)•Washingtonappeals

court

ruled

Uberand

Lyft

dataonpassengerpick-up

and

drop-offlocationsmay

beatradesecret,butSeattleshoulddisclosesuchdataunlessdoingsowouldcause

substantial

andirreparable

harm.36“Transportation

NetworkCompanies:Passenger

DataSecurity

andPrivacyIssues”Author:

Matthew

W.

Daus,

Esq.,

2017•Thefull

articlecanbeaccessed

here:

https://bit.ly/2Uwq9ct37Automated

&

Connected

VehiclesCybersecurity◦

Isit

possibletobe

truly

hack-proof?◦

AV

&CVtechnology

isentirely

dependent

onvehiclessharing

and

coordinating

data

witheach

other

andbetweenthe

autonomous

vehiclesand

anexternalnetwork,both

locallyand

through

centralizedinfrastructure.Liability◦

Uncertainty

about

whois

responsible

fordamageswhenadriverless

vehiclecrashes.◦

Theliability

paradigm

iscomplicated

by

the

degree

ofhuman

engagement

withconnected

vehicles.◦

Principles

oftort

law

can

provide

guidance

and

maybeuseful

indetermining

howliability

will

be

determinedforconnected

vehicle-related

injuries.38Implications

of

Connected

andAutomated

Driving

Systems:Leg

al

La

ndsca

peImplications

of

Connected

and

AutomatedDrivingSystemsVol.

1:

Legal

LandscapePublication:

January2018/NCHRP/Blurbs/178298.aspx39Mobility-as-a-Service

(MaaS)ThecoreofMaaSis

data,whichraisesconcernsregarding:◦

Whoowns

thedata?◦

What

constitutes

appropriate

use?◦

Should

userdata

besharedwithlawenforcement

and

emergencyservices?DataPrivacy◦

Location

dataraisesprivacyconcerns

for

passengers

and

drivers.Protecting

confidential

and

proprietary

information

and

trade

secrets:◦

Aspart

oftheprocurement

process,companies

may

berequired

tosubmit

confidentialinformation.◦

In

theprivate

sector,

thissensitiveinformationwouldbeprotected

bybidding

laws

or

nondisclosure

agreements

with

their

proposals.

Inthepublic

sector,

itmaybevulnerabletodisclosureunderopenrecordslaws.40Dispatch

and

Scheduling

Software,

GPS•

Data

Privacy&Security•

Dispatchandscheduling

software

collectsdata,

whichraisesconcernsaboutcybersecurity,

data

privacy,

andprotecting

confidential

andproprietaryinformation.•

Thesoftware

may

useproprietaryalgorithms,making

protectingconfidential

andproprietary

information

contained

inthis

software

anecessity.•

Whenused

for

paratransit

purposes,thetechnology

raisesHealthInsurance

Portability

andAccountability

Act(HIPAA)

concerns.•Employee

Privacy:Limitations

on

Monitoring

Employees•

Theuseof

telematics

may

include

tracking

employees

throughGPSdevices.

Lawsvaryby

state,

andgovernment

agencies

that

areconsidering

usingtelematics

devices

to

tracktheir

fleets

shouldunderstand

allregulations

withintheir

jurisdictionandadhere

to

dataprivacy

requirements.41School

TransportationTechnology:

Data

Privacy

LawsDataPrivacy:FERPA

and

COPPA

are

federal

privacy

laws

thatregulate

student

privacy

andprotect

sensitive

datawhen

schools

use

technology.

In

addition,atleast

40stateshavepassed

studentprivacy

laws◦

The

Family

Educational

Rights

and

Privacy

Act

(FERPA)

protects

theprivacy

of

student

educationrecords,

which

includes

various

details

about

a

student,

such

as

busroute,

medical

information,

andattendance.◦

The

Children’s

Online

Privacy

Protection

Act

(COPPA)

addresses

dataprotection

for

children

under

13.Student

Health

Information:

FERPA

and

the

HealthInsurance

Portability

andAccountabilityAct(HIPAA)

generally

protect

healthinformation

from

disclosure

withoutconsent.◦

FERPA

applies

tomost

school

health

records.◦

Not

allhealth

datais

covered

underHIPAA.

HIPAA

applies

only

tocoveredentities

and

businessassociates,

and

they

do

not

apply

to

‘education

records’

under

FERPA.◦

Consent

is

usually

required

to

disclose

personal

information,

but

both

FERPA

and

HIPAA

haveexemptions

for

public

health

emergencies

when

disclosures

are

necessary

to

protect

thehealth

orsafety

of

others.42Electronic

Payment

Systems•

DataPrivacy&Security•

State

laws,

regulations,or

guidelinesthatrequire

data

collectors

andprocessors

to

limit

accessto

and

protectthe

securityofcustomers’

personal

data.•

Public

agenciesthataccept

paymentviaacustomer’s

credit

ordebit

card

mustcomply

with

the

PaymentCard

IndustryData

Security

Standard(PCI

DSS).43Positive

Train

Control•Cybersecurity•

More

entrypoints

forhackers.

Therailindustryuseselectronicsensors,networktechnology,andautomation.

PTC,tracksignals,communications

systems,

andpower

deliveryallrely

on

thesetechnologies•Liability•

Numerouspersonal

injuryandwrongful

deathlawsuits

havebeenfiledinrecentyears

allegingthat

train

operatorsnegligently

failed

toimplementPTCtechnology

thatwould

haveavoided

trainaccidents.•

To

theextentadditionaltrain

accidentsoccur

intrainswithoutPTC,further

litigation

canbeexpected.•

Iftrain

accidentsoccur

inPTC-installed

trains,itisanticipatedthat

wrongful

deathandpersonal

injurylawsuits

allegingtheoriesof

product

liabilityandnegligent

failure

of

thePTCsystem

maybefiled.44Collision

Avoidance•

Records

Retention

for

Litigation•

Common

law

principles

imposeobligations

to

preservedata

uponnotice

ofapending

claim.•

Once

apotential

claim

involving

avehicle

thatemploystelematics

isknown,

atransitagencymustimposea“litigation

hold”

to

preservedatapotentially

relevantto

the

claim.45Procurement,

Risk

Management&

Emergency

PreparednessBreanne

Injeski46ProcurementSomeconsiderationsthatmayariseintheprocurementcontextare:•Compatibility

withexistinginfrastructure

andoperations:

Transitagenciesneed

to

ensure

that

new

technologies

can

integratesmoothly

withthe

current

hardware,

software,data,

andcommunicationnetworks,

aswell

aswiththe

operationalprocedures

and

policies

ofthe

agency.•Costandrisk

ofinnovation:◦

Newtechnologies

often

require

significant

upfront

investmentand

may

entail

uncertain

outcomesand

benefits.◦

Transitagenciesneed

tobalancethe

potential

advantages

ofadopting

new

technologies

withthe

financial

and

operationalrisks

involved.◦

They

also

need

toconsiderthe

long-term

maintenance

andupgrade

costs

ofthe

newsystems,

aswell

asthe

availability

andreliability

oftechnicalsupport

fromthe

vendors.47ProcurementSome

other

considerations

that

may

arise

in

theprocurement

context

are:.Confidential

and

proprietary

information:.

Transitagenciesmay

need

tohandle

confidential

andproprietary

information

whenprocuring

newtechnologies,suchastrade

secrets,

technicalspecifications,orpricing

information..

Forexample,transit

agenciesmay

need

tosafeguard

theconfidentiality

oftheir

owninformation

orthat

oftheirvendors

orpartners,

orto

complywith

public

disclosurelaws

and

regulations..Demonstrations

and

pilot

programs:

Transitagencies

needto

adoptagileandflexibleapproaches

to

test

andimplement

new

solutions.48Risk

ManagementRiskmanagementissuesthatarisewhentransitagenciesusenewandinnovative

technologies:.Cybersecurity:

Newtechnologies

mayintroduce

newvulnerabilities

andthreats

to

the

transitsystem'sdata,

operations,andassets..

Transitagenciesneed

toassess

the

risks

and

implement

appropriatesecurity

measurestoprotecttheir

systems

and

data

from

hackers,

ortodevelop

contingency

plans

incase

oftechnology

failures

ormalfunctions..Privacy:Newtechnologies

may

collect,store,

andshare

personalinformation

of

transitusers,suchas

location,travel

patterns,preferences,

andpayment

methods..

Transitagenciesneed

tocomplywith

relevant

privacy

laws

andregulations,

and

ensure

that

they

havethe

consentand

trust

oftheircustomers.49Risk

Management.Liability:

Newtechnologies

maycreatenew

legalchallenges

for

transit

agencies,such

as

whoisresponsiblefor

accidentsor

injuriesinvolving

autonomous

vehicles,drones,

orrobots.◦

Transitagencies

need

to:◦

Verify

claims

madeby

the

vendors

before

entering

intoapartnershipagreement◦

Understand

the

roles

and

responsibilities

ofeach

partner◦

Establish

clearcontractual

termsthat

define

the

scope,

duration,cost,

data

ownership,

and

riskallocationofthe

project◦

Obtain

adequate

insurance

coverage

for

the

new

technology

andnegotiate

withinsurers

onthe

premiums,

deductibles,

andexclusionsthat

may

affectliability

exposure.50Risk

ManagementLegal&RegulatoryCompliance:

New

technologies

mayintroduce

compliance

requirements

for

transit

agenciesinterms

of

federal,

state,

and

local

regulations

andstandards

that

applyto

the

new

technology,

such

asprivacy,

security,

accessibility,

safety,

and

environmentalstandards.◦

Transit

agencies

need

to

ensurethat

thenewtechnologiescomply

with

all

relevant

lawsand

regulations

atthe

local,state,

andfederal

levels.Interoperability:

New

technologies

may

requiretransitagencies

to

coordinate

andintegrate

with

otherentities,

such

as

other

modes

of

transportation,

serviceproviders,

regulators,

andstandards

organizations.◦

Transit

agencies

need

to

ensurethat

their

systems

arecompatible

andinteroperable

with

others,

and

that

theycansharedata

andinformation

effectively.51Emergency

PreparednessOverview.

Transitagencies

are

responsiblefor

ensuringtheirpreparedness

intheevent

ofvariousemergencyand

disaster

situations..

Emergencies

may

take

several

forms,

includinginfectiousdiseaseoutbreaks

orpublic

healthemergencies,

earthquakes,

tornadoes,

fires,floods,hurricanes,

and

acts

ofterrorism.

Preparednesseffortsdependon

theresourcesand

risksofaparticular

jurisdiction

orregion..

Theparticular

preparation

measureswill

dependon

the

type

ofemergencyor

disaster.52Emergency

PreparednessPlanning

and

Preparedness.

Emergency

preparedness

relatestotheactivities,

programs,

andsystems

developed

priortoanincident,disaster,

or

emergency,

whichareusedtosupportandenhance

prevention,response,andrecovery..

Whentransitagenciesaredeciding

whetherto

implementtechnologysystems,

they

mustanalyze

theunique

procedures

thatshouldbeimplementedintheevent

of

adisaster..

Natural

disasterscandisrupt

oroverload

localinfrastructure

andaffecttheelectricpower

supply,making

access

totechnologysystems

nearly

impossible..

Disasterscan

present

broader

data-related

issuesofavailability,

accessibility,consistency,integrityand