准备状态评估方法-人工智能伦理建议的工具

Readiness

Assessment

Methodology

ATooloftheRecommendation

ontheEthicsofArtificialIntelligence

©UNESCO2023

Publishedin2023bytheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization

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Readiness

Assessment

Methodology

ATooloftheRecommendationontheEthicsofArtificialIntelligence

TableofContents

Foreword

5

I.Background

6

II.GuidanceforfillingouttheRAM

8

III.Questions

9

1.GeneralQuestions

9

1.1DoesyourgovernmentcurrentlyhaveplanstoimplementtheUNESCO

RecommendationontheEthicsofAI,throughestablishinganationalAIEthics

Commissionorthroughothermeasures?

9

1.2Hasyourgovernmentdoneanyprioritizationregardingthespecificsectors

thatwouldbenefitfromgovernmentintervention(suchasregulation,strategies

orguidelines,etc)regardingAI?

9

1.3DoesyourgovernmentinformthepublicwhentheyaresubjectedtotheuseofAI

systemsthatprofileormakedecisionsaboutthemintheprovisionofpublicservices?

9

1.4Whichministry/iesareresponsibleforAIgovernance?

Pleaseelaborateonthecompositionoftheteams.

9

1.5Overall,whatarethemostimportantchallengestodeveloping

AIregulationsandpoliciesinthecountry?

9

2.TheLegalDimension

9

2.1Background

9

2.2Indicatorsforthelegaldimension

10

2.2.1AIpolicyandregulation

10

2.2.2Dataprotectionandprivacylaws

11

2.2.3Datasharingandaccessibility

11

2.2.4Procurementlawsandpolicies

12

2.2.5Freedomofinformationacts/accesstoknowledgeacts

12

2.2.6Dueprocessandaccountability

13

2.2.7Onlinesafetyandintegrityofspeech

13

2.2.8Publicsectorcapacity

13

3.TheSocial/CulturalDimension14

3.1Background14

3.2IndicatorsfortheSocial/Culturaldimension14

3.2.1Diversity,inclusionandequality14

3.2.2Publicengagementandtrust15

3.2.3Environmentalandsustainabilitypolicies16

3.2.4Healthandsocialwell-being16

3.2.5Culture17

3

4.TheScientific/Educationaldimension

18

4.1Background

18

4.2Indicatorsforthescientific/educationaldimension

18

4.2.1Researchandinnovation

18

R&Dexpenditure

18

Researchoutput

18

EthicalAIresearch

19

AItalent

19

Innovationoutput

19

4.2.2Education

19

Educationstrategy

19

Educationinfrastructure

20

Curriculumcontent

20

Educationalattainment

20

PublicaccesstoAIeducation

20

5.TheEconomicDimension

21

5.1Background

21

5.2Indicatorsfortheeconomicdimension

21

5.2.1Labourmarkets

21

5.2.2Intermediateconsumption

21

5.2.3Investmentsandoutput

21

6.TheTechnicalandInfrastructuralDimension

22

6.1Background

22

6.2Indicatorsforthetechnicaldimension

22

6.2.1Infrastructureandconnectivity

22

6.2.2Appliedstandards

23

6.2.3Computingcapabilities

23

6.2.4Statisticalperformance

24

Annex26

Foreword

WehaveofficiallyenteredtheAgeofArtificialIntelligence.Theworldisnowsettochangeatapacenotseenindecades,evencenturies.AI-basedtoolsandapplicationsmakeourliveseasier,smoother,andricher.Theyhelpusmoveefficiently,getinformed,getcredit,getajob,andgetourtaxesdone.

Butinitscurrentform,AIreproducesandamplifiesmanyofthesocialchallengesweface.

Weneedtodecidewhatliesbeyond.Thisisnotatechnologicaldiscussion.Itisasocietalone,abouttheworldwewanttolivein.ToshapethetechnologicaldevelopmentofAI,weneedeffectivegovernanceframeworksunderpinnedbytheethicalandmoralvaluesweallholddear.

ThatiswhyUNESCOdevelopedthe

RecommendationontheEthicsofArtificialIntelligence

,which193countrieshaveadoptedtomakesureAIdeliversfair,sustainable,andinclusiveoutcomes.TheRecommendationsetsoutthevaluesandprinciplesbasedonprotectinghumanrightsanddignityandtranslatesthemintospecificpolicyareasandrecommendationsforgovernments,premisedonthebeliefthatself-regulation,whichhasuntilnowremainedthenorm,isinsufficient.Weneedcapablegovernmentsthatprotecttheruleoflawonline.Weneedpublicandprivatedevelopersthatareaccountableforputtingpeople—notprofitsorgeopoliticalconsiderations—first.

UNESCO’spolicyapproachrecognizesthatcountriesareatdifferentstagesofAIdevelopment,sowearedeliveringtargetedpolicysupportfordifferentcountries.Despitestrongregulatoryactioninsomeregions,theinstitutionalshapeandcapacitiesofgovernmentsdivergesignificantly.

ThisiswhyMemberStatesaskedUNESCOtodevelopaReadinessAssessmentMethodologytoassistthemin“identifyingtheirstatusatspecificmomentsoftheirreadinesstrajectoryalongacontinuumofdimensions”.TheReadinessAssessmentMethodology(RAM),andthecomplementaryEthicalImpactAssessmenttool,wereofficiallylaunchedon13December2022,duringtheinauguralGlobalForumontheEthicsofAIinPrague,undertheCzechPresidencyoftheEuropeanUnion.WearenowworkingwithseveralcountriesinLatinAmerica,Africa,Asia,andEuropetoimplementthismethodology.

TheRAMencompassesfivedimensions:LegalandRegulatory,SocialandCultural,Economic,ScientificandEducational,andTechnologicalandInfrastructural.Eachdimensionisbrokendownintosub-categoriescontainingqualitativeandquantitativeindicatorsandsub-indicatorsforacohesiveassessment.Inadditiontoprovidingrichinformationaboutthestatusofindividualcountries,theRAMwillalsoprovidecomparativeinformationforcountriestolearnfromeachother.

UNESCO’sSecretariatdesignedthistoolwiththestrongsupportofaregionallybalancedandtransdisciplinaryHigh-LevelExpertGroup,ensuringitwasinformedbyarangeofdiverseperspectives.

ConductingtheReadinessAssessmentwillleadtoacountryreportandaspecificroadmapbuiltinpartnershipwiththeconcernedcountriesandUNESCO’sexpertstosuggestthebestpathsforwardandguidethecountry,particularlythegovernment,inbuildingtheircapacities.ThisincludesstrengtheninghumancapitalandnationalinstitutionsandimplementingandupgradingpoliciesandregulatoryframeworkstoaddressAIchallenges.

WhentheRecommendationwasadoptedinNovember2021,wecollectivelydreamedupavision—onewhereAIisutilized,developed,andappliedethically,forthebenefitofhumanityandourplanet.Inthis,regulationandgovernanceplayanessentialrole.ByleveragingtoolssuchastheRAM,UNESCOhopestoworkcloselywithMemberStates,supportingtheminstrengtheningcapacitiesforinstitutingrobustAIregulation.ThroughtheRAM,Ibelievewecanmoveonestepclosertofulfillingthisethicalvisionforusall.

GabrielaRamos

AssistantDirector-GeneralforSocial

andHumanSciences,UNESCO

5

6

I.Background

InNovember2021,the193MemberStatesofUNESCOsignedtheRecommendationontheEthicsofArtificialIntelligence,

thefirstglobalnormativeinstrumentinitsdomain.TheRecommendationservesasacomprehensiveandactionableframeworkfortheethicaldevelopmentanduseofAI,encompassingthefullspectrumofhumanrights.ItdoessobymaintainingfocusonallstagesoftheAIsystemlifecycle.Beyondelaboratingthevaluesandprinciplesthatshouldguidetheethicaldesign,developmentanduseofAI,theRecommendationlaysouttheactionsrequiredfromMemberStatestoensuretheupholdingofsuchvaluesandprinciples,throughadvocatingforeffectiveregulationandprovidingrecommendationsinvariousessentialpolicyareas,suchasgender,theenvironment,andcommunicationandinformation.

Withthesevalues,principles,andpolicyareasinmind,theUNESCOSecretariatelaboratedaprogrammefortheimplementationoftheRecommendation,withthecoreaimofbuildingnationalcapacitiestodischargetheactionssetoutintheRecommendationandbolsterregulatoryframeworks.

TheRecommendationmandatedthedevelopmentoftwokeytools,theReadinessAssessmentMethodology(RAM)andtheEthicalImpactAssessment(EIA),whichformthecorepillarsoftheimplementation.Thesetoolsbothaimtoassessandpromotetheresilienceofexistinglaws,policiesandinstitutionstoAIimplementationinthecountry,aswellasthealignmentofAIsystemswiththevaluesandprinciplessetoutintheRecommendation.

ThegoalofthisdocumentistoprovidemoreinformationontheReadinessAssessmentMethodology,layoutitsvariousdimensions,anddetailtheworkplanfortheimplementingcountries,includingthetypeofentitiesthatneedtobeinvolved,responsibilitiesofeachentity,andthesplitofworkbetweenUNESCOandtheimplementingcountry.

Instrument:TheRecommendation,inparagraph49,states:“UNESCOrecognizesthatMemberStateswillbeatdifferentstagesofreadinesstoimplementthisRecommendation,intermsofscientific,technological,economic,educational,legal,regulatory,infrastructural,societal,culturalandotherdimensions.Itisnotedthat‘readiness’hereisadynamicstatus.InordertofacilitatetheeffectiveimplementationofthisRecommendation,UNESCOwilltherefore:(1)developareadinessassessmentmethodologytoassistinterestedMemberStatesinidentifyingtheirstatusatspecificmomentsoftheirreadinesstrajectoryalongacontinuumofdimensions;”.

Assuch,theRAMisamacrolevelinstrumentthatwillhelpcountriesunderstandwheretheystandonthescaleofpreparednesstoimplementAIethicallyandresponsiblyforalltheircitizens,insodoinghighlightingwhatinstitutionalandregulatorychangesareneeded.TheoutputsoftheRAMwillhelpUNESCOtailorthecapacitybuildingeffortstotheneedsofspecificcountries.CapacityherereferstotheabilitytoassessAIsystemsinlinewiththeRecommendation,thepresenceofrequisiteandappropriatehumancapital,andinfrastructure,policies,andregulationstoaddressthechallengesbroughtaboutbyAItechnologiesandensurethatpeopleandtheirinterestsarealwaysatthecenterofAIdevelopment.

TheReadinessAssessmentMethodologywasdevelopedbytheUNESCOSecretariatwiththeguidanceoftheHigh-LevelExpertGroup(HLEG)ontheImplementationoftheUNESCORecommendationontheEthicsofAI.TheHLEGiscomposedofmorethan20renownedexperts,actingintheirindividualcapacity.TheSecretariatconductedinitialdeskresearchinordertounpackthedifferentdimensionslistedintheRecommendationintomoreconcreteindicators.

7

TheReadinessMethodologyiscomposedoffivedimensions:Legal/Regulatory,Social/Cultural,Economic,Scientific/Educational,andTechnological/Infrastructural.TodeveloptheRAM,theSecretariatproducedazero-draftmethodologyalongthosedimensions,witheachdimensioncontainingvariousindicators.Theexpertgroupwasdividedintofivesub-groups,witheachdiscussinganassigneddimensionindetail.Thedraftwasthenfurtherrefinedfollowingfeedbackfromtheexperts.

WithineachdimensionoftheRAM,questionsaregroupedunderdifferentcategories.Thesecategoriesarethenunpackedfurtherintospecificindicatorsandsub-indicators.Theseindicatorsincludebothqualitativeandquantitativeindices,settingtheRAMapartfromotherexistingreadinessassessmenttools.Somequantitativeindicesarealreadybeingmeasuredbyandforotherdatabases,resourcesorindexes,butthegoaloftheUNESCORAMistocombinethemwithotherresourcesinordertodeducerelatedconclusions.Countrieswillalwaysbeabletoupdatetheinformationonexistingindicesasneeded,orreportiftheyarecollectingtheneededinformationinanotherway.

Thefinaloutputoftheassessmentwillentailacountryreportthatprovidesacomprehensiveoverviewofthestatusofthereadinessinthecountry,summarizingwherethecountrystandsoneachdimension,detailingongoinginitiatives,andsummingupthestateoftheart.ThisreportwillhelpidentifywhatinstitutionalchangesarerequiredtoelaborateorbolsteraNationalAIStrategy,allowingUNESCOtotailorcapacity-buildingeffortstothespecificneedsofdifferentcountriestoensuretheethicaldesign,developmentanduseofAI.

OneofthegoalsoftheRAMisalsotoprovideMemberStateswithincentivestoboosttheirAIpolicyintheformofevidence,promptingthemtoinvestinconcreteareaswhichrequirefurtherdevelopmentandencouragingthemtocollectdatawhenitislacking,andinthisregard,crosscountrycomparisonforspecifictopicsandforthepurposeofmutuallearning,mightbeenvisaged.

ThefindingsoftheRAMwillalsobesharedonUNESCO’sGlobalObservatory,whichwillenablethesharingofbestpracticesanddialoguebetweencountries.Amidthis,itisimportanttohighlightthattheaimofthisexerciseisnottorankcountriesagainsteachother,butrathertoenablepositiveexchanges,encouragedialogueonbestpracticesanddatatobecollected.

TheimplementationoftheRAMwillbeadaptedtotheuniquecircumstancesandcharacteristicsofthecountry,aswellasinaccordancetothebudgetavailablefortheproject.Ineachbeneficiarycountry,thereadinessassessmentwillbeconductedbyanindependentconsultant/researchorganization,supportedbyaNationalStakeholderTeamcomprisingavarietyofstakeholders,suchaspersonnelfromtheUNESCOSecretariatandUNESCONationalCommission,aswellasrepresentativesfromthecountry’sgovernment,theacademiccommunity,civilsocietyandtheprivatesector,amongothers.

Formoredetailsontheimplementationprocess,pleaserefertotheAnnex.

II.Guidanceforfilling

outtheRAM

ThegoaloftheRAMistoidentifystrengthsandgapsofbeneficiarycountrieswithregardstothecapacitytofacilitatethe

ethicaldesign,developmentanduseofAI,andhowtoaddressthese.Forexample,challengescouldcomefromlackofresources,capacity,orspecificpoliticalchallenges,eachofwhichmayrequiredifferentinstitutionalresponses.ThesefindingswillhelpUNESCOindevelopingausefulanduniqueroadmapforthecountry.TheteamshouldkeepthisinmindwhenfillingouttheRAMandshouldaimtoprovideresponsesthatsupporttheseaims.

Toevaluatethelaws,policiesorstrategiesofthebeneficiarycountry,theRAMtypicallyincludessub-questionsunderindicatorssoastofacilitateamorenuancedassessmentoftheireffectiveness(beyondtheirexistenceornon-existence).Whiletheseprovideausefulsetofcriteria,theteamshouldnotfeelconstrainedbythemandareencouragedtoalsofurnishtheirresponseswithotherdetailsthathavenotbeenexplicitlyrequested,shouldtheyfeelthatthiswouldprovideusefulinsightintospecificstrengths,orchallengesthatneedaddressing.

Forinstance,theRAMrequestsaparticularlylargeamountofdetailedinformationregardingtheNationalAIStrategy(ifitexists)–forexample:whetheritincludesprovisionsformonitoringandevaluationorwhetherbudgetshavebeenallocatedtoaddressrecommendations.TheteamishighlyencouragedtothinkaboutwhetherthesequestionsarerelevantforotherquestionsacrossalldimensionsoftheUNESCORecommendation,eveniftheyarenotexplicitlyasked.

Equally,whiletheRAMaskswhatthemostimportantchallengestodevelopingAIregulationsandpoliciesinthecountryarebroadly,itdoesnotreproducethisquestionacrossthespecificdimensions.Theteamshould,however,makeaconsciousefforttosystematicallyhighlightthespecificchallengestothedevelopmentorimplementationofeffectivepoliciesandregulationswhererelevant,asthisisaparticularlyimportantelementinhelpingUNESCOdevelopthecountryroadmap.

WhiletheteamfillingouttheRAMshouldmakeanefforttoprovideanswerstoallquestions,UNESCOacknowledgesthatduetothecomprehensivenessofthetool,itmightnotalwaysbepossibletoanswereachandeveryquestion.Nevertheless,itwouldbeimportanttoprovidesufficientinformationinordertobeabletocoverallofthecategoriesundereachdimension.

Finally,throughouttheassessment,therearemanyquantitativequestionswhichmaybepre-filledbyreferringto(usuallypubliclyavailable)datasetswheretherelevantdatacanbefound.Thecorrespondingdatasetorresourcethatwillbeutilizedisreferencedforeachrespectiveindicator.Shouldacountrynotbecoveredbyaparticulardataset,theteamcanconsiderwhetheralternative,localdatamaybeused,evenifnotfullycomparable,ifthiscanproviderelevantinsights.

8

III.Questions

1.GENERALQUESTIONS

Thissectioncontainsgeneralquestionsregardingthecountry’sAIgovernancestructureandtheoverallchallengesitfacesinitsdevelopment.

1.1DoesyourgovernmentcurrentlyhaveplanstoimplementtheUNESCORecommendationontheEthicsofAI,1throughestablishinganationalAIEthicsCommissionorthroughothermeasures?

1.2Hasyourgovernmentdoneanyprioritizationregardingthespecificsectorsthatwouldbenefitfromgovernmentintervention(suchasregulation,strategiesorguidelines,etc)regardingAI?

1.3DoesyourgovernmentinformthepublicwhentheyaresubjectedtotheuseofAIsystemsthatprofileormakedecisionsaboutthemintheprovisionofpublicservices?

1.4Whichministry/iesareresponsibleforAIgovernance?Pleaseelaborateonthecompositionoftheteams.

1.5Overall,whatarethemostimportantchallengestodevelopingAIregulationsandpoliciesinthecountry?

2.THELEGALDIMENSION

2.1Background

Thelegal/regulatorydimension(includingthecapacitytoimplementandenforcetheregulatoryframeworks),isakeydimensionaddressingtheinstitutionalandhumancapacityofMemberStatestoimplementtheRecommendationand,moregenerally,tofacethemajorsocietaltransformationscausedbytheincreasedadoptionofAIinallsectorsoftheeconomy.Theregulatoryframeworkshouldincludeaspectsofeffectiveprotection,enforcement,redress,andmonitoringofpotentialharmsrelatedtothedeploymentanduseofAIsystems.ThisincludesassessingwhetherMemberStateshaveadoptedappropriateregulatoryframeworkstoensuretheethicaldevelopmentanddeploymentofAI,aswellasmonitoringandevaluationmechanismsforitsimplementationandenforcement.ThisdimensionshouldhelpmonitortheexistenceandeffectivenessoflawsandconcreteprovisionsimplementingtheRecommendation.Inthecaseofprivacy,thismayinclude,forexample,ensuringcurrentdataprivacyanddataprotectionisnotcompromisedwiththedeploymentofAIsystems,assessingregulationstoensuregenderequality,orpreventingabuseofdominantmarketpositions.

1

/ark

:/48223/pf0000381137

9

2.2Indicatorsforthelegaldimension

2.2.1AIpolicyandregulation

DoesyourcountryhaveanationalAIstrategy?Ifnot,doyouhaveanylegislationorstrategywhich

hasanindirectimpactonAIregulation(forexample,dataprivacyoranti-discriminationlaws,oradigitalstrategy)?Pleaseelaborateandprovidethenameandlinktoanyrelevantdocument(s).

Evaluation:

.1HastheefficacyofthenationalAIstrategybeenassessed?Pleaseelaborateandprovidethelinktoany

relevantdocument(s).

.2

DoesthenationalAIstrategyorequivalentincludeanethicalcomponent?

.3

WasthenationalAIstrategyorequivalentcreatedbyadiverseteam(includingmenandwomen,minorities,etc.)?

.4

WasthenationalAIstrategyorequivalentcreatedwithconsultationfromdifferentstakeholders(academics,businessexecutives,civilsociety,etc.)?

.5

DoesthenationalAIstrategyorequivalentincludereferencestoAIimpactsonhumanrights?

.6

DoestheAIstrategyorequivalentincludeadetailedimplementationplan?

.7

Isthereadedicatedbody/workinggroupleadingtheimplementationoftheAIstrategyorequivalent?

.8

DoestheAIstrategyorequivalentincludebudgetaryallocationsforthemeasuresitrecommends?

.9

DoestheAIstrategyorequivalentrequirethatAIimpactassessmentbeconductedbeforedeploymentincertaindomains?

.10

DoestheAIstrategyorequivalentincludeprovisionsformonitoringandevaluation?

HasyourcountryenactedanybindingAIregulationorsoftlaw(forexampleprocurementguidelines)?IfyourcountryhasnotenactedanyAIregulation,isitintheprocessofenactingsuchregulation?Pleaseelaborateandprovidethenameandlinktoanyrelevantdocument(s),orstatethereasonswhysuchregulationhasnotyetbeenenacted.2

Evaluation:

.1HastheefficacyofthisbindingAIregulationbeenassessed?Pleaseelaborateandprovidethelinktoany

relevantdocument(s).

QUALITATIVE

2SeveralpoliciesandregulationsmaybefoundontheOECDAIObservatory,aliverepositoryofover800AIpolicyinitiativesfrom69countries,

territoriesandtheEU(

https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/overview

).TheOECDAIObservatorywillgenerallybeusefultoanswerpolicy-relatedquestions.TheGovTechDatasetfromtheWorldBank(199countries)mayalsobeuseful:

/search/

dataset/0037889/GovTech-Dataset

(seeindicatorsI-17.1toI-17.7.1).

10

2.2.2Dataprotectionandprivacylaws

QUANTITATIVEScoreofthecountryontheCybersecurityIndex3

QUALITATIVE

Doesyourcountryhaveadataprotectionlaw?4Ifnot,isyourcountryintheprocessofenactingsuch

regulation?Pleaseelaborateandprovidethenameandlinktoanyrelevantdocument(s).

Evaluation:

.1Hastheefficacyofthedataprotectionlawbeenassessed?Pleaseelaborateandprovidethelinktoany

relevantdocument(s).

.2

Doesthedataprotectionlawgiveuserscontrolovertheirdataandallowthemtodeleteit?

.3

Doesthedataprotectionlawmentionanoticeandconsentframeworkandspecifyinwhichcasesitapplies?

.4

Doesthedataprotectionlawincludetransparencyrequirementsondatausage?

.5

Doesthedataprotectionlawincluderequirementsondataminimization?

.6

Doesthedataprotectionlawhighlightcasesinwhichdataprotectionorprivacyimpactassessmentisrequired?

.7

Doesthedataprotectionlawincludespecificrulesforsensitiveinformation(e.g.,healthdata)?

.8

Doesthedataprotectionlawincludeenforcementmechanismsandcompensationschemesincaseofviolation?

.9

Aretheredifferentstandardsofdataprotectionappliedfordatacollectedbypublicvs.privateentities?

.10

Isprivacyand/orrespectforprivateandfamilylifeprotectedunderthedataprotectionlaworanotherlaw?Pleaseprovidethelinktoanyrelevantdocument(s).

.11Doyouhaveadataprotectionentityordataprotectionofficerinyourcountry?Ifyes,whatistheir

mandate?

2.2.3Datasharingandaccessibility

QUANTITATIVE

ScoreofthecountryontheOpenDataInventory5

QUALITATIVE

DidyourcountrysigntheinternationalOpenDataCharter?6

Doyouhaveanationaldatasharingframework?7Ifnot,isyourcountryintheprocessofcreating

one?Pleaseelaborateandprovidethenameandlinktoanyrelevantdocument(s).

Evaluation:

.1Hastheefficacyofthenationaldatasharingframeworkbeenassessed?Pleaseelaborateandprovidethe

linktoanyrelevantdocument(s).

.2

Howdoesthedatasharingframeworkapproachdifferentgeographies,etc.?

data

sharing

betweenthe

public

and

privatesector,

3

/blog/vpn-privacy/cybersecurity-by-country/

4

/page/data-protection-and-privacy-legislation-worldwide

5

/

6

/government-adopters/

7SeeGovernance(G):DataSharingFrameworks:

/module/governance/

11

Doesyourcountryhaveopengovernmentdatapolicies?8Ifnot,isyourcountryintheprocessof

adoptingone?Pleaseelaborateandprovidethenameandlinktoanyrelevantdocument(s).

Evaluation:

.1Hastheefficacyofopengovernmentdatapoliciesbeenassessed?Pleaseelaborateandprovidethelink

toanyrelevantdocument(s).

.2Doestheopengovernmentdatapolicymentionmakingdatasetsavailableandaccessibleforresearch?

QUALITATIVE

2.2.4Procurementlawsandpolicies

QUALITATIVE

Doesyourcountryhavelawsorpolic