2015年12月英语六级真题及答案（卷1-卷3）

2015年12月英语六级真题及答案PartI Writing (30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepicturebelow.Youshouldfocusontheimpactofsocialnetworkingwebsitesonreading.Youarereauiredtowriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartII ListeningComprehension (30SectionAA)TherestaurantofferssomespecialseachTherestaurantisknownforitsfoodvarieties.Thedressingmakesthemixedsaladveryinviting.Thewomanshouldmixtheingredientsthoroughly.A)HetookoverthefirmfromHeisrunningasuccessfulbusiness.Hefailedtoforeseemajorproblems.Heisopeninganewconsultingfirm.A.Someoneshouldbeputinchargeofofficesupplies.Themancanleavethediscsintheofficecabinet.Themanmayfindthesuppliesinthecabinet.Theprinterintheofficehasrunoutofpaper.A)Hehastouseamagnifyingglasstoseeclearly.Thewomancanusehisglassestoread.Hehasthedictionarythewomanwants.Thedictionaryisnotofmuchhelptohim.A)Redecoratingheroffice.Majoringininteriordesign.Seekingprofessionaladvice.Addingsomeofficefurniture.A)Problemsinportmanagement.Improvementofportfacilities.Delayedshipmentofgoods.Shortageofcontainerships.A)Theirboss.Acolleague.Theirworkload.Acoffeemachine.A)Callthehotelmanagerforhelp.Postponetheeventuntilalaterdate.Holdthebanquetatadifferentplace.Getanexperttocorrecttheerror.Questions9to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Hesharessomeofthehouseholdduties.Heoftengoesbackhomelatefordinner.Hecooksdinnerforthefamilyoccasionally.Hedinesoutfromtimetotimewithfriends.A)takehimtodinner.talkaboutabudgetplan.discussanurgentproblem.passonanimportantmessage.A)ForeigninvestorsarelosingconfidenceinIndia'seconomy.ManymultinationalenterprisesarewithdrawingfromIndia.Therearewildfluctuationsintheinternationalmoneymarket.ThereisasharpincreaseinIndia'sbalanceofpaymentdeficit.Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Theyhaveunrealisticexpectationsabouttheotherhalf.Theymaynotbepreparedforalifelongrelationship.Theyformamorerealisticpictureoflife.Theytrytoadapttotheirchangingroles.A)Heisluckytohavevisitedmanyexoticplaces.Heisabletoforgetallthetroublesinhislife.Heisabletomeetmanyinterestingpeople.Heisluckytobeabletodowhatheloves.A)Itisstressful.Itisfulloftime.Itisallglamour.ItischallengingA)Bothered. B)Amazed.C)Puzzled. D)Excited.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerthefourchoicesmarkedA.,B.,C.andD.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetIwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Maintainthetraditionalorganizationalculture.Learnnewwaysofrelatingandworkingtogether.Followcloselythefastdevelopmentoftechnology.Learntoberespectfulinahierarchicalorganization.A)Howtheteamintegrateswithwhatitissupposedtoserve.Howtheteamisbuilttokeepimprovingitsperformance.Whattypeofpersonneltheteamshouldbecomposedof.Whatqualificationsteammembersshouldbeequippedwith.A)Ateammanagermustsetveryclearandhighobjectives.mustconsistofmembersfromdifferentcultures.membersshouldbeknowledgeableandcreative.Ateammanagershoulddevelopacertainsetofskills.Questions19to22arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)ItisaplatformforsharingideasonteachingattheUniversityofIllinois.Itwasmainlyusedbyscientistsandtechnicalpeopletoexchangetext.Itstartedoffasasuccessfulprogrambutwasunabletolastlong.ItisaprogramallowingpeopletoshareinformationontheA)Hevisitedanumberoffamouscomputerscientists.HemetwithanentrepreneurnamedJimClark.Hesoldaprogramdevelopedbyhisfriends.Heinvestedinaleadingcomputerbusiness.A)Theyhadconfidenceinhisnewideas.Theytrustedhiscomputerexpertise.Theywereverykeenonnewtechnology.Theybelievedinhisbusinessconnections.Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Prestigeadvertising.Institutionaladvertising.ofmouthadvertising.Distributingfreetrialproducts.A)sellaparticularproduct.buildupmoteaspecificservice.attracthigh-endconsumers.A)Byusingtheservicesoflargeadvertisingagencies.Byhiringtheirownprofessionaladvertisingstaff.Bybuyingmediaspaceinleadingnewspapers.Bycreatingtheirownadsandcommericais.A)Decideonwhatspecificmeansofcommunicationtoemploy.Conductalarge-scalesurveyoncustomerneeds.Specifytheobjectivesofthecampaignindetail.Pre-testalternativeadsorcommercialsincertainregions.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthopassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillinthoblankswiththeexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Finally,whenthopassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldchockwhatyouhavewritten.Extinctionisdifficultconcepttograsp.Itisan26concept.It'snotatalllikethekillingofindividuallifeformsthatcanberenewedthroughnormalprocessesofreproduction.Norisitsimply27numbers.Norisitdamagethatcansomehowberemediedorforwhichsomesubstitutecanbeound.Norisitsomethingthatsimplyaffectsourowngeneration.Norisitsomethingthatcouldberemediedbysomesupernaturalpower.Itisratheran28andfinalactforwhichthereisnoremedyonearthorinheaven.Aspeciesonceextinctisgoneforever.Howevermanygenerations29usincomingcenturies,noneofthemwilleverseethisspeciesthatweextinguish.Notonlyarewebringingabouttheextinctionoflife30,wearealsomakingthelandandtheairandtheseasotoxicthattheveryconditionsoflifearebeingdestroyed.31basicnaturalresources,notonlyarethenonrenewableresourcesbeing32inafrenzy(疯狂)ofprocessing,consuming,and33,butwearealsominingmuchofourrenewableresources,suchastheverysoilitselfonwhichterrestrial(地球上的)lifedepends.Thechangethatistakingplaceontheearthandinourmindsisoneofthegreatestchangesevertotakeplaceinhumanaffairs,perhapsthegreatest,sincewhatwearetalkingaboutisnotsimplyanotherhistoricalchangeorcultural34,butachangeofgeologicalandbiologicalaswellaspsychologicalorderof35.PartIII ReadingComprehension (40SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthocorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthocentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthowordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itseemstobealawinthetechnologyindustrythatleadingcompanieseventuallylosetheirpositions,oftenquicklyandbrutally.MobilephonechampionNokia,oneofEurope'sbiggesttechnologysuccessstories,wasno36,losingitsmarketshareinjustafewyears.In2007,Nokiaaccountedformorethan40%ofmobilephonesales37Butconsumers'preferenceswerealready38towardtouch-screensmartphones.WiththeintroductionofApple'siPhoneinthemiddleofthatyear,Nokia'smarketshare39rapidlyandrevenueplunged.Bytheendof2013,NokiahadsolditsphonebusinesstoMicrosoft.WhatsealedNokia'sfatewasaseriesofdecisionsmadebyStephenElopinhispositionasCEO,whichhe40inOctober2010.EachdaythatElopspentinchargeofNokia,thecompany'smarketvaluedeclinedby$23million,makinghim,bythenumbers,oneoftheworstCEOinhistory.ButElopwasnottheonlypersonat41Nokia'sboardresistedchange,makingitimpossibleforthecompanytoadapttorapidshiftsintheindustry.Most42,JormaOllila,whohadledNokia'stransitionfromanindustrialcompanytoatechnologygiant,wastoofascinatedbythecompany's43successtorecognizethechangethatwasneededtosustainitscompetitiveness.Thecompanyalsoembarkedona44cost-cuttingprogram,whichincludedthe45eliminationofwhichhadmotivatedemployeestotakerisksandmakemiracles.Goodleadersleftthecompany,takingNokia'ssenseofvisionanddirectionswiththem.Notsurprisingly,muchofNokia'smostvaluabledesignandprogrammingtalentleftaswell.AssumedBiasDesperateDeteriorationExceptionFaultIncidentallyNotablyPreviousRelayedShiftingShrankSubtleTransmittingSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.maychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.EachparagraphismarkedwithaAnswerthequestionsby.markingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.First-GenerationCollege-Goers:UnpreparedandBehindKidswhothefirstintheirfamiliestobravetheworldofhighereducationcomeoncampuswithlittleacademicknow—howandaremuchmorelikelythantheirpeerstodropoutbeforegraduation.WhenNijayWilliamsenteredcollegelastfallasafirst-generationstudentandJamaicanimmigrant,hewasacademicallyunpreparedfortherigorsofhighereducation.Likemanyfirst-generationstudents,heenrolledinamedium-sizedstateuniversitymanyofhishighschoolpeerswerealsoattending,receivedaPellGrant,andtookoutsomesmallfederalloanstocoverothercosts.Giventhehighpriceofroomandboardandtheclosenessoftheschooltohisfamily,hechosetoliveathomeandworkedbetween30and40hoursaweekwhiletakingafullclassschedule.WhatNijaydidn'trealizeabouthisschool-TennesseeStateUniversity-wasitsfrighteninglylowgraduationrate:amere29percentforitsfirst-generationstudents.Attheendofhisfirstyear,NijaylosthisPellGrantofover$5,000afternarrowlymissingthe2.0cut-off,makingitimpossibleforhimtocontinuepayingforschool.NijayrepresentsalargeandgrowinggroupofAmericans:first-generationcollegestudentswhoenterschoolunpreparedorbehind.makemattersworse,theseschoolsareill-equippedtograduatethesestudents-youngadultswhofacespecificchallengesandobstacles.Theytypicallycarryfinancialburdensthatoutweightheseoftheirpeers,aremorelikelytoworkwhileattendingschool,andoftenrequiresignificantacademicremediation(补习).MattRubinoffdirectsI'mFirst,anonprofitorganizationlaunchedlastOctobertoreachouttothisspecificpopulationofstudents.Hehopestodistributethisinformationandhelpprospectivecollege-goersfindthebestpost-secondaryfit.AndwhileRubinoffbelievesthereareagoodnumberoffour-yearschoolsthattrulycareaboutthesestudentsandsetasidesignificantresourcesandprogramsforthem,hesaysthatnumberisn'thighenough."It'snotonlytheselectiveandeliteinstitutionsthatprovidetheseopportunitiesforasmallsubsetofthispopulation,"Rubinoffsaid,addingthatamajorityoffirst-generationundergraduatestendtowardoptionssuchasonlineprograms,two-yearcolleges,andcommuterstateschools."Unfortunately,theretendstobealackofinformationandsupporttohelpstudentsthinkbiggerandbroader."Despitethisproblem,manystudentsarestilldrawntotheseinstitutions--andtwo-yearschoolsinparticular.Asaformerhighschoolteacher,Isawstudentschoosefamiliar,cheaperoptionsyearafterInsteadofskippingoutonhighereducationaltogether,theychosecommunitycollegesorstateschoolswithlowbarsforadmittance."Theyunderestimatethemselveswhenselectingauniversity,"saidDaveJarrat,amarketingexecutiveforInsideTrack,afor-profitorganizationthatspecializesincoachinglow-incomestudentsandsupportingcollegesinordertohelpstudentsthrive."Therealityofitisthatalotoflow-incomekidscouldbegoingtoelitetufiversitiesonafullridescholarshipanddon'tevenrealizeit.""Manystudentsarecomingfromasituationwherenoonearoundthemhastheexperienceofsuccessfullycompletinghighereducation,sotheyarecominginquestioningthemselvesandtheircollegeworthiness,"Jarratcontinued.ThathelpsexplainasI'mFirst'sRubinoffindicated,theschoolstowhichthesestudentsendupresortingcanendupbeingsomeofthepoorestmatchesforthem.TheUniversityofinKnoxvilleoffersoneexampleofthisdilemma.AflagshipuniversityintheSouth,theschoolgraduatesjust16percentofitsfirst-generationstudents,despiteitsoverallgraduationrateof71percent.Locatedonlyafewhoursapart,TheUniversityofandStateareworthcomparing.State'soverallgraduationrateisatiny39percent,butatleastithasasmallergapbetweentheoutcomesforfirst-generationstudentsandtheseoftheirpeers.Still,theUniversityofdeservescreditforbeingtransparent.Manylargeinstitutionskeepthiskindofdatasecret-oratleastmakeitincrediblydifficulttofindTheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill,forinstance,admitsonlythatthegraduationrateforitsfirst-generationpupilsis"muchlower"thanthepercentageofallstudentswhograduatewithinfouryears(81percent).Itisactuallyquitedifficulttofredreliablestatisticsontheissueformanyschools.Highereducationinstitutionsare,underfederalrequiredtoreportgraduationrates,butthesereportstypicallyonlyincludePellrecipientnumbers-notnecessarilyratesspecifictofirst-generationstudents.Otherinitiativesfailtobreakdownthedata,too.Imaginehowintimidatingitcanbeforprospectivestudentsunfamiliarwiththecomplexitiesofhighereducationtonavigatethiskindofinformationandthenidentifywhichschoolsarethebestfit.ItwasthislackofinformationthatpromptedthelaunchofI'mFirstin2013,originallyasanannualofitsumbrellaorganization,theCenterForStudentOpportunity.wecanhelptodirectstudentstomoreofthesetypesofcampusesandhelpstudentstounderstandthemtoberealisticandaccessibleplaces,havethemapplytotheseschoolsatgreaterfrequencyandultimatelygetinandenroll,wearegoingtoraisethesuccessrate,"Rubinoffsaid,citingavarietyofcollegesrangingfromlargestateinstitutionstosmallerprivateschools.ChelseaJones,whonowdirectsstudentprogrammingatI'mFirst,wasafirst-generationcollegestudentatHoward.Likeotherstudentnewtotheintimidatinghigher-educationworld,sheoftenstruggledonherpathtocollege,"Therewasn'treallyacollege-boundcultureatmyhighschool,"shesaid."IwantedtogotocollegebutIdidn'treallyknowtheprocess."Jonesbecameinvolvedwithacollege-accessprogramthroughPrincetonUniversityinhighschool.sheattributesmuchofherunderstandingofcollegetothat:"ButonceIgottocampus,itwasacompletelydifferentballgamethatnoonereallypreparedme"Shewasfortunate,though.Howard,awell-regardedhistoricallyblackcollege,hadanarrayofresourcesforitsfirst-generationstudents,includingmatchingkidswithcounselors,comectingfirst-generationstudentstooneanother,andTRIO,anationalprogramthatsupported200studentsonHoward'scampus.Still,Jonesrepresentsasmallpercentageoffirst-generationstudentswhoareabletogainentryintomoreeliteuniversities,whichareoftenknownforrobustfinancialaidpackagesandremarkablyhighgraduationratesforfirst-generationstudents.(Harvard,forexample,boastsasix-yeargraduationrateforunderrepresentedminoritygroupsof98percent.)Christianafirst-generationgraduate,isanotherexception,hissuccessstorysettinghimfarapartfromstudentssuchas"Thereisalotofsupportattoanextent,afterawhile,thereistoomuchsupport,"hesaid,half-jokingaboutthecountlessresourcesavailableattheschool.Studentsareplacedinsmallgroupswithcounselors(trainedseniorsoncampus);theyhaveaccesstoculturalandethnicaffinity(联系)groups,tutoringcentersandalsohaveasummerorientationspecificallyforfirst-generationstudents(thelatterbeingoneofthemostcommonprogramsforstudents)."Oursupportstructurewasmorelike:'aregoingtogetthroughyouaregoingtodowell,'"hesaid,hintingatmentors(导师),staff,andprofessorswhoallprovidedsignificantsupportforstudentswholackedconfidenceabout"belonging"atsuchatopinstitution.Manyfirst-generationcollege-goershavedoubtsabouttheirabilitiestogetacollegedegree.First-generationcollegestudentstendtohavemuchheavierfinancialburdensthantheirpeers.Thegraduationrateoffirst-generationstudentsatNijay'suniversitywasincrediblySometopinstitutionslikeseemtoprovidefirst-generationstudentswithmoresupportthantheyactuallyneed.Onenteringcollege,NijayWilliamshadnoideahowchallengingcollegeeducationwas.Manyuniversitiessimplyrefusetoreleasetheirexactgraduationratesforfirst-generationstudents.Accordingtoamarketingexecutive,manystudentsfromlow-incomefamiliesdon'tknowtheycouldhaveachanceofgoingtoaneliteuniversity.Someeliteuniversitiesattachgreatimportancetobuildingupthefirst-generationstudents'serf-confidence.I'mFirstdistributesinformationtohelpfirst-generationcollege-goersfindschoolsthataremostsuitableforthem.Eliteuniversitiestendtograduatefirst-generationstudentsatahigherrate.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA.,B.,C.andD.shoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Sayingtheycannolongerignoretherisingpricesofhealthcare,someofthemostinfluentialmedicalgroupsinthenationarerecommendingthatdoctorsweighthecosts,notjusttheeffectivenessoftreatments,astheymakedecisionsaboutpatientcare.Theshift,littlenoticedoutsidethemedicalestablishmentbutalreadycontroversialinsideit,suggeststhatdoctorsarestartingtoredefinetheirroles,frombeingconcernedexclusivelyaboutindividualpatientstoexertinginfluenceonhowhealthcaredollarsarespent.Inpracticalterms,thenewguidelinesbeingdevelopedcouldresultindoctorschoosingonedrugoveranotherforcostreasonsorevendecidingthataparticulartreatment-attheendoflife,forexample-istooexpensive.Intheextreme,somecriticshavesaidthatmakingtreatmentdecisionsbasedoncostisaformofrationing.Traditionally,guidelineshaveheavilyinfluencedthepracticeofmedicine,andthelatestonesareexpectedtomakedoctorsmoreconsciousoftheeconomicconsequencesoftheirdecisions,eventhoughthere'snoobligationtofollowthem.Medicalsocietyguidelinesarealsousedbyinsurancecompaniestohelpdeterminereimbursement(报销)policies.SomedoctorsseeapotentialconflictintryingtobebothprovidersofpatientcareandfinancialOverseers."Thereshouldbeforcesinsocietywhoshouldbeconcernedaboutthebudget,buttheyshouldn'tbefunctioningsimultaneouslyasdoctors,"saidMartinSamuelsataBostonhospital.Hesaiddoctorsriskedlosingthetrustofpatientsiftheytoldpatients,"I'mnotgoingtodowhatIthinkisbestforyoubecauseIthinkit'sbadforthehealthcarebudgetinMassachusetts."Doctorscanfacesomegrimtrade-offs.Studieshaveshown,forexample,thattwodrugsareaboutequallyeffectiveintreatingmaculardegeneration,andeyedisease.Butonecosts$50adoseandtheothercloseto$2,000.Medicarecouldsavehundredsofmillionsofdollarsayearifeveryoneusedthecheaperdrug,insteadofthecostlierone,Lucentis.ButtheFoodandDrugAdministrationhasnotapprovedforuseintheeye.andusingitratherthanthealternative,Lucentis,mightcarryanadditional,altheughslight,safetyrisk.ShoulddoctorsconsiderMedicare'sbudgetindecidingwhattouse?"Ithinkethically(在道德层面上)wearejustworriedaboutthepatientinfrontofusandnottryingtosavemoneyfortheinsuranceindustryorsocietyasawhole,"saidDonaldJensen.Still,someanalystssaythatthere'sarolefordoctorstoplayincostanalysisbecausenotmanyothersaredoingso."Insomeways,"saidDanielSulmasy,"itrepresentsafailureofwidersocietytotakeuptheissueWhatdosomemostinfluentialmedicalgroupsrecommenddoctorsdo?Reflectontheresponsibilitiestheyaresupposedtotake.Paymoreattentiontotheeffectivenessoftheirtreatments.costsintoaccountwhenmakingtreatmentdecisions.Readjusttheirpracticeinviewofthecutsinhealthcare.Whatweredoctorsmainlyconcernedaboutinthepast?Specificmedicinestobeused.Effectsofmedicaltreatment.Professionaladvancement.Patients'trust.Whatmaythenewguidelinesbeingdevelopedleadto?Theredefiningofdoctors'roles.Overuseoflesseffectivemedicines.Conflictsbetweendoctorsandpatients.Theprolongingofpatients'suffering.Whatriskdodoctorsseeintheirdualroleaspatientcareprovidersandfinancialoverseers?Theymaybeinvolvedinaconflictofinterest.Theymaybeforcedtodividetheirattention.Theymayhavetouselesseffectivedrugs.Theymaylosetherespectofpatients.Whatdosomeexpertssayaboutdoctors'involvementinmedicalcostanalysis?Itmayaddtodoctors'alreadyheavyworkloads.Itwillhelptosavemoneyforsocietyasawhole.Itresultsfromsociety'sfailuretotackletheproblem.Itraisesdoctors'awarenessoftheirsocialresponsibilities.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Economicinequalityisthe"definingchallengeofourtime,"PresidentBarackObamadeclaredinaspeechlastmonthtotheCenterforAmericanProgress.Inequalityisdangerous,heargued,notmerelybecauseitdoesn'tlookgoodtohavealargegapbetweentherichandthepoor,butbecauseinequalityitselfdestroysupwardmobility,makingitharderforthepoortoescapefrompoverty."IncreasedinequalityanddecreasingmobilityposeafundamentalthreattotheAmericanDream,"hesaid.ObamaisonlythemostprominentpublicfiguretodeclareinequalityPublicEnemyNo.1andthegreatestthreattoreducingpovertyinAmerica.Anumberofprominenteconomistshavealsoarguedthatit'sharderforthepoortoclimbtheeconomicladdertodaybecausetherungs(横档)inthatladderhavegrownfartherapart.Forallthenewattentiondevotedtothe1percent,anewdamsetfromtheEqualityofOpportunityProjectatHarvardandBerkeleysuggeststhat,ifwecareaboutupwardmobilityoverall,we'revastlyexaggeratingthedangersoftherich—poorgap.Inequalityitselfisnotaparticularlystrongpredictorofeconomicmobility,associologistScottWinshipnotedinarecentarticlebasedonhisanalysisofthisdata.Sowhatfactors,atthecommunitylevel,dopredictifpoorchildrenwillmoveuptheeconomicladderasadtdts?whatexplains,forinstance,whytheSaltLakeCitymetroareaisoneofthe100largestmetropolitanareasmostlikelytoliftthefortunesofthepoorandtheAtlantametroareaisoneoftheleastlikely?HarvardeconomistRajChertyhaspointedtoeconomicandracialsegregation,communitydensity,thesizeofacommunity'smiddleclass,thequalityofschools,communityreligiosity,andfamilystructure,whichhecallsthe"singlestrongestcorrelateofupwardmobility."ChettyfindsthatcommunitieslikeSaltLakewithhighlevelsoftwo-parentfamiliesandreligiosity,aremuchmorelikelytoseepoorchildrengetaheadthancommunitieslikeAtlanta,withhighlevelsofracialandeconomicsegregation.Chettyhasnotyetissuedacomprehensiveanalysisoftherelativepredictivepowerofeachofthesefactors.Basedonmyanalysesofthedata.ofthefactorsthatChettyhashighlighted,thefollowingthreeseemtobemostpredictiveofupwardmobilityinagivencommunity:Per-capita人均)incomegrowthPrevalenceofsinglemothers(wherecorrelationisstrong,butnegative)Per-capitalocalgovernmentspendingInotherwords,communitieswithhighlevelsofper-capitaincomegrowth,highpercentagesoftwo-parentfamilies,andhighlocalgovernmentspending-whichmaystandforgoodschools-arethemostlikelytohelppoorchildrenreliveHoratioAlger'srags-to-richesstory.HowdoesObamavieweconomicinequality?Itisthebiggestobstacletosocialmobility.Itisthegreatestthreattosocialstability.ItistheNo.1enemyofincomegrowth.Itisthemostmalicioussocialevilofourtime.WhatdowelearnabouttheinequalitygapfromScottWinship'sdataanalysis?ItisfastwideningacrossmostpartsofAmerica.Itisnotareliableindicatorofeconomicmobility.Itisnotcorrectlyinterpreted.Itisoverwhelminglyignored.ComparedwithAtlanta,metropolitanSaltLakeCityissaidto haveplacedreligiousbeliefsabovepartypoliticshavebridgedthegapbetweentherichandthepoorofferpoorchildrenmorechancestoclimbthesocialladdersufferfromhigherlevelsofracialandeconomicsegregationWhatisstronglycorrelatedwithsocialmobilityaccordingtoeconomistRajCherty?Familystructure.Racialequality.Schooleducation.Communitydensity.Whatdoestheauthorseemtosuggest?Itisimportanttoincreasethesizeofthemiddleclass.Itishighlyimportanttoexpandthemetropolitanareas.Itismostimperativetofocusoureffortsontheeliminationofincomeinequality.Itisbettertostartfromthecommunitytohelppoorchildrenmoveupthesocialladder.PartIV Translation (30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassageChineseintoEnglish.YoushouldwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet2.机会，他们会坚持自己的决定。即使孩子根本不感兴趣。【参考答案】【参考范文】Aswecanseefromthepicture,apairofloversisdiscussingaboutreading.Toouramusement,theboysayshisfavoritebookisFacebook.Whilethepictureisseeminglyhumorousandridiculous,itisthought-provokingonsecondthought,intendingtoinformusthattheInternethasexertedanimportantimpactonourdailyreading.Opinionsvarywhenitcomestotheimpactofso