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采矿专业英语COALMININGTECHNOLOGYLECTUREDBYZANGCHUANWEI1/45Outline4.1Elementsofmining4.2Conceptofminingmethod4.3Classandapplicationofminingmethod4.4Factorsofminingmethodselection2/454.1ElementsofminingAminingsystemistheresultofintegratedplanningfortheseunitandauxiliaryoperationsandinvolvesdeterminingthemosteffectiveemploymentofequipmentandmachinery.Becauseofthewidevarietyofnaturalconditionsencounteredunderground,differentminingsystemshavebeendeveloped.Theultimateobjectiveis,ofcourse,toprovidethegreatestpossibleproductionandproductivityconsistentwithmaintaininghealthandsafety.3/45NewwordsWallmining：——Drivingtwoormoreentries/gatessomedistanceapart,interconnecting,miningtheriboftheopening-cutonalongwall.工作面：workingface；采煤工作面：coalface切眼：open-offcut区段平巷：panelentry工作面顺槽：gateentry区段运输巷：headgate，区段轨道巷：tailgate工作面运输巷（下顺槽）：headentry工作面回风巷（上顺槽）：tailentry区段回风巷：bleederentry联络巷：crosscut采空区：gob/goaf端头：end4/45NewwordsClassificationofwallminingsystem：(1)accordingtothelengthoftheworkingface:a.Longwallminingb.Shortwallminingc.Pillarmining

(2)accordingtotheminingdirection

a.longwallminingonstrike走向长壁开采(a)mininginadvance/walladvancingmining前进式开采(b)mininginretreat/wallretreatingmining后退式开采b.inclinedlongwallmining倾斜长壁开采(a)underhandmining俯采(b)overhandmining仰采5/45NewwordsThreebasicequipments:Coalminingmachine,coal-gettingmachine采煤机；Shearer，滚筒采煤机Plow，planer刨煤机Faceconveyor工作面运输机Panline,”溜子”Chainconveyor链式运输机Scraperchainconveyor刮板输送机Armoredchainconveyor铠装运输机Roofsupportsystem：顶板支护系统Frictionprop摩擦支柱Frictionmetalprop金属摩擦支柱Hydraulicprop液压支柱Single/Individualhydraulicprop单体液压支柱Hydraulicpoweredself-advancedsupport液压自移式支架Roofsupport顶板支架6/45NewwordsMatch-up配套：（1）Conveyorasthetrackorguideoftheshearer；（2）pullsupportsbyconveyor;（3）pushconveyorbysupport.OtherequipmentsingateentriesStageloader：转载机Panelbeltconveyor区段皮带运输机Electricalcontrolcenter电力控制装置/设备Hydraulicpump

station液压泵站7/45NewwordsBeltfeeder胶带给料机Crusher破碎机Woodencribs木垛Permanentstopping永久性风墙，密闭Regulator调整风窗Checkcurtain调整风帘Intakeair进风Returnair回风Shuttlecarroute梭车运行路线8/454.1IntroductionThoughtheuseofcontinuousminingmachines

consolidatedtheoperationofcutting,drilling,blastinginonemachinethatwouldtheoreticallyprovideuninterruptedproduction,itwassoonrealizedthatthefacehaulageandroofsupportoperationsremainedasmajorimpedimentstocontinuousproduction.Theabilitytoprovidenotonlycontinuouscuttingandloading,butalsocontinuoushaulageandroofsupport,wasthebasisfortheintroductionofmechanizedlongwallsystemsinthiscountryfromEuropein1951.9/454.1IntroductionTheearlysystemsemployedfrictionpropsforroofsupport,butweretobecomeobsoleteshortlyafterintroductionofthefirsthydraulicallypowered,self-advancingsupportsin1960.Sincethen,useoflongwalltechniquehasgrowntothepointwhereitiscurrentlyprovidingmorethan5%oftheannualoutputofundergroundcoalminesintheUnitedStates.10/454.1IntroductionTheshortwallsystemprovidesforcontinuouscutting,loading,androofsupport,buthasnotexperiencedthewidespreadpopularityoflongwallduetoitsinherentinabilitytoeasilyprovideforcontinuoushaulage.Bothofthesesystemsprovideuninterruptedroofsupportforfaceoperationbymeansofhydraulicallypoweredsteelroofsupports.Ineachcase,thecoalremovalconsistsofopen-endcutsmadefromthenarrowendofalargerectangularpillar(panel)whichhasbeenblockedoutbycontinuousminersdevelopingentriesarounditsperimeter.Howeverthisistheextentofthesimilaritiesbetweenthetwosystems.11/454.2Conceptofminingmethod1）stope采场2）coalface采煤工作面3）miningworks/operations回采工作4）winning/miningtechnique采煤工艺5）miningsystem采煤系统6）miningmethod采煤方法12/451）Stope采场Theplacewherealotofcoalsareextracteddirectly.用来直接大量采出煤炭场所。Workingspace“作业空间”13/4514/452）Coalface采煤工作面Thewallwherethecoalisminedinthestope.采场内进行回采煤壁。“狭义”Coalface=stope采煤工作面=采场。“广义”15/4516/453）miningworks/operations

回采工作Miningworks“采煤作业”Basicoperations基本工序：CoalBreaking破煤CoalLoading装煤CoalHauling运煤Auxiliaryoperations辅助工序：Roofsupport工作面支护Gobtreatment采空区处理Auxiliarytransportation辅助运输,ventilation通风,drainage排水,powersupply供电,emulsionsupply供液（乳化液）等。17/454）winning/miningtechnique

采煤工艺Themethodcompletingalltheextractingoperationsaccordingtocertainorderinthecoalfaceandthematch-upoftheseoperations.在采煤工作面内按照一定次序完成各项工序方法及其配合。Breaking,loading,hauling,roofsupport,gobtreatment.“破煤”、“装煤”、“运煤”、“工作面支护”、“采空区处理”。18/455）Miningsystem采煤系统Miningsystemisreferredtolayoutofminingroadways,itisthedrivingsequenceofminingroadwaysandthelocationrelationshipofminingroadways.-回采巷道布置系统，回采巷道在时间上配合以及空间上相互位置关系。19/456）Miningmethod采煤方法Theintegrationofminingsystemandminingtechnique,andthematch-upoftheminspaceandtime.采煤系统和采煤工艺综合及其在时间和空间上配合。20/454.3Classandapplicationofminingmethod

采煤方法分类及应用概况4.3.1Wallminingmethod壁式体系采煤法Dip倾角：走向长壁开采，倾向长壁开采；近水平<8，缓倾斜<25，倾斜25-45，急倾斜>45。大倾角-Thickness厚度：full-seammining整层开采;

slicingmining分层开采。薄1.3m，中厚3.5m，厚5m。极薄，特厚4.2.2Pillarminingmethod柱式体系采煤法21/45Miningmethodclassification1Drymining旱采1）Wallsystem壁式（1）Full-seam整层I单一长壁singlelongwalli走向长壁longwallonstrikeii倾向长壁inclinedlongwallII放顶煤SublevelcavingIII掩护支架Shield（2）Slicingmethod分层I倾斜分层InclinedslicingII水平分层HorizontalslicingIII斜切分层ObliqueslicingIV水平分段放顶煤horizontalsublevelcaving2）Pillarsystem柱式（1）Roomandpillarminingmethod房柱式（2）Roommethod房式2Hydraulicmining水采3Undergroundliquefactionandgasification地下液化和气化22/454.3.1Wallminingmethod

壁式体系采煤法1）Singlelongwallminingmethodinthinormiddlethickcoalseams薄及中厚煤层单一长壁采煤方法Longwallonstrike,longwallontheinclination走向长壁，倾向长壁；Roofcaving垮落法（自然垮落、强制放顶）、packing充填法、pillarsupport刀柱式2）Slicingminingmethodinthickcoalseams

厚煤层分层开采采煤方法（1）gentlyinclinedorinclined缓斜、倾斜厚及特厚：（2）steeplyinclined急倾斜厚煤层：（3）steeplyinclinedcoalseamwithahugethickness急倾斜特厚煤层3）Full-seamminingmethodinthickcoalseams

厚煤层整层开采采煤方法一次采全厚：Sublevelcaving放顶煤、miningwithlargeminingheight大采高；steeplyinclined急倾斜厚煤层：miningoverhead工作面俯斜布置；Shield掩护支架采煤法。4）miningtechnique回采工艺：blastingmining炮采、conventionallymechanizedmining普采、fullymechanizedmining综采。23/454.3.1Wallminingmethod

壁式体系采煤法1）Singlelongwallminingmethod薄及中厚煤层单一长壁采煤方法Longwallonstrike,longwallontheinclination走向长壁，倾向长壁；Roofcaving垮落法（自然垮落、强制放顶）、packing充填法、pillarsupport刀柱式24/451）Singlelongwallminingmethod

单一长壁采煤法Fig.2Singlelongwallminingmethodonstrike图2单一走向长壁采煤法示意图2-tailentry区段回风平巷1-headentry区段回风平巷3-coalface采煤工作面25/45Fig.3Singlelongwallminingmethodalongdip

图3单一倾向长壁采煤法示意图4,5-stripinclinedhaulageorreturn-airroadway分带运输和回风斜巷26/45Fig.4Miningwithcoalpillarsupportingmethod

图4刀柱式采煤法示意图27/454.3.1Wallminingmethod

壁式体系采煤法2）Slicingminingmethodinthickcoalseams

厚煤层分层开采采煤方法（1）gentlyinclinedorinclined缓斜、倾斜厚及特厚：（i）inclinedslicingmethodwithdownwardcavingway倾斜分层下行垮落；（ii）inclinedslicingmethodwithupwardpackingway倾斜分层上行充填。（2）steeplyinclined急倾斜厚煤层：水平分层或斜切分层下行垮落；每个分层2~3m（3）steeplyinclinedcoalseamwithahugethickness急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段放顶煤，类似水平分层，按一定厚度分段，分段底部采取水平分层落煤方法，顶部采取放煤方法。28/45Fig.5Inclinedslicingminingmethodinthickcoalseams

图5厚煤层开采倾斜分层29/45Fig.6Horizontalslicingminingmethodinthickcoalseams

图6厚煤层开采水平分层30/45Fig.7Obliqueslicingminingmethodinthickcoalseams

图7厚煤层开采斜切分层31/453）Singlelongwallminingmethod

厚煤层整层开采3）Full-seamminingmethodinthickcoalseams

厚煤层整层开采采煤方法一次采全厚：Sublevelcaving放顶煤、miningwithlargeminingheight大采高；steeplyinclined急倾斜厚煤层：overheadmining工作面俯斜布置；Softshield柔性掩护支架采煤法。32/45FeatureofWallMiningmethod

壁式采煤法特点Features：（1）thecoalfaceisusuallylong.采煤工作面长度较长；（2）Atleast2entriesisneededintheendofthefaceandusedforventilationandhaulage.采煤工作面两端最少各有一条巷道，用于通风运输;（3）Gobareamustbetreatedaccordingtoplanwiththeadvanceofcoalface.伴随工作面推进，有计划处理采空区;（4）Theextractedcoalistransportedparalleltocoalface.采下煤沿平行于工作面方向运出采场。33/454.3.2Pillarminingmethod

柱式体系采煤法Shortcoalfaceasthemark.短工作面为其主要标志Class:Room,roomandpillar.柱式体系采煤法包含：房式采煤法、房柱式采煤法。Coalminingprocess采煤过程：Drivingrooms掘煤房；Drivingcrosscuts掘联络巷；Extractingcoalpillars回收煤柱；Miningoperations工艺：Breaking-continuousminer破：连续采煤机Loading装：连续采煤机Hauling–shuttlecaroruniversalextensibleconveyor运：梭车，万向接长机Support–bolting支：锚杆支护，履带式液压支架Gobtreatment–pillarsupportingorcaving处：煤柱支撑或垮落法34/45FeatureofPillarminingmethod

柱式采煤法特点（1）Coalfaceisshort,numberisgreat.Theequipmentofminingroomandextractingpillaristhesame.采煤工作面长度短，数目多，采房和回收煤柱设备合一；（2）Groundpressureisweak,roofsupportandgobtreatmentissimple.矿山压力较弱，支护和处理采空区简单；（3）theextractedcoalistransportedperpendiculartothecoalfaceandtheequipmentscanmovebythemselves,sotheyareflexible.采下煤沿垂直于工作面方向运出采场，采煤配套设备均能自行行走，灵活性强；（4）ventilationconditionisbadandtheminingrecoveryrateislow.工作面通风条件差，采出率低。AdaptableconditionsThinormiddle-thickcoalseamswithasmalldipwhicharenotburieddeeply埋藏较浅近水平薄及中厚煤层。35/45Roomandpillarminingmethod1.Room2.Pillar3.PillarrecoveryAdvancingdirection36/45BASICMININGMETHODSCoalminingmethodSurfaceminingUndergroundmining

Bord（矿房）andpillarminingLongwallminingLongwalladvancingLongwallretreating37/45BASICMININGMETHODSCoalseamscanbeminedbothbyundergroundmethodsandsurfaceminingmethodsdependingoncertainconditions,e.g.,thicknessanddipoftheseam,depthandoccurrence,theratioofoverburdentocoal,etc.Theretwobasicundergroundminingmethodswhicharei)bordandpillarminingmethod;ii)longwallminingmethod.38/45BordandpillarminingmethodFundamentally,thebordandpillarmethodofminingcoalseamsinvolvesthedrivingofaseriesofnarrowheadingsintheseamparalleltoeachotherandconnectedbycrossheadingssoastoformpillarsforsubsequentextraction,eitherpartialorcomplete,asgeologicalconditionsornecessityforsupportingthesurface,maypermit.Ideally,thepillarsshouldbesquarebuttheyaresometimesrectangularorrhombusshapeandthegalleriessurroundingthepillarsareinvariablyofsquarecross-section.39/45BordandpillarminingmethodThebordandpillarmethodofminingissuitedtoworkflatcoalseamsofaveragethicknessandshallowdepths.Coalseamsof1.8to3mthicknessarebestsuitedforthismethod,thoughthismethodhasbeensuccessfulinthinnerseamsalsodowntoathicknessof1.2mandinthickerseamsupto4.8minthickness.Inseamswithgradientsofmorethan1in4difficultiesareencounterinmanoeuringmachines.Mostofthebordandpillarmethodofcoalmininghasbeendowninrangelessthan300masatgreaterdepthpillarsexperiencecrush.HoweverinIndiainsomecasesthedepthofminingbybondandpillarmethodshasbeenaround600m.40/45LongwallminingmethodInthecaseofretreatinglongwallthefaceisretreatedbackwards,thegoafisallowedtocaveinoritisfilledandthegateroadwayislostinthegoaf.Thismethodcanbeemployedalmostinallgeologicalconditions,thoughitiseminently

suitedforworkingthinnerseams,i.e.,seamslessthan1.8mthick;itisals