全国疾控卫生应急培训之6-Emergencyexercises演练基本知识（美国疾控中心）

Lesson#1

课程#1

ExerciseBasics

演练根本知识CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention美国疾病预防控制中心Objectives具体目标AftercompletingLesson1,youwillbeableto:在完成课程1后，你将能够：•Distinguishbetweendifferentexercisetypes.区分不同类型的演练Identifythemaingoalsforconductingexercises.确定开展演练的主要目的•Describethebuildingblockapproachtoexercises.描述开展演练的模块化方法Lesson1-Exercisebasics

练习1-演练根本知识 Exercise– Somethingperformedorpracticedinordertodevelop,improve,ordisplayaspecificpowerorskill.演练-为开展、提高或者展示特定的能力或技能而开展的活动 -Merriam-Webster'sDictionaryDisasterexerciseprograms

防灾演练Disasterexerciseprogramsshould:防灾演练应该：beginwithanassessmentofriskandcapabilities首先对风险和能力进行评估focusonspecificcapabilitieswithintheplanratherthanspecificthreats注重预案中的特定能力而不是特定威胁resultinimprovedexecutionoftheplanthroughtrainingandrevisionoftheplan最后通过培训和预案修订以提高预案执行能力Theplanningcycle

预案编制循环TRAINPLANEXERCISEIMPROVE培训回顾执行情况Describetasks预案演练完善学习Learntasks描述PerformtasksReviewperformanceoftasks执行Reasonsforconductingexercises

实施演练的原因Evaluateoperationsandplans.评估实际操作和预案Reinforceteamwork.加强团队协作Demonstrateresolvetoprepareforemergenciesanddisasters.验证处置突发事件和灾难的解决能力Clarifyrolesandresponsibilities.明确职责Reasonsforconductingexercises

实施演练的原因Improveinteragencycoordination.提高部门间协作Findresourcegaps.找出资源差距Developindividualperformance.提高个人能力Identifyopportunitiesforimprovement有时机完善预案Ultimately,weexercisetoimproveexecutionoftheplanwhenitisneededmost最终，我们演练的目的是在紧要关头提高预案的执行力TypesofExercises

演练类型Discussion-basedexercises讨论式的演练Tabletopexercise

桌面推演Operations-baseexercises操作式的演练

Drills

操练Functionalexercise

专项演练FullScaleexercise

综合演练Discussion-basedexercises

讨论式的演练Provideaforumfordiscussingordevelopingplans,agreements,trainingandprocedures.举办一个讨论会，进行讨论和编写预案，取得共识，开展培训及梳理流程Aregenerallylesscomplicatedthatoperations-basedtypes.通常没操作式演练那么复杂Typicallyfocusonstrategic,policy-orientedissues.通常关注策略性、政策导向性问题Donotinvolvedeploymentofresources.不涉及动用资源PrimarilyTabletopExercises主要是桌面推演•Tabletopexercises

桌面推演

Involveseniorstaff,governmentofficials,orotherkeypersonnel涉及资深的工作人员，政府官员或者其他关键人物Informalgroupdiscussion非正式小组讨论Usedtotestexistingplans,policies,orprocedureswithoutincurringthehighcosts用于检验现有预案、政策或操作流程，而无需花费太多Allowsparticipantstoworkthroughaproblemwithoutthepressureofanoperations-basedexercise允许参与人员在没有操作式演练的压力下处理问题Goalsofatabletopexercise:

桌面推演的目标:Inatabletopexercise,participants:在桌面推演中，参与人员：Identifystrengthsandshortfalls.发现优缺点•Enhanceunderstandingofnewconcepts.增进对新概念的理解•Seektochangeexistingattitudesandperspectives.寻求改变现有态度和观点的时机Tabletopexercise

conductcharacteristics:

桌面推演的特征：•

Requiresanexperiencedfacilitator.需要有经验的辅助人员•In-depthdiscussion.深度的讨论•Slow-pacedproblemsolving.慢速地解决问题Operations-basedexercises

操作式的演练Deploymentofresourcesandpersonnel.动用资源和人力Morecomplexthandiscussion-based.比讨论式的演练更加复杂Requireexecutionofplans,policies,agreements,andprocedures.需要执行预案、政策、共识和操作流程Operations-basedexercises

操作式的演练Clarifyrolesandresponsibilities.明确职责Improveindividualandteamperformances.验证和提高个人和团队的执行能力Includes

drills,functionalexercisesandfull-scaleexercises.包括操练、专项演练和综合演练Drills操练Asupervisedactivitythattestsaspecificoperation

orfunctionofasingleagency.一种监督下的行为，此行为用于检验单一机构特定的运作或功能Goalsofadrill:

操练的目的：Inadrill,participants:在操练中，参与人员：•Gettrainingonnewequipment.得到新装备的培训•Testnewprocedures.检验新的操作流程•Practiceandmaintainskills.练习和维护技能Prepareformorecomplexexercises.准备更加复杂的演练Characteristicsofdrillconduct

操练的特征

Immediatefeedback.迅速反响Realisticbutisolatedenvironment.真实但孤立的环境Functionalexercise

专项演练Afunctionalexerciseisasingleormulti-agencyactivitydesignedtoevaluatecapabilitiesandmultiplefunctionsusingsimulatedresponse.专项演练是单个或者多个机构的行为，该行为通过假设的应急响应来评价能力和多种功能Goalsofafunctionalexercise:

专项演练的目的：Inanfunctionalexercise,participants:在专项演练中，参与人员：•EvaluatemanagementofEmergencyOperationsCenters,commandposts,andheadquarters.评估应急指挥中心、指挥所和指挥部的管理•Assessthecapacityofresponseplansandresources.评估应急预案和资源的能力Functionalexerciseconductcharacteristics:

专项演练的特征：Simulateddeploymentofresourcesandpersonnel.假设动用了资源和人力Rapidproblemsolving.快速解决问题Highlystressfulenvironment.高度紧张环境Fullscaleexercise

综合演练

Afull-scaleexerciseisahigh-stressmulti-agency,multi-jurisdictionalactivityinvolvingactualdeploymentofresourcesinacoordinatedresponse,asifarealincidenthadoccurred.

综合演练是高度紧张的多机构跨领域的行为，该行为在协调处置情况下实际动用资源，就像突发事件真的发生一样。Goalsofafullscaleexercise:

综合演练的目标：Inanfullscaleexercise,participants:在综合演练中，参与人员：•Assessplansandproceduresundercrisisconditions.在危机下评估预案和操作流程•Evaluatecoordinatedresponsesundercrisisconditions.在危机下评估协同处置能力Fullscaleexerciseconductcharacteristics:

综合演练的特征：Mobilizationofunits,personnel,andequipment.动用部门、人员和设备Scriptedexercisescenario.设定的演练场景Stressful,realisticenvironment紧张真实的环境SummaryofExerciseCharacteristics

演练特征的概要Tabletop(discussion-based)桌面推演（讨论式）–Seniorstaff,electedorappointedofficials,orother

keypersonnel.

–资深工作人员，遴选出或指定的官员，或其它关键人员Testsexistingplans,policies,orprocedures.Lowcost,Lowstressenvironment

检验现有预案、政策或操作流程。低成本，低压力环境SummaryofExerciseCharacteristics

演练特征的概要Drills–(operations-based)操练–（操作式）Testaspecificoperation

orfunctionofasingleagency;检验单个机构特定的运作或功能Gaintrainingonnewequipment,testnewprocedures,practiceandmaintainskills.获得新装备的培训，检验新的操作流程，练习和维持技能Prepareformorecomplexexercises.

准备更加复杂的演练SummaryofExerciseCharacteristics

演练特征的概要Functional–(operations-based)专项–（操作式）Asingleormulti-agencyactivitydesignedtoevaluatecapabilities,multiplefunctions.为单个或多个机构的行为，该行为用于评估能力和多种功能Simulateddeploymentofresourcesand

personnel.假设动用资源和人力Requiresrapidproblemsolving,highlystressfulenvironment.需要快速解决问题，高度紧张的环境SummaryofExerciseCharacteristics

演练特征的概要Fullscale–(operations-based)综合–（操作式）Amulti-agency,multi-jurisdictionalactivity.多机构、跨领域的行为Involvesactualdeploymentofresourcesinacoordinatedresponse,asifareal

incidenthadoccurred.协同处置时实际动用资源，犹如突发事件真的发生Uses