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第一节内分泌学概述Section1TheOverviewofEndocrinology

一、内分泌学的基本概念一、BasicconceptsofEndocrinology(一)内分泌(endocrine):腺体或组织细胞分泌一种或多种生物活性物质,这些物质在局部或通过血液运输,到达某一激素敏感的靶器官或靶组织,调节其分泌或代谢功能,这种现象称为内分泌。

It‘saphenomenathatoneormorebiologicallyactivesubstanceswhichreleasedfromendocrinetissueorglandsintothebloodstreamthatattachtotargettissueandregulatemanyfunctionsofsecretionormetabolism.内分泌学(endocrinology):研究内分泌现象及其本质的科学。It’sascienceofstudyingthephenomenaandessenceofendocrine。第一章家畜生殖内分泌学

Chapter1Reproductiveendocrinologyindomesticanimals第一节内分泌学概述第一章家畜生殖内分泌学

1细胞外信息传递的方式共6类

TherearesixmodesofIntercellularcommunication.

(1)内分泌:经血液循环传递。大多数激素以这种方式传播。

(1)

Endocrine:Thehormonestransmitthroughthebloodcirculation.

Mosthormonesspreadinthisway.细胞外信息传递的方式共6类

Therearesixmo2(2)旁分泌:经组织液直接作用于邻近的细胞

(2)Paracrine:Thehormones

directlyactontheadjacentcells.(2)旁分泌:经组织液直接作用于邻近的细胞

(2)Pa3(3)自分泌:作用于分泌细胞自身

(3)Autocrine:Thehormonesarereleasedandactonthecellthatsecretedthem(3)自分泌:作用于分泌细胞自身

(3)Autocr4(4)近分泌或并置分泌:需要细胞与细胞的接触。膜结合细胞因子与邻近细胞(靶细胞)的受体相作用

(4)Juxtacrine:Involvingspecificcell-to-cellcontacts.Theinteractionofmembrane-boundformswiththeirreceptorsonanadjacentcell(4)近分泌或并置分泌:需要细胞与细胞的接触。膜结合细胞因子5(5)胞内分泌:某些细胞因子分泌后很快内化,与其自身内部受体作用

(5)Intracrine:Steroidhormonesactthroughintracellularreceptors,andhormonesactwithinthecellthatproducesthem

(6)逆分泌:可溶性受体与远端靶细胞上正常分泌的膜结合细胞因子相互作用

(6)Rertocrine:solubleformsofreceptorsthatarenormallyacomponentofthecellsurfacemembraneinteractwithdistanttargetcellsbybindingtomembrane-boundformsofcytokines(5)胞内分泌:某些细胞因子分泌后很快内化,与其自身内部受体6自分泌、旁分泌与内分泌

Autocrine、ParacrineandEndocrine自分泌、旁分泌与内分泌

Autocrine、Paracrin7内分泌与外分泌的比较

ThecomparationofEndocrineandExtrocrineEndocrineglandsExcrineglandshormoneglandcellglandcellbloodstreamcatheterepidermismammaryglandsweatgland内分泌与外分泌的比较

Thecomparationof8二、内分泌系统的主要生理作用及其调节

二、Themainphysiologicalactionandregulationofendocrinesystem(一)内分泌系统的生理作用(一)Thephysiologicalactionofendocrinesystem1.保证机体内环境的相对稳定1.Maintenanceoftheinternalenvironmentinthebody(1)控制消化道运动及消化腺的分泌(1)Regulatethedigestivemovementandthesecretionofdigestiveglands二、内分泌系统的主要生理作用及其调节

二、Themain9(2)控制能量产生(2)Regulatetheproduceofenergy(3)控制细胞外液的组成和容量(3)Regulatethecompositionandcapacityofextracellularfluid

2.调节机体与外界环境的相对平衡2.Regulatetherelativebalanceoforganismandexternalenvironment

3.调节生殖功能3.RegulatetheReproductivefunctions(2)控制能量产生10(二)内分泌系统的调节作用(二)Theregulatingactionofendocrinesystem1.内分泌腺功能的相互调节1.ThemutualregulateofEndocrineaction

2.神经系统和内分泌系统的相互调节2.Themutualregulateofnervoussystemandendocrinesystem3.神经系统-内分泌系统-体液之间的相互调节3.Themutualregulateofnervoussystem、endocrinesystemandbodyfluid4.神经-内分泌-免疫调节网络4.Nerve-endocrine-immuneregulationnetwork

(二)内分泌系统的调节作用11三、激素作用的特点

三、Thecharacteristicsofhormoneaction

(一)激素作用的基本特点(一)Thebasiccharacteristicsofhormoneaction

特异性

Specificity高效性

Highefficiency协同性与颉颃性

CooperativityandAntagonistic复杂性

complexity

(1)一种激素多种作用;(1)Onehormonemaytriggermultipleresponses

(2)一种功能多种激素(2)Onephysiologicalprocessmaybecontrolledbymanydifferenthormones三、激素作用的特点

三、Thecharacteristic12(二)受体与激素作用

(二)Hormonereceptors1.受体的基本特性ThebasiccharacteristicsofReceptor识别和结合

受体某一部分的立体构象具有高度选择性,能准确识别并特异性结合某些立体特异性配体,这种特定结合部位也称为受点(receptorsite)。单一细胞可能存在不同类型的受体。配体指细胞外信息物质或称为第一信使,如激素。能激活受体的配体称为激动剂(agonist),能抑制受体活性的配体称为颉颃剂(antagonist)。Recognitionandcombine:Acertainpartofthethree-dimensionalconformationofreceptorshavehighlyselective,whichcanhelpaccuratelyidentifyandspecificitycombinedligands,thoseparticularcombinepartcalledreceptorsite.Singlecellmayexistdifferenttypesofreceptors.Ligandsaretheextracellularinformationsubstancesorcalledfirstmessenger,suchashormones.Ligandswhichcanactivatethereceptorcalledagonists,canrestrainreceptor’sactivitycalledantagonist.(二)受体与激素作用

(二)Hormonerece13传导信号

第一信使与受体相互作用产生的信号,通过第二信使将获得的信息增强、分化、整合并传递给后续的效应机制。

Conductsignals:

Thesignalsproducedfromtheinteractionoffirstmessengerandreceptors,throughthesecondmessengerwillbeenhanced,differentiation,integratedandpassedtothesubsequenteffectmechanism.产生相应的生理效应

依每种激素的不同,产生的生理效应也不相同

Producethecorrespondingphysiologicaleffect:

Differenthormoneswillproducedifferentphysiologicaleffects.特异性一种特定的受体,只与其特定配体结合而产生特定效应。specificity:Aspecificreceptor,onlycombiningwithaparticularligandcanproducecertaineffect.传导信号第一信使与受体相互作用产生的信号,通过第二信使14饱和性配体与受体达到最大结合后,不再随配体浓度增高而加大。saturability:Whenthecombinationofligandsandreceptorsreachmaximum,itwillnotincreasingwiththedensityofligands.组织特异性以不同密度存在于靶细胞的不同区域。Organizationspecificity:Withdifferentdensityexistsindifferentareasofthetargetcells.高亲和性配体的表观解离常数Kd值应在10-9~10-12mol之间。Highaffinity:TheKdofligandsrangesfrom10-9to10-12Molar

结合可逆性配体与受体的复合物可以解离,也可被其他配体置换。Combiningreversibility:Theinteractionisreversibleandhoweasilythehormoneisdisplacedfromthereceptorisaquantitationofitsaffinity.饱和性配体与受体达到最大结合后,不再随配体浓度增高而加大152.激素及其受体

2.HormonesandtheirreceptorsHormoneClassofhormoneLocationofreceptorAmine(epinephrine)肾上腺素Water-solubleCellsurfaceAmine(thyroidhormone)LipidsolubleIntracellularPeptide/proteinWatersolubleCellsurfaceSteroidsandVitaminDLipidSolubleIntracellular2.激素及其受体

2.Hormonesandthei16四、激素的分类及转运方式

四、Theclassificationandtransfermodeofhormones

(一)激素的分类

(一)Theclassificationofhormones

根据化学性质不同可分为3类:含氮激素(蛋白质、多肽

、胺类激素);类固醇激素(甾体激素);脂肪酸激素。Accordingtothechemicalproperties,hormonescanbedividedintothreegroups:Nitrogenhormone(protein、polypeptide、Amines);Steroidhormones;Fattyacidhormone.根据产生部位不同可分为8类:松果腺激素;丘脑下部激素;垂体前叶激素;胎盘激素;性腺激素;神经垂体(垂体后叶)激素;局部激素;外激素Accordingtogenerateposition,hormonescanbedividedintoeightgroups:Pinealhormone;HypothalamicHormones;Anteriorpituitaryhormone;Placentalhormones;Gonadalhormones;Neurohypophysis(posteriorpituitary)hormones;Topicalhormones;Pheromone

四、激素的分类及转运方式

四、Theclassificat17Cholesterol

胆固醇

Pregnenolone

孕烯醇酮

Cholesterol

胆固醇

Pregnenolone

18(二)激素的转运方式(二)Thetransfermodeofhormones1.含氮激素:

产生后常贮存于该腺体内,当机体需要时,分泌到邻近的毛细血管中。1.

Nitrogenhormones:Thehormonesstoredintheglandswhichproducedthem.Whenthebodyisneeded,thehormoneswillsecreteintoneighboringcapillaries.

2.类固醇激素:产生后立即释放,并不贮存。2.Steroidhormones:Thehormonesreleasedimmediatelyafterproduce,anddidn’tstoredintheglands.3.脂肪酸类激素:

只有前列腺素。当机体需要时,边分泌边应用,并不贮存。3.Fattyacidhormone:OnlyincludingProstaglandin.Whenthebodyisneeded,thehormoneswillbeusedalongofit’sproduce,anddidn’tstoredintheglands.(二)激素的转运方式19生殖激素概念TheconceptofReproductiveHormone

直接影响动物生殖机能的激素称为生殖激素。Hormoneswhichdirectlyaffectsthefunctionofanimalreproductivecalledreproductivehormone.调节(regulation):母畜:发情、排卵、生殖细胞在生殖道内的运行、胚胎附植、怀孕、分娩、泌乳、母性、以及生殖器官发育;Infemaleanimals:itcanregulateestrus,ovulation,therunningofgermcellsingenitalmeatus,embryoimplantation,pregnancy,parturition,lactation,maternal,andthedevelopmentofreproductiveorgans;公畜:精子的生成、副性腺分泌、性欲、生殖器官发育。Inmaleanimals:itcanregulatespermproduction,vicegonadsecretion,libidoandthedevelopmentofreproductiveorgans.第二节生殖激素

Section2ReproductiveHormone

生殖激素概念第二节生殖激素

Section2R20一、松果体激素

一、Pinealhormone松果腺内存在三类激素:Inthepineal,existthreetypesofhormone

第一类为吲哚类,主要有MLT、5-HT和5-甲氧色胺等;Thefirsttypeofhormoneisindole,includingMLT,5-HTand5-Methoxytryptamine.第二类为肽类,如8-精加催产素(AVT)、8-赖加催产素(LVT)、GnRH及TRH等;Thesecondtypeofhormoneispeptide,includingAVT,LVT,GnRHandTRH.第三类为PGsThethirdtypeofhormoneisPGs.一、松果体激素

一、Pinealhormone松果腺内存在21褪黑素(melatonin)MLT1958年由利勒尔(Lerner)首次从牛松果腺中分离出来,其结构为:5-甲氧基-N-乙酰色胺,属吲哚类。Melatoninfirstisolatedfromcattlepinealin1958,it’schemicallystructureis:N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine,belongingtoindole.生理作用:physiologicalaction:(1)可使皮肤褪色;(1)Melatonin

canmakeskinfade

(2)抗性腺、抗甲状腺、抗肿瘤;

(2)Melatoninhavefunctionsofantigonad,antithyroidandantitumor.

(3)镇静、镇痛、应激、睡眠、调节生物节律、增强免疫力。(3)Melatoninhavefunctionsofcalm,analgesic,stress,sleep,adjustbiothythmandenhanceimmunity.褪黑素(melatonin)MLT1958年由利勒尔(Le22分泌调节:黑暗刺激合成,光照抑制释放。因此,随光照条件昼夜波动,黑暗高、白天低。Secretionregulation:darknesscanstimulatingthesynthesisofmelatonin,butilluminationrestrainedit’srelease.Therefore,withthefluctuationofIlluminationconditiondayandnight,thecontentofmelatoninishighindarkness,lowindaytime.靶细胞:垂体促性腺细胞。Targetcells:

Pituitarygonadotrophiccells

作用机理:对抗性腺的作用就是通过抑制垂体促性腺细胞对促性腺激素释放的应答来实现。Mechanism:Thefunctionofagainstgonadisrealizedbyrestrainingtheresponseofpituitarygonadotrophiccellstogonadotrophic.分泌调节:黑暗刺激合成,光照抑制释放。因此,随光照条件昼夜波23松果腺激素的临床意义ClinicalsignificanceofPinealhormone1.调节繁殖季节:这与日照的长度有关----表现松果体对性腺功能的季节性抑制作用。人类可以通过控制光照,来调节动物的性活动周期,引发母畜发情。1.Ragulatebreedingseason:

Thisrelatetothelengthofsunshine,displayingintheseasonalrestrainofpinealglandtothegonad.Humanscanthroughcontrollingtheillumination,toadjusttheanimal’ssexualactivitycycleandtriggerdam’sestrus.2.治疗神经系统疾病:MLT可加强中枢抑制过程,来治疗神经兴奋性疾病。2.

Curediseasesofnervoussystem:MLTcanstrengthenthecentralinhibitionprocess,tocurenervousexcitatorydisease

松果腺激素的临床意义24二、丘脑下部激素

二、HypothalamicHormones丘脑下部是间脑的一部分,位于间脑之下,并构成第三脑室的一部分及其底部。主要包括视交叉、灰结节、乳头体、正中隆起、漏斗及垂体神经部6部分。Thehypothalamusoccupiesonlyaverysmallportionofthebrain.Itconsistsoftheregionofthethirdventricle,extendingfromtheopticchiasmatothemammillarybodies.丘脑下部与垂体前叶(腺垂体)的激素传递是通过丘脑下部-垂体门脉系统进行的。thehormonedeliveryofHypothalamusandanteriorpituitary(adenohypophysis),isaccomplishedthroughthehypothalamus-pituitaryportalsystem.丘脑下部激素有:GnRH、PRF及PIF等。TheHypothalamicHormonesincludingGnRH、PRFandPIF.二、丘脑下部激素

二、HypothalamicHormon25GnRH英文:Gonadotropinreleasinghormone包括:including促黄体素释放激素(LRH),促卵泡素释放激素(FSHRH)因此,在生理功能上既有LRH样作用,又有FSHRH样作用,但以LRH样作用为主。Thus,

GnRHhavethefunctionofbothLRHandFSHRH,mainlyisLRH.1.化学结构10肽:焦谷--组—色—丝--酪--甘--亮--精--脯--甘氨酰胺1.

Chemicalstructure

GnRHisadecapeptide(10aminoacids):pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NHGnRH英文:Gonadotropinreleasing262.生理作用及临床应用

2.Physiologicalactionanditsclinicalapplication

刺激垂体前叶释放促黄体素和促卵泡素,主要为促黄体素。Stimulatinganteriorpituitarytoreleaseluteinizinghormone(LH)andfollicle-stimulatinghormone(FSH),mainlyisluteinizinghormone(LH).促进排卵Promoteovulation

对雄性,促进精子的形成Tomale,canpromotetheformationofsperm

对家禽可提高产蛋率Topoultry,Canimprovetherateegglaying.2.生理作用及临床应用

2.Physiologicala273.分泌调节Secretionregulation

既受高级神经中枢的控制,又受生殖激素的反馈调节。GnRHisaffectedbytheadvancednervesystemandthefeedbackregulationofreproductivehormone.神经调节:去甲肾上腺素能促进LRH释放,5-羟色胺抑制LRH的释放。nervousregulation:PhenylephrinecanpromotethereleaseofLRH,serotonininhibitthereleaseofLRH.反馈调节:长反馈、短反馈和超短反馈三套反馈调节机理。feedbackregulation:includinglongfeedback,shortfeedbackandultra-shortfeedback.临床制品:促排卵素3号、促排卵素2号ClinicalProducts:LRH-A3、LRH-A2.3.分泌调节Secretionregulation28三、促性腺激素

三、Gonadotropichormone

垂体包括:垂体前叶(腺垂体)和垂体后叶(神经垂体)Pituitaryincludinganteriorpituitary(adenohypophysis)andposteriorpituitary(neurohypophysis)垂体前叶分泌:Anteriorpituitarycanrelease:

Prolactin(PRL),Growthhormone(GH),Thyroidstimulatinghormone(TSH),Adrenocorticotropichormone(ACTH)肾上腺皮质激素,Follicle-stimulatinghormone(FSH),Luteinizinghormone/Interstitialcellstimulatinghormone间质细胞剌激素(LH/ICSH).三、促性腺激素

三、Gonadotropichormone29垂体后叶分泌:OTPosteriorpituitarycanrelesse:OT

(一)垂体前叶促性腺激素

(一)

Anteriorpituitarygonadotropichormone1.促卵泡素FSH英文:Folliclestimulatinghormone(1)化学性质:糖蛋白

(1)ChemicalProperties:glycoprotein(2)半衰期:血浆中半衰期为6小时

(2)half-lifeperiod:inplasma,thehalf-lifeperiodissixhours.垂体后叶分泌:OT30(3)主要生理作用

(3)Themainphysiologicalaction

剌激卵泡的生长发育:H+R→作用Stimulatingthegrowthoffollicles.当卵泡生长出现一个空腔时,能刺激它继续发育至接近成熟,并刺激分泌雌激素;Whenfolliculargrowingemergeacavity,can

stimulatethegrowthoffolliclestomaturityandreleaseestrogen.当血液中FSH和LH达到一定浓度,且成一定比例时,引起排卵;WhenthebloodFSHandLHreachesacertainconcentration,andacertainproportion,caninducesovulation.(3)主要生理作用

(3)Themainphy31剌激卵巢生长,增加卵巢重量Stimulatingthegrowthofovarianandincreasingtheweightofovarian在公畜,刺激细精管上皮和次级精母细胞发育,并在促间质细胞素的协同下,使精子发育完成。Inmaleanimals,itcanstimulatingthedevelopmentofseminiferousepitheliumandsecondaryspermatocyte,andcompletingthedevelopmentofspermwiththesynergyofinter-stitialcell-stimulatinghormone.在LH和雄激素的协同作用下,使精子发育成熟。WiththesynergyofLHandandrogen,canmadespermmaturation.

能促使足细胞中精细胞的释放。Canpromptthereleaseofspermcellsinpodocyte剌激卵巢生长,增加卵巢重量32(4)分泌调节

(4)Secretionregulation上级激素的调节:丘脑下部激素GnRH的调节→FSHSuperiorhormoneregulation:theregulationofhypothalamichormones(GnRH)→FSH受性腺激素的反馈调节:雌激素和孕激素的反馈抑制。Thefeedbackregulationofgonadalhormone:thefeedbackinhibitionofestrogenandprogestin.(4)分泌调节

(4)Secretionregulat33第一章家畜生殖内分泌学课件342.促黄体素LH英文:Luteinizinghormone别名:公畜称促间质细胞素(Inter-stitialcell-stimulatinghormone,ICSH)化学结构:糖蛋白(1)Chemicalstructure

:glycoprotein(2)半衰期:约70分钟(2)half-lifeperiod:

thehalf-lifeperiodis70min.2.促黄体素LH英文:Luteinizinghorm35(3)生理作用Physiologicalaction

对母畜:协同FSH促使卵泡发育、并最后成熟;在FSH和LH达到一定比例时,导致排卵,对排卵起主要作用;Infemaleanimals,withthesynergyofFSH,LHcanpromptedthedevelopmentandmatureoffollicles;whentheFSHandLHreachesacertainproportion,caninducesovulation.对公畜:刺激睾丸间质细胞,使其产生并释放雄激素;Inmaleanimals,LHcanstimulatetestismesenchymalcells,makeitproduceandreleaseandrogens.与FSH及雄激素协同,使精子生成充分完成。WiththesynergyofFSHandandrogens,LHcanmadetheproductionofspermfullycompleted.

(3)生理作用Physiologicalaction36(4)分泌调节Secretionregulation受上级激素的调节:丘脑下部激素GnRH的调节→LHSuperiorhormoneregulation:theregulationofhypothalamichormones(GnRH)→LH受性腺激素的反馈调节:在排卵前,成熟卵泡分泌大量雌激素,它能使LH大量分泌,从而导致排卵;当雌雄激素和孕激素一起作用时,则能抑制FSH和LH的分泌.Thefeedbackregulationofgonadalhormone:Beforeovulation,thematurefolliclecansecreteplentyofestrogen,whichcanmakeLHsecretion,causingovulation.Whenestrogen、androgenandprogestationalhormonehaveeffectstogether,caninhibitthesecretionofFSHandLH.(4)分泌调节Secretionregulation373.促黄体分泌素LTH英文:Luteotropichormone别名:促乳素或催乳素(Prolactin,PRL)化学结构(1)Chemicalstructure

:由200个左右氨基酸组成的蛋白质。Itisaproteincontainsabout200aminoacid.(2)半衰期

15-30分钟;(2)half-lifeperiod:15to30min.3.促黄体分泌素LTH英文:Luteotropichor38(3)生理作用Physiologicalaction

刺激和维持黄体分泌孕酮Stimulateandmaintaincorpus,whichcansecreteprogesterone.是刺激阴道分泌粘液的主要激素,并能使子宫颈松弛,以排出子宫的分泌物;LTHisthemainhormoneswhichcanstimulatethevaginalsecretingmucus,andmaketheuterineflabby,toexhausethesecretionofuterus.刺激乳腺发育,促进乳汁的分泌释放;Stimulatethedevelopmentofmammarygland,andpromotethesecretionandreleaseofmammarygland(3)生理作用Physiologicalaction39能增强母性;Enhancematernalinstinct由于能使黄体功能加强,因此可以抑制FSH的分泌。AsLTHcanstrengthenedthefunctionsofcorpusluteum,soitcaninhibitthesecretionofFSH在雄性,维持睾酮分泌,并协同雄激素刺激副性腺的分泌。Inmaleanimals,LTHcanmaintainthesecretionoftestosterone,andstimulatethesecretionofvicegonadwiththesynergyofandrogen(4)分泌调节Secretionregulation

主要通过丘脑下部激素对它的调节

Mainlythroughtheregulationofhypothalamushormone能增强母性;(4)分泌调节Secretionreg40PRF:能促进LTH(PRL)的释放;PRFcan

promotethereleaseofLTH(PRL)PIF:抑制LTH(PRL)的释放;PIFcanrestrainthereleaseofLTH(PRL)其它物质的调节作用:Theregulationofothersubstance多巴胺:抑制LTH(PRL)的释放;DopaminecanrestrainthereleaseofLTH(PRL)去甲肾上腺素、利血平、甲基多巴:能促进LTH(PRL)的释放。Norepinephrine,reserpineandmethyldopaminecanpromotethereleaseofLTH(PRL)PRF:能促进LTH(PRL)的释放;411.马绒毛膜促性腺激素(equinechorionicgonadotropin,eCG),又称孕马血清促性腺激素(pregnantmaresserumgonadotropin,PMSG)(1)来源与性质Sourceandnature

孕马子宫内膜杯产生,在妊娠40d-120d的血液中含量最高,是一种糖蛋白激素。PMSGisaglycoproteinhormone,producedbyendometrialcupofpregnantmares,andinday40ofpregnancypersistuntilday120whenreachthehighestlevelsintheblood.

(2)半衰期:可达几天half-lifeperiod:Canreachafewdays

(二)胎盘促性腺激PlacentalGonadotropin

1.马绒毛膜促性腺激素(equinechorionic42(3)生理作用Physiologicalaction

既有FSH样作用,又有LH样作用,但以FSH样作用为主。

HasbothFSHandLH-likeactivitywithhigherdegreeofFSH-likeactivity对孕马:主要显示LH的作用,只引起排卵和促使成熟的卵泡黄体化;Inpregnantmares,PMSGmainlyshowingthefunctionofLH,thusitcancauseovulationandpromptetheluteinizationofmaturefollicles.对其它动物:刺激卵泡生长发育,常用于诱导发情和超数排卵;对雄性动物,能促进细精管发育及精子形成。Tootheranimals,PMSGcanstimulatethegrowthoffollicularandoftenusetoestrusinductionandsuperovulation.Tomaleanimals,PMSGCanpromotethedevelopmentofseminiferoustubuleandspermatogenesis.

(3)生理作用Physiologicalaction432.人绒毛膜促性腺激素hCG英文:humanchorionicgonadotropin(1)来源与性质Sourceandnature

是由孕妇早期绒毛膜滋养层的合胞体细胞产生,由尿中排出。人在胚胎附植的第一天(受孕第八天)即开始分泌hCG,是一种糖蛋白。hCGisaglycoprotein,producedbytheearlyhumanchorionictrophoblasticsyncytialcellsofpregnantwomen.Detectedasearlyasday8ofpregnancy.(2)半衰期:12-36小时half-lifeperiod:12hto36h2.人绒毛膜促性腺激素hCG44(3)生理作用Physiologicalaction

既有LH样作用,又有FSH样作用,但以LH样作用为主。

HasbothFSHandLHactivitywithpredominatelyLHaction对雌性动物的作用:能促进卵泡发育、成熟、破裂、排卵和黄体的形成,特别对排卵、黄体的形成和孕酮的分泌起主要作用;Tothefemaleanimals,hCGcanpromotethedevelopment,mature,rupture,ovulationoffollicularandtheformationofcorpusluteum,especiallyhaveactionsonovulationandtheformationofcorpusluteumandthesecretionofprogesterone.能短时间刺激卵巢分泌雌激素,而引起发情;Canstimulateovarianexcretiveestrogeninshorttime,andcauseestrus.

对雄性动物:促进睾丸发育,并合成与分泌雄激素;Tomaleanimals,hCGcanpromotethedevelopmentoftesticular,andsynthesisandsecretionandrogens

(3)生理作用Physiologicalaction既45四、性腺激素Gonadohormone

(一)性腺类固醇Gonadalsteroids

1.雌激素estrogen

(1)化学结构Chemicalstructure

:由18个碳原子所组成的类固醇物质;其体内的代表产物为雌二醇。Itisakindofsteroidcontains18carbonatoms;andit’srepresentproductinbodyisestradiol.

(2)半衰期:很短,仅5-20分钟。

half-lifeperiod:veryshort,only5to20min四、性腺激素Gonadohormone(一)性腺类固46(3)生理作用Physiologicalaction

1)刺激并维持雌性生殖道的发育;

Stimulateandmaintainthedevelopmentoffemalegenitaltract

2)刺激性中枢,使母畜发生性欲和性兴奋;Stimulatethesexualcentral,arousedam’slibidoandsexualexcitement

3)通过正负反馈调节作用,调节FSH和LH的分泌;ThroughthepositiveandnegativefeedbacktoregulatethesecretionofFSHandLH4)通过耗竭PIF来刺激垂体前叶分泌促乳素;ThedepletionofPIFcanstimulateanteriorpituitarywhichcansecreteprolactin.5)促进并维持第二性征;

Promoteandmaintainsecondarysexcharacteristics

(3)生理作用Physiologicalaction47

6)与孕酮协同,刺激乳腺发育。Withthesynergyofprogesterone,estrogencanstimulatethedevelopmentofmammarygland7)怀孕末期雌激素含量升高,且与孕酮达到一定比例时,可使催产素对子宫肌层发生作用,为开始分娩创造必需条件。Thelevelofestrogenriseintheendpregnancy,whenestrogenandprogesteronereachesacertainproportion,whichcanmakeoxytocinplayaroleinthemyometrium,andcreatenecessaryconditionsforthestartofparturition.8)促使睾丸萎缩,副性腺退化,最后造成不育,可用于化学去势。

Promptedtheatrophyoftestis,andthedegenerationofvicegonad,causinginfertility.SoestrogencanbeusedintheChemicalcastration6)与孕酮协同,刺激乳腺发育。482.孕激素Progesterone化学结构Chemicalstructure

由21个碳原子所组成的类固醇物质;其体内的代表产物为孕酮(黄体酮)。Itisakindofsteroidcontains21carbonatoms;andit’srepresentproductinbodyisprogesterone.(2)生理作用Physiologicalaction

1)对生殖道的作用:孕酮能促进生殖道发育,生殖道受到雌激素的刺激开始发育,但只有经过孕酮的作用才能发育更完全;

1)Theaffecttogenitaltract:progesteronecanpromotethedevelopmentofgenitaltract,andonlyaftertheaffectofprogesteronecanmakeitmorefullydeveloped.

2.孕激素Progesterone化学结构Chemic49

3)对妊娠的作用:保胎

3)

Thefunctioninpregnancy:preventmiscarriage.▲为妊娠作准备—为子宫胚胎附植作准备Prepareforpregnancy–prepareforembryosimplanting▲识别妊娠—抑制子宫前列腺素的释放Therecognitionofpregnancy--Inhibitthereleaseofuterineprostaglandins

▲维持妊娠—保持子宫安静Maintainpregnancy--keepingthequietofuterine

2)对发情的作用:少量时协同雌激素,使发情外部表现明显化,并接受交配;大量时能抑制发情.2)Thefunctioninestrus:whenprogesteroneinalowlevel,cooperatewithestrogen,canmakeestrusexternalperformancemoreobvious,andacceptmating;inahighlevelcanInhibitestrus.3)对妊娠的作用:保胎2)对发情的作用:503.雄激素Testosterone(1)化学结构Chemicalstructure

由19个碳原子所组成的类固醇物质;其体内的代表产物为睾酮。Itisakindofsteroidcontains19carbonatoms;andit’srepresentproductinbodyistestosterone.4)对乳腺的作用:与雌激素协同,刺激乳腺发育。4)

Thefunctiontomammarygland:

withthesynergyofestrogen,progesteronecanstimulatethedevelopmentofmammarygland.3.雄激素Testosterone4)对乳腺的作用51(2)生理作用Physiologicalaction

刺激并维持公畜的性行为;Stimulateandmaintainsexualbehaviorofmaleanimal;在FSH和ICSH的共同作用之下,维持精子的生成。UnderthecombinedactionofFSHandICSH,canmaintaintheformationofsperm;刺激和维持附睾的发育,并维持精子在附睾中的存活时间;Stimulateandmaintainthedevelopmentofepididymis,andmaintainthesurvivaltimeofsperminepididymis.刺激并维持副性腺及生殖器官的生长及其功能;Stimulateandmaintainthegrowthandfunctionofvicegonadandreproductiveorgans.维持公兽第二性征Maintainthesecondarysexcharacteristicsofmaleanimal.对丘脑下部和垂体前叶具有反馈作用。Havefeedbackeffecttohypothalamusandanteriorpituitary

(2)生理作用Physiologicalaction52(二)性腺多肽Gonadpeptide

1.松弛素Relaxin(1)化学结构:是由妊娠黄体所产生的、50多个氨基酸组成的一种多肽物质。(1)Chemicalstructure:Itisakindofpeptidesubstances,consistofmorethan50aminoacidandproducebypregnancycorpusluteum.(2)生理作用:为分娩作准备(2)Physiologicalaction:Prepareforparturition

使子宫颈扩张、变软;Makecervixoutspread,becomesoft.

(二)性腺多肽Gonadpeptide1.松弛素53抑制子宫平滑肌收缩,与催产素的交替作用,使子宫在分娩时发生节奏性阵缩;Inhibitthecontractionofuterinesmoothmuscle,andwiththealternatingeffectofoxytocin,cancausingrhythmicarrayshrinkageofuterusinparturition.使耻骨联合和其它骨盆关节松弛,而使盆腔扩张;Makepubicsymphysisandotherpelvicjointflabby,causingtheexpansionofpelviccavity.促使子宫水分含量增加;Promptedtheincreaseofuterinemoisturecontent刺激妊娠后期乳腺发育。Stimulatethedevelopmentofmammaryglandinlaterpregnancy抑制子宫平滑肌收缩,与催产素的交替作用,使子宫在分娩时发生节542.抑制素(Inhibin)

产生部位:母畜卵泡的颗粒细胞;公畜的睾丸支持细胞Produceparts:folliclargranulosacellsoffemaleanimals;testicularsupportcellsofmaleanimals.化学性质:糖蛋白Chemicalproperties:glycoprotein

生理作用:Physiologicalaction(1)对母畜:通过负反馈环路,阻滞GnRH对垂体的作用,抑制FSH的分泌。

(1)Infemaleanimals,throughthenegativefeedbackloop,canblockthefunctionofGnRHtopituitary,andinhibitthesecreteofFSH.(2)对公畜:抑制精细胞的增殖、分裂。(2)Inmaleanimals,Inhibitthemultiplicationanddivisionofspermcells

2.抑制素(Inhibin)

产生部位:母畜卵泡的颗粒细胞553.活化素(Activin)化学性质:糖蛋白Chemicalproperties:glycoprotein生理作用Physiologicalaction(1)对母畜:可促进FSH分泌,促进并维持卵泡的发生和形态正常,可阻止其早熟和黄体化。(1)Infemaleanimals,canpromotethesecretionofFSH;maintaintheoccurrenceoffollicleandit’snormalform;canpreventitsprecociousandluteinization.(2)对公畜:促进并维持睾丸功能,如支持细胞的发育和精子的发生。(2)Inmaleanimals,canpromoteandmaintainthefunctionoftestis,suchasthedevelopmentofsupportcellsandspermatogenesis3.活化素(Activin)化学性质:糖蛋白564.催产素(Oxytocin)产生部位:卵巢上的黄体组织Produceparts:Thecorpusluteumtissueofovarian

生理作用:Physiologicalaction(1)调节动物发情周期,诱导黄体溶解。

(1)Regulateanimalestruscycle,andinductiondissolveofcorpusluteum.(2)调节卵巢内类固醇激素的分泌

(2)Regulatethesecretionofovariansteroidhormone(3)使子宫收缩,排出胎儿。(3)Makeuterinecontraction,andexhaustthefetus(4)促乳并放乳。

(4)Promotethesecretionandreleaseofmammarygland

4.催产素(Oxytocin)产生部位:卵巢上的黄体组织57五、神经垂体激素

五、NeurohypophysealHormones

有两种,即催产素(oxytocin)和加压素(抗利尿素,vasopressin,AVP),与生殖直接有关的主要为催产素Includingtwohormones,oxytocinandvasopressin(antidiuretichormoneorADH),andhormoneswhichdirectlyrelatedtoreproductivemainlyisoxytocin.

1、化学结构Chemicalstructure

为9肽激素,如果以两个半胱氨酸组成一个胱氨酸,可以认为8肽。Itisaninepeptidehormone,orconsideredeightpeptidehormone.2、半衰期2分钟half-lifeperiod:2min五、神经垂体激素

五、NeurohypophysealHo583、生理作用Physiologicalaction■促使输卵管收缩:交配的刺激可使催产素释放,有利于精子、卵子的运行,提高受胎率;Prompteoviductcontraction:Thestimulationofmatingcanpromotethereleaseofoxytocin,andconducivetotherunningofspermandegg,raisingtheconceptionrate.■引起子宫收缩:Causeuterinecontraction:▲参与分娩发动Participateinthestart

ofparturition▲促使产后子宫复旧。Promotetheinstaurationofpostpartumuterus3、生理作用Physiologicalaction59▲加强乳腺腺泡肌上皮的收缩,使乳汁从腺泡中排出;Strengthenthecontractionofbreastepithelialacinar,andpromotemilkexhaustfromtheacinus.▲松弛大的乳导管和乳池,使乳汁蓄积;

Relaxingthebigmilkductsandbreastpool,accumulatingthemilk.▲对PRL的分泌有促进作用。

PromotethesecretionofPRL■小剂量催产素有促黄体的作用,大剂量则有溶黄体的作用;

Smalldosesofoxytocinhasthefunctionofpromotingcorpusluteum;Largedosesofoxytocinhasthefunctionofdissolvingcorpusluteum.▲加强乳腺腺泡肌上皮的收缩,使乳汁从腺泡中排出;60六、前列腺素prostaglandins,PGs1、化学结构Chemicalstructure

基本骨架为含有20个碳原子的不饱和脂肪酸,称为前列酸。结构内具有一个环戊烷和二个脂肪酸侧链。体内的代表物质有:PGF2a、PGE等。Everyprostaglandincontains20carbonatoms,includinga5-carbonringandtwosidechainoffattyacids.

Andit’srepresentproductinbodyisPGF2a、PGE.六、前列腺素prostaglandins,PGs1、612、生理作用Physiologicalaction溶解黄体Dissolvecorpusluteum

影响排卵Affectoulation

影响输卵管收缩,刺激子宫平滑肌收缩。Affectthecontractionofoviduct,andstimulatethecontractionofuterussmoothmuscle.对公畜的影响Thei

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