中国文化概况-Chapter-3

Chapter3LiteratureAGlimpseofChineseCulture

本章教学的目的1.中国文学史的基本发展脉络;2.中国文学史上的一些名著和现代名作家的基本知识;3.文学作品中脍炙人口诗句的英文翻译。本章教学的重难点1.古典文学发展脉络2.古代四大名著3.20世纪伟大作家4.“网络文学”利弊讨论本章教学的时间安排教师课堂讲解（60minutes）ABriefIntroduction(3minutes)ClassicalLiterature(47minutes)GreatWritersofthe20thCentury(10minutes)讨论(10minues)学生课件展示

(30minutes)课文讲解1.ABriefIntroduction2.ClassicalLiterature3.GreatWritersofthe20thCenturyBriefintroduction(3minutes)FourmainperiodsofChineseliteraturedevelopment:Classical:pre—lateQingModern:1840—May4th,1919Revolutionary:1919—1949Contemporary:1949—presentClassicalLiterature(47minutes)DefinitionItreferstoliteraryworksfromthedaysbeforetheQinDynastytothelateQingDynasty.CharacteristicItisvirtuallyanunbrokenstrandenduringdynasticchanges.

Works

TheBookofSongs(《诗经》)andPoetryoftheSouth(《楚辞》)areregardedasthetwopeaksofChina’searliestliterary.TheBookofSongs《诗经》(3minutes)Whatisit?

Threesections:

Feng(folkballads)Ya(dynastichymns)Song(sacrificialsongs)AcollectionofChina’s305oldestpoemsfromtheEarlyWesternZhouDynastytothemiddleSpringandAutumnPeriod;regardedastheearliestrealisticliteratureinChina.Guan-guangotheospreys,Ontheisletintheriver.Themodest,retiring,virtuous,younglady:Forourprinceagoodmateshe.Herelong,thereshort,istheduckweed,Totheleft,totheright,borneaboutbythecurrent.Themodest,retiring,virtuous,younglady:Wakingandsleeping,hesoughther.Hesoughtherandfoundhernot,Andwakingandsleepinghethoughtabouther.Longhethought;oh!longandanxiously;Onhisside,onhisback,heturned,andbackagain.Herelong,thereshort,istheduckweed;Ontheleft,ontheright,wegatherit.Themodest,retiring,virtuous,younglady:Withlutes,smallandlarge,letusgiveherfriendlywelcome.Herelong,thereshort,istheduckweed;Ontheleft,ontheright,wecookandpresentit.Themodest,retiring,virtuous,younglady:Withbellsanddrumsletusshowourdelightinher.PoetryoftheSouth《楚辞》(2minutes)PoetryoftheSouthisderivedfromthesongsofthesouthernstateofChuduringtheWarringStatesPeriod.ItpioneeredromanticisminChinesepoetry.TheverseofPoetryoftheSoutharefreeerthanthoseofTheBookofSongs.Itisnotfixedtofourcharactersperline,andthecharacterof“xi”(兮)isoftenputinthemiddleortheendofsomelines.QuYuanandHisMasterpiecesQuYuan—theearliestknownfamousChinesepoetMasterpieces:

SorrowafterDeparture《离骚》AskHeaven《天问》NineElegies《九章》

NineSongs《九歌》Appreciatingfamouslines

路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索。Thejourneyislong,I’llsearchupanddown.TheProseofthePre-QinPeriod

(先秦子学)（5minutes)

Theproseinthepre-Qinperiodincludeshistoricalprose(历史散文)andphilosophicalprose(诸子散文).HistoricalproseTheBookofHistory《尚书》

SpringandAutumnAnnals《春秋》

Zuo’sCommentary《左传》

IntriguesoftheWarringStates《战国策》

DiscoursesoftheStates《国语》Philosophicalprose

LaoZi

(DaoDeJing),MoZi,Mencius,ZhuangZi,TheAnalectsofConfuciusHanDynastyLiterature（５minutes）hanfu(汉赋)

alsocalledrhymeprose.ItisapopularliterarygenreoriginatingintheHanDynasty.Itemphasizeselaborationanddescription,andisthecombinationofpoemandprose.Itincludeslongessays(大赋)andshortessays(小赋).RepresentativeHanfu

OnFaultsofQin《过秦论》RecordsoftheGrandHistorian《史记》

yuefu

folksongs

(汉乐府民歌)

Itfeaturesfive-characterlinesandreflectstherealityandlifeoflower-classworkingpeople.OutstandingYuefu

Folksongs

SoutheastthePeacockFlies《孔雀东南飞》

TheBalladsofMulan《木兰诗》TheBalladsofMulanand

SoutheastthePeacockFlies

DisneyPictures'Mulan

SoutheastthePeacockFliesAppreciatingfamouslines唧唧复唧唧；

木兰当户织。

不闻机杼声；

唯闻女叹息。……——《木兰诗》Alack,alas!alack,alas!

Sheweavesandseestheshuttlepass.

Youcannotheartheshuttle,why?

Itswhirisdrownedinherdeepsigh.天苍苍，野茫茫，风吹草低见牛羊。——(《敕勒歌》)Vastisthesky,boundlessthewilds,grazingcattlearerevealedasthegrassbenddawninthewind.—TheChileBalladTheLiteratureintheWei,Jin,SouthernandNorthernDynasties(3minutes)

AnewgenreThestoriesrecordingspiritsandanecdotes(志人志怪小说)

Outstandingworksofthisperiod

ThePeachBlossomSpring《桃花源记》

TheLiteraryMindandtheCarvingofDragons《文心雕龙》TheTangPoems（10minutes）TheCompleteAnthologyofTangPoems《全唐诗》Thebiggest-evercollectionofChinesepoetry.

ThedevelopmentofpoetryintheTangDynastycanbeclassifiedintofourstages:EarlyTang,HighTang,MidTangandlateTangTheFourLiteraryEminences

(初唐四杰)WangBo,YangJiong,LuoBinwang,andLuZhaolinTheirpoems,inarefinedlanguage,boastbeautifultonalpatternsandrhymeschemes.LiBaiandhispoemsLiBai,the“CelestialPoet(诗仙)”,haslongbeenregardedthegreatestromanticpoetinChineseliterature.Inhispoems,imagination,exaggeration,dictionandsonorousrhythmsareblendedeffortlessly.ThinkingintheSilentNight《静夜诗》HardistheRoadtoShu《蜀道难》DreamingofSightseeingintheTianmuMountains《梦游天姥吟留别》床前明月光，疑是地上霜。举头望明月，低头思故乡。——李白《静夜诗》Abed,Iseeasilverlight,

Iwonderifit'sfrostaground.

Lookingup,Ifindthemoonbright;

Bowing,inhomesicknessI'mdrowned.

—LiBai’sATranquilNight

DuFuandhispoemsDuFu,the“SaintPoet(诗圣)”,hasbeenconsideredasthegreatestrealisticpoetinChineseliterature.Hedevelopedadepressingandmeticulousliterarystyle.“Threeofficers”(三吏)

TheXin’anOfficer《新安吏》TheShihaoOfficer《石壕吏》OfficeratTongguanPass《潼关吏》“ThreePartings”(三别)

PartingoftheNewly-wed《新婚别》PartingoftheOld《垂老别》PartingoftheHomeless《无家别》BaiJuyiandhispoemsTheoutstandingpoetBaiJuyisucceededDuFuwithpoemsreflectingtherealityofsociety.SatiricalandallegoricalstyleTheOldCharcoalSeller《卖炭翁》SongofEternalSorrow《长恨歌》SongofAPipaPlayer《琵琶行》

后宫佳丽三千人，三千宠爱在一身。Thoughmanybeautieswereinthepalace,

Morethanthreethousandofthem,

Allhisfavorswerecenteredonher.

—SongofEternalSorrow《长恨歌》CiintheSongDynasty（2minutes）Ci:Insteadofregulatedpoetry,cicouldexpressmorerefinedanddelicatefeelingswithirregularmeter.WhatisCipai?

Nameofthetunetowhichacipoemiscomposed.FamouspoetsSushi,LuYou,XinQiji,andLiQingzhaoLiqingzhaoandSlowSlowSong《声声慢》寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候，最难将息。

I'veasenseofsomethingmissingImustseek.

Everythingaboutmelooksdismalandbleak.

Nothingthatgivesmepleasure,Icanfind.

Eventheweatherhasprovedmostunkind.

YuanquintheYuanDynasty（3minutes）Yuanquincludessanqu

(散曲:non-dreamaticsongs)

andzaju(杂剧:

poeticdrama).MaZhiyuanandAutumnThought《秋思》GuanHanqing

andTheInjusticetoDouE《窦娥冤》MaZhiyuanandAutumnThought《秋思》OveroldtreesWreathedwithrottenvinesflyeveningcrows;Underasmallbridgenearacottageastreamflows;Onancientroadinthewestwindaleanhorsegoes.Westwarddeclinesthesun;Far,farfromhomeistheheartbrokenone.天净沙秋思

马致远

枯藤老树昏鸦，

小桥流水人家，

古道西风瘦马。

夕阳西下，

断肠人在天涯。

FictionintheMingandQingDynasty（1