数控技术-外文翻译-外文文献-英文文献-数控技术的发展与维修(常用版)

数控技术外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控技术的发展与维修（常用版）(可以直接使用，可编辑完整版资料，欢迎下载）

DevelopmentandmaintenanceofCNCtechnology数控技术外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控技术的发展与维修（常用版）(可以直接使用，可编辑完整版资料，欢迎下载）Numericalcontroltechnologyandequipmentisthedevelopmentofnewhigh-techindustryandcutting-edgeenablingtechnology,industryandthemostbasicequipment.Theworldinformationindustry,biologicalindustry,aviation,aerospaceandotherdefenseindustrywidelyusednumericaltechniquestoimprovemanufacturingcapacityandlevel,toimprovetheadaptabilityofthemarketandcompetitiveness.IndustrialcountriesandCNCnumericalcontroltechnologyandequipmentwillalsobelistedascountriesofstrategicmaterials,notonlytodeveloptheirownnumericalcontroltechnologyandindustry,andin"sophisticated"technologyandequipment,numericalcontrolkeyaspectsofthepolicyofclosuresandrestrictions.Therefore,effortstodevelopadvancednumericalcontroltechnologyasthecoremanufacturingtechnologyhasbecometheworld'sdevelopedcountriestoaccelerateeconomicdevelopment,enhancethecomprehensivenationalstrengthandanimportantwaytostatehood.

PartI:thedevelopmentofCNCmachinetoolstrendsinindividual

1.Highspeed,highaccuracy,highreliability

Highspeed:Toimprovethespeedandincreasefeedspindlespeed.

Highprecision:theprecisionfrommicrontosub-micronlevel,andeventhenano-level(highreliability:thereliabilityofnumericalcontrolsystemgenerallyhigherthanthereliabilityofnumericalcontrolequipmentmorethananorderofmagnitude,butnotthehigherthebetterreliabilitybecausethegoodsbythecostperformanceconstraints.

2.Composite

CompositefunctionCNCmachinetooldevelopment,itscoreisinasinglemachinetocompletetheturning,milling,drilling,tapping,reamingandreamingandotheroperatingprocedures,therebyincreasingtheefficiencyandprecisionmachinetoolstoimproveproductionflexibility.

3.Intelligent

Intelligentcontentincludedinallaspectsofthenumericalcontrolsystem:thepursuitofprocessingefficiencyandprocessingqualityofintelligence;toimprovetheperformanceandtheuseofconvenientconnectionsandotheraspectsofintelligence;simplifyprogramming,simplifyingoperationalintelligence;alsoliketheintelligentautomaticprogramming,intelligentman-machineinterface,aswellasintelligentdiagnostics,intelligentmonitoringandotheraspects,tofacilitatesystemdiagnosticsandmaintenance.

4.Flexible,integrated

TheworldofCNCmachinetoolstothedevelopmenttrendofflexibleautomationsystemsare:fromthepoint(CNCsingle,compositemachiningcentersandCNCmachinetools),line(FMC,FMS,FTL,FML)tothesurface(SectionworkshopindependentmanufacturingislandFA),body(CIMS,distributednetworkintegratedmanufacturingsystem)direction,theothertofocusonappliedandeconomicdirection.Flexibleautomationtechnologyistheindustrytoadapttodynamicmarketdemandsandquicklyupdatetheprimarymeansofproductisthemaintrendofnationalmanufacturingindustryisthebasisforthefieldofadvancedmanufacturingtechnology.

Second,personalizationistheadaptabilityofthemarkettrends

Today'smarket,graduallyformedthepatternofinternationalcooperation,theproductsbecomingmorecompetitive,efficientandaccurateprocessingoftheescalatingdemandmeans,theuser'sindividualrequirementsbecomeincreasinglystrong,professional,specialization,moreandmorehigh-techmachinetoolsbytheusersofallages.

Third,theopenarchitecturetrendis

ThecoreofanewgenerationofCNCsystemdevelopmentisopen.Opensoftwareplatformandhardwareplatformsareopensystems,modular,hierarchicalstructure,andthroughouttheformtoprovideaunifiedapplicationinterface.

CNCsystemtoaddresstheclosureofthetraditionalCNCapplicationsandindustrialproductionproblems.Atpresent,manycountriesofopenCNCsystem,CNCsystemhasbecomeanopennumericalcontrolsystemofthefutureoftheroad.Theopennumericalcontrolsystemarchitecturespecification,communicationspecifications,configurationspecifications,operatingplatform,functionlibrariesandCNCnumericalcontrolsystemsoftwaredevelopmenttools,systemfunctionisthecoreofthecurrentstudy.Networknumericalcontrolequipmentisnearlytwoyearsofanewfocus.NCnetworkequipmentwillgreatlysatisfytheproductionlines,manufacturingsystems,manufacturinginformationintegrationneedsofenterprises,butalsoachievenewmanufacturingmodel,suchasagilemanufacturing,virtualenterprises,globalmanufacturingthebaseunit.Somewell-knownathomeandabroad,andCNCCNCmachinetoolsmanufacturingcompanyin

PartII:MachineMaintenance

CNCmachinetoolsiselectronictechnology,measurementtechnology,automationtechnology,semiconductortechnology,computertechnologyandelectricaltechnology,andintegratedsetofautomationequipment,highprecision,highefficiencyandhighflexibility.CNCmachinetoolsisaprocesscontrolequipmentandaskedhiminreal-timecontroloftheaccuracyofeverymomentofwork,anypartofthefaultandfailure,sothatthemachinewillshutdown,resultinginproductionstoppages,whichseriouslyaffectedandrestrictedtheproductionefficiency.CNCmachinetoolsinmanyindustriestoworkthedeviceiscritical,ifnotafterafailureinitsmaintenanceandtroubleshootingtime,itwillcausegreatereconomiclosses.Therefore,theprinciplethatcomplexnumericalcontrolsystem,structure,maintenanceofsophisticatedequipmentisnecessary.CNCmachinetoolstoenhancefaultdiagnosisandmaintenanceofpower,canimprovethereliabilityofCNCmachinetools,CNCmachinetoolsisconducivetothepromotionanduse.

CNCmachinetoolsisamechanical,electrical,hydraulic,gascombinationofcomplexequipment,thoughthereasonsforfailurevary,butthefailureoccurred,thegeneralideaofthestepsarethesame.Fails,SpindlestartbelowtostopimmediatelyafterthefaultdiagnosisofCNCmachinetoolsasanexamplethegeneralprocess.

First,thefault-siteinvestigation.Thesurveycontentincludes1,2typesoffailure,thefailurefrequencyof3,4,externalconditions,theoperatingconditions5,6,machineconditions,thefunctioningof7,wiringbetweenmachinetoolsandsystems8,CNCequipmentvisualinspection.Afteraninvestigation,suchfailureisspindleclassfailure,onlyonce,outsideofallnormal,theoperatorofaboottoreflectthissituation.

Second,thefaultinformationcollation,analysis.Forsomesimplefault,becausenotalotoftime,themethodcanbeusedformoflogicalreasoning,analysis,identificationandtroubleshooting.Afterafailedon-siteinvestigationforseveralreasonswesuspectthatthesystemoutputpulse①②driveisnotenoughtimetomovethestatelinetocontrolthespindlecomponents③④damagetothespindlemotorshort-circuit,causingthespindlethermalrelayprotection⑤notwithself-controllooplockcircuits,andtheparameterissettopulsesignaloutput,sothatthespindlecannotoperatenormally.Identifypossiblereasonstoruleoutonebyone.

Third,conductfaultdiagnosisandtroubleshooting.

Diagnosisusuallyfollowsthefollowingprinciples:1,afterthefirstoutsideinside.ReliablelineofmodernCNCsystemincreasinglyhighfailurerateofCNCsystemitselflessandless,andmostarenon-occurrenceoffailurecausesthesystemitself.TheCNCmachineisamechanical,hydraulic,electricalasoneofthetools,theoccurrenceofthefaultwillbereflectedbythesethreecomprehensive,maintenancepersonnelshouldbefromoutsidetoinsideonebyoneinvestigationtoavoidarbitraryunsealed,demolition,otherwiseexpandthemalfunction,sothatthelossofprecisionmachinetools,slowperformance,outsidethesystemdetectedthefaultisduetoopenonebyone,hydrauliccomponents,pneumaticcomponents,electricalactuators,mechanicaldevicescausedproblems.2,thefirstaftertheelectricalmachinery.Ingeneral,themechanicalfailureeasiertofind,andnumericalcontrolsystemandelectricalfaultdiagnosismoredifficult,beforethetroubleshootingtoruleoutmechanicalfailureofthefirst3,afterthefirststaticdynamic.Poweroffthemachinefirst,quiescentstate,throughunderstanding,observation,testing,analysis,confirmthepowerfailurewillnotresultinexpansionoftheincidentonlyafterthepowertothemachine,runthestate,thedynamicofobservation,inspectionandtesting,tofindfault.Whileafterthedevastatingpowerfailure,youmustfirstruleoutthedanger,beforeelectricity.4,afterthefirstsimpleandcomplex.Whenmultiplefailuresareintertwined,andsometimesimpossibletostartwith,weshouldfirstsolvetheproblemeasily,thensolvethedifficultproblem,oftenasimpleproblemtosolve,thedifficultyoftheproblemmayalsobecomeeasier.

CNCmachinetoolsinthefaultdetectionprocess,shouldmakefulluseofnumericalcontrolsystemself-diagnosticfeaturestobejudged,butalsoflexibilityintheuseofsomecommontroubleshootingmethods.Troubleshootingcommonmethodsare:

1.Routineexaminationmethod

Routineexaminationmethodismainlyofhands,eyes,ears,noseandotherorgansofthefaultoccurrenceofvariouslight,sound,smellandabnormalobservationsandcarefullookateverysystem,followthe"firstpostoutsideof"theprincipleoffaultdiagnosisbylooking,listening,smelling,asking,moldandsoon,fromoutsidetoinsideonebyonecheck,thefaultcanoftenbenarroweddowntoamoduleoraprintedcircuitboard.Thisrequiresmaintenancepersonnelhaveawealthofpracticalexperience,tothewidermultidisciplinaryandcomprehensiveknowledgeoftheabilitytojudge.

2.Self-diagnosticfunctionmethod

ModernCNCsystemhasyettoachieveahighdegreeofintelligence.Butalreadyhasastrongself-diagnosticfunction.CNCreadytomonitorthehardwareandsoftwareisworking.Oncetheabnormal,immediatelydisplayedontheCRTalarmorfaultLEDsindicatetheapproximatecause.Usingself-diagnosisfunction,butalsoshowstheinterfacesignalsbetweenthesystemandthehoststate,inordertodeterminethefaultoccurredinthemechanicalpartorpartsofNCsystem,andindicatetheapproximatefaultlocation.Thismethodiscurrentlythemosteffectivemaintenancemethods.

3.Functionalprogramtestingmethod

So-calledfunctionalprogramtestingmethodiscommonlyusedinthenumericalcontrolsystemfunctionsandspecialfeatures,suchaslinearpositioning,circularinterpolation,helicalcut,fixedcycle,suchastheusermacroprogrammingbyhandorautomaticprogrammingmethods,thepreparationoftestproceduresintoafunctionalprogram,intothenumericalcontrolsystem,andthenstarttheCNCsystemtomakeitrun,tochecktheimtimethefirstbootofCNCwhetheraprogrammingerrororoperationalerrorormachine

4.Sparepartssubstitution

Sparepartsreplacementmethodisasimplemethodtodeterminethesceneisoneofthemostcommonlyused.Theso-calledsparesubstitutionisgenerallythecauseoffailureintheanalysisofthecase,maintenancepersonnelcanusethealternatePCB,templates,integratedcircuitchiporreplacethequestionablepartsofcomponents,whichnarrowedthefaulttoaprintedcircuitboardorchiplevel.Itisactuallyintheverificationanalysisiscorrect.However,beforeswitchingthestandbyboardshouldcarefullycheckthespareboardisintact,andshouldcheckthestatusofreserveboardshouldbefullyconsistentwiththeoriginalboardthestate.Thisincludescheckingwiththeboardselectionswitch,setthelocationandtheshortrodpotentiometerposition.Inshort,wemuststrictlyinaccordancewiththesystem'soperation,maintenancerequirementsmanualoperation.

Indeterminingthereplacementofapartto,shouldcarefullychecktherelevantconnectedtoelectricallinesandotherrelated,confirmingthatnofailureuptothenewreplacementtopreventfailurescausedbyexternaldamagetoreplacethepartsup.

5.TransferAct

Theso-calledtransfermethodistohavethesamenumericalcontrolsystemfeaturestwoprintedcircuitboards,templates,integratedcircuitchipsorcomponentstoexchange,observedfailurephenomenabetransferred.Inthisway,thesystemcanquicklydeterminethefaultposition.Thismethodisactuallyakindofsparepartssubstitution.Therefore,theconsiderationsdescribedinthesamesparepartssubstitution.

6.Parametercheckmethod

KnownparameterscandirectlyaffectthenumericalperformanceofCNCmachinetools.Parametersareusuallystoredinthemagneticbubblememory,orstoredinbatteriestobemaintainedbytheCMOSRAM,oncethebatteryisloworbecauseofoutsideinterferenceandotherfactors,someparameterswillbelostorchangeinchaos,sothatthemachinedoesnotwork.Atthispoint,throughtheproofreading,correctionparameters,willbeabletotroubleshoot.Whenthemachineidleforalongtimetoworkagainfornoreasonthatthereisnonormalorfailurewithoutwarning,itshouldbebasedonfaultcharacteristics,inspectionandproof-readingtherelevantparameters.

AfteralongrunofCNCmachinetools,wearandtearduetoitsmechanicaldrivecomponents,electricalcomponentperformancechangesandotherreasons,alsoneedtoadjusttheparametersofits.Somemachinetoolfailureisoftennottimelybecausetheparameterschangeduetosomenotmeet.Ofcourse,thesefailuresarethefaultoftheareasaresoft.

7.MeasurementofComparativeLaw

CNCsysteminthedesignofprintedcircuitboardmanufacturingplant,inordertoadjust,repairfacilities,intheprintedcircuitboarddesignedanumberoftestterminals.Userscanalsousenormalprintedcircuitboardterminalscomparingthemeasuredandthedifferencebetweentheprintedcircuitboardfailure.Theseterminalscandetectthevoltageandwaveformmeasurements,analyzethecausesoffailureandfailurelocation.Evenonanormalprintedcircuitboardcansometimesartificiallycreate"fault",suchasbrokenconnectionorshortcircuit,unplugthecomponents,inordertodeterminetherealcauseoffailure.Therefore,maintenancepersonnelshouldbeintheusualaccumulationofkeypartsoftheprintedcircuitboardorfailure-pronepartsoftherightinthenormalwaveformandvoltagevalues.BecausetheCNCsystemmanufactureroftendoesnotprovidetheinformationinthisregard.

8.Percussionmethod

WhentheCNCsystemfailuresshowedRuoyouruowu,oftenusedmethodfordetectingthefaultstruckthesitelies.Thisisbecausethenumericalcontrolsystemiscomposedbythemulti-blockprintedcircuitboards,eachboardhasalotofsolderjoints,platesorbetweenmodulesandisconnectedthroughtheconnectorsandcables.Therefore,anycoldsolderjointorbad,maycauseamalfunction.WhenthetapwiththeinsulationandpoorcontactwithWelddoubtatfaultmustberepeatedreproduction.

9.Localheatingmethod

AfteralongrunningCNCsystemcomponentsaretobeaging,performancewilldeteriorate.Whentheyarenotfullydamaged,failureswillbecomefromtimetotime.Thenheatcanbeusedsuchasahairdryerorelectricironissuspectedtolocalheatingcomponents,acceleratingtheagingsothoroughlyexposedfaultcomponents.Ofcourse,usingthismethod,besuretopayattentiontocomponentsofthetemperatureparameters,donotroasttheoriginaldeviceisagoodorbad.

10.Principleofanalysis

Thecompositionaccordingtoprinciplesofnumericalcontrolsystemcanbeanalyzedfromvariouspointsoflogicallevelsandlogicalparameters(suchasvoltageorwaveform)andthenwithamultimeter,logicpen,onlytheoscilloscopeorlogicanalyzertomeasure,analyzeandcompare,andthusfailurepositioning.Usingthismethod,whichrequiresmaintenancepersonneltobeonthewholesystemortheprincipleofeachcircuithaveaclear,deepunderstanding.

Basedontheaboveprinciplesandmethods,wemaybeitemizedonthecheckitandeliminatethecauses.

Thefirstpossiblefailureforthesystemoutputpulsetimeisnotenough,weadjusttheM-codesystem,startthespindleoutputtime,foundtheproblemstillexists,andthenfindthenextpossiblecausemaybeinthedrivetomovethestate,refertothemanualdrive,setparametersstartthespindle,theproblemstillexistswesuspectedspindlemotorshort-circuit,resultinginthermalrelayprotection.Thenfindthecauseoftheshort,sothatthespindlethermalrelayresetthestartandfoundthatthenormaloperationofthespindle,theproblemsolved.

Fourth,doalessonslearnedandrecorded.Aftertroubleshooting,repairworkcannotbeconsideredcomplete,stillneedtechnicalandmanagementaspectsoftheunderlyingcausesoffailurehavetotakeappropriatemeasurestopreventfailuresfromhappeningagain.Underfieldconditionswhennecessaryuseofmaturetechnologiestotransformandimprovetheequipment.Finally,thefailureofthemaintenanceofthephenomenon,causeanalysis,resolutionprocess,thereplacementofcomponents,legacy,etc.tomakearecord.

数控技术的发展与维修数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业的使能技术和最基本的装备。世界各国信息产业、生物产业、航空、航天等国防工业广泛采用数控技术，以提高制造能力和水平，提高对市场的适应能力和竞争能力。工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战略物资，不仅大力发展自己的数控技术及其产业，而且在"高精尖"数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策。因此大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径。第一部分：数控机床个性化的发展趋势1.高速化、高精度化、高可靠性高速化：提高进给速度与提高主轴转速。高精度化：其精度从微米级到亚微米级，乃至纳米级(高可靠性：一般数控系统的可靠性要高于数控设备的可靠性在一个数量级以上，但也不是可靠性越高越好，因为商品受性能价格比的约束。2.复合化数控机床的功能复合化的发展，其核心是在一台机床上要完成车、铣、钻、攻丝、绞孔和扩孔等多种操作工序，从而提高了机床的效率和加工精度，提高生产的柔性。3.智能化智能化的内容包括在数控系统中的各个方面：为追求加工效率和加工质量方面的智能化；为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便等方面的智能化；简化编程、简化操作方面的智能化；还有如智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面等，以及智能诊断、智能监控等方面的内容，方便系统的诊断及维修。4.柔性化、集成化当今世界上的数控机床向柔性自动化系统发展的趋势是：从点(数控单机、加工中心和数控复合加工机床)、线（FMC、FMS、FTL、FML）向面(工段车间独立制造岛FA)、体（CIMS、分布式网络集成制造系统）的方向发展，另一方面向注重应用性和经济性方向发展。柔性自动化技术是制造业适应动态市场需求及产品迅速更新的主要手段，是各国制造业发展的主流趋势，是先进制造领域的基础技术。二、个性化是市场适应性发展趋势当今的市场，国际合作的格局逐渐形成，产品竞争日趋激烈，高效率、高精度加工手段的需求在不断升级，用户的个性化要求日趋强烈，专业化、专用化、高科技的机床越来越得到用户的青睐。三、开放性是体系结构的发展趋势新一代数控系统的开发核心是开放性。开放性有软件平台和硬件平台的开放式系统，采用模块化，层次化的结构，并通过形式向外提供统一的应用程序接口。为解决传统的数控系统封闭性和数控应用软件的产业化生产存在的问题。目前许多国家对开放式数控系统进行研究，数控系统开放化已经成为数控系统的未来之路。目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通信规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心。网络化数控装备是近两年的一个新的焦点。数控装备的网络化将极大地满足生产线、制造系统、制造企业对信息集成的需求，也是实现新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虚拟企业、全球制造的基础单元。国内外一些著名数控机床和数控系统制造公司都在

第二部分：机床的维修数控机床是将电子技术、测量技术、自动化技术、电子半导体技术、计算机技术及电机技术等集与一体的自动化设备，具有高精度、高效率和高柔性的特点。数控机床是一种过程控制设备，要求他在实时控制的每一时刻都准确无误地工作，任何部分的故障与失效，都会使机床停机，从而造成生产停顿，严重地影响和制约生产效率的提高。在很多行业中数控机床设备处于关键的工作岗位，若在其出现故障后不及时维修及排除故障，就会造成较大的经济损失。因此，对于数控系统这样原理复杂、结构精密的装置进行维修很有必要。加强数控机床的故障诊断与维修的力量，可以提高数控机床的可靠性，有利于数控机床的推广和使用。数控机床是机、电、液、气相结合的复杂设备，尽管故障原因各不相同，但在故障发生后，大体的思路步骤是相同的。发生故障后，下面以数控车床主轴启动后立即停止为例说明数控机床故障诊断的一般过程。一、进行故障现场调查。调查的内容包括1、故障的种类2、故障的频繁程度3、外界状况4、有关操作情况5、机床情况6、运转情况7、机床和系统之间接线情况8、CNC装置的外观检查。经过调查，该类故障属于主轴类故障，只出现过一次，外界一切正常，操作人员反映一开机就出现这种情况。二、进行故障信息整理、分析。对于一些简单的故障，原因不是很多时，可采用形式逻辑推理的方法，分析、确定和排除故障。经过故障现场调查我们怀疑有以下几种原因①系统输出的脉冲时间不够②变频器处于点动状态③主轴线路的控制元器件损坏④主轴电机短路，造成热继电器保护⑤主轴控制回路没有带自锁电路，而把参数设置为脉冲信号输出，使主轴不能正常运转。找出可能出现的原因，就逐项排除。三、进行故障诊断与排除。故障诊断一般遵循以下几个原则：1、先外部后内部。现代数控系统的可靠行越来越高，数控系统本身的故障率越来越低，而大部分故障的发生都是非系统本身原因引起的。由于数控机床是集机械、液压、电气为一体的机床，其故障的发生也会由这三种综合反映出来，维修人员应该先由外向内逐一进行排查，尽量避免随意的启封、拆卸，否则会扩大故障，使机床丧失精度、降低性能，系统外部的故障逐一是由于检测开个、液压元件、气动元件、电气执行元件、机械装置等出现问题而引起的。2、先机械后电气。一般来说，机械故障较易发觉，而数控系统及电气故障的诊断难度较大，在故障检修之前首先注意排除机械的故障3、先静态后动态。先在机床断电断电静止状态，通过了解、观察、测试、分析，确认通电后不会造成故障扩大，发生事故后，方可给机床通电，在运行状态下，进行动态的观察、检验和测试，查找故障。而对通电后发生破坏性故障的，必须先排除危险后，方可通电。4、先简单后复杂。当出现多种故障互相交织，一时无从下手时，应先解决容易的问题，后解决难度较大的问题，往往简单问题解决后，难度大的问题也可能变的容易。 数控机床在故障检测过程中，应充分利用数控系统的自诊断功能来进行判断，同时还要灵活运用故障检查的一些常用方法。常见的故障检查方法有：1.常规检查法常规检查法主要是利用人的手、眼、耳、鼻等器官对故障发生时的各种光、声、味等异常现象的观察以及认真察看系统的每一处，遵循“先外后内”的原则，诊断故障采用望、听、嗅、问、模等方法，由外向内逐一检查，往往可将故障范围缩小到一个模块或一块印刷线路板。这要求维修人员具有丰富的实际经验，要有多学科的较宽的知识和综合判断的能力。2.自诊断功能法现代的数控系统虽然尚未达到智能化很高的程度.但已经具备了较强的自诊断功能。能随时监视数控系统的硬件和软件的工作状况。一旦发现异常，立即在CRT上显示报警信息或用发光二极管指示出故障的大致起因。利用自诊断功能，也能显示出系统与主机之间接口信号的状态，从而判断出故障发生在机械部分还是数控系统部分，并指示出故障的大致部位。这个方法是当前维修工作最有效的一种方法。3.功能程序测试法所谓功能程序测试法就是将数控系统的常用功能和特殊功能，如直线定位、圆弧插补、螺旋切削、固定循环、用户宏程序等用手工编程或自动编程方法，编制成一个功能程序测试程序，送入数控系统中，然后启动数控系统使之运行，借以检查机床执行这些功能的淮确性和可靠性，进而判断出故障发生的可能起因。本方法对于长期闲置的数控机床第一次开机时的检查以及机床加工造成废品但又无报警的情况下，一时难以确定是编程错误或是操作错误，还是机床故障的原因是一个较好的判断方法。4.备件替换法备件替换法是一种简单易行的方法，也是现场判断时最常用的方法之一。所谓备件替换法就是在分析故障大致起因的情况下，维修人员可以利用备用的印刷线路板、模板，集成电路芯片或元器件替换有疑点的部分，从而把故障范围缩小到印刷线路板或芯片一级。它实际上也是在验证分析的正确性。但在备用板交换之前，应仔细检查备用板是否完好，并应检查备用板的状态应与原板状态完全一致。这包括检查用板上的选择开关，短路棒的设定位置以及电位器的位置。总之，一定要严格地按照有关系统的操作、维修说明书的要求进行操作。在确定对某部分要进行替换前，应认真检查与其连接的有关线路和其他相关的电器，确认无故障后才能将新的替换上去，防止外部故障引起替换上去的部件损坏。5.转移法所谓转移法就是将数控系统中具有相同功能的两块印刷线路板、模板、集成电路芯片或元器件互相交换，观察故障现象是否随之转移。借此，可迅速确定系统的故障部位。这个方法实际上就是备件替换法的一种。因此，有关注意事项同备件替换法所述。6.参数检查法众所周知，数控参数能直接影响数控机床的性能。参数通常是存放在磁泡存储器或存放在需由电池保持的CMOSRAM中，一旦电池不足或由于外界的干扰等因素，会使个别参数丢失或变化，发生混乱，使机床无法正常工作。此时，通过校对、修正参数，就能将故障排除。当机床长期闲置重新工作时无缘无故地出现不正常现象或有故障而无报警时，就应根据故障特征，检查和校对有关参数。经过长期运行的数控机床，由于其机械传动部件磨损，电气元件性能变化等原因，也需对其有关参数进行调整。有些机床的故障往往就是由于未及时修改某些不适应的参数所致。当然这些故障都是属于软故障的范畴。7.测量比较法数控系统生产厂在设计印刷线路板时，为了调整、维修的便利，在印刷线路板上设计了多个检测端子。用户也可利用这些端子比较测量正常的印刷线路板和有故障的印刷线路板之间的差异。可以检测这些测量端子的电压和波形，分析故障的起因和故障的所在位置。甚至，有时还可对正常的印刷线路板人为地制造“故障”，如断开连线或短路、拔去组件等，以判断真实故障的起因。为此，维修人员应在平时积累印刷线路板上关键部位或易出故障部位在正常时的正确波形和电压值。因为数控系统生产厂往往不提供有关这方面的资料。8.敲击法当数控系统出现的故障表现为若有若无时，往往可用敲击法检查出故障的部位所在。这是由于数控系统是由多块印刷线路板组成，每块板上有许多焊点，板间或模块间又通过插接件及电线相连。因此，任何虚焊或接触不良，都可能引起故障。当用绝缘物轻轻敲打有虚焊及接触不良的疑点处，故障肯定会重复再现。9.局部升温法数控系统经过长期运行后元器件均要老化，性能会变坏。当它们尚未完全损坏时，出现的故障会变得时有时无。这时可用热吹风机或电烙铁等来局部升温被怀疑的元器件，加速其老化，以便彻底暴露故障部件。当然，采用此法时，一定要注意元器件的温度参数，不要将原来是好的器件烤坏。10.原理分析法根据数控系统的组成原理，可从逻辑上分析各点的逻辑电平和特征参数（如电压值或波形），然后用万用表、逻辑笔、示波器或逻辑分析仅进行测量、分析和比较，从而对故障定位。运用这种方法，要求维修人员必须对整个系统或每个电路的原理有清楚的、较深的了解。根据上面的原则和方法，我们逐项对可能出现的原因进行查探并排除。第一个可能故障为系统输出的脉冲时间不够，我们调整系统的M代码输出时间后启动主轴，发现问题仍然存在，接着查找下一可能原因，变频器可能处于点动状态，参阅变频器的使用说明书，设置好参数后启动主轴，问题仍然存在我们怀疑是主轴电机短路，造成热继电器保护。于是查找短路原因，使热继电器复位后启动主轴，发现主轴正常运转，问题解决。要做一个经验总结和记录。故障排除以后，维修工作还不能算完成，尚需从技术与管理两方面分析故障产生的深层原因，采取适当措施避免故障再次发生。必要时可根据现场条件使用成熟技术对设备进行改造与改进。最后，对此次维修的故障现象、原因分析、解决过程、更换元件、遗留问题等要做好记录。TheDIL/NetPCsDNP/1110–UsingtheEmbeddedLinuxWebServerforEmbeddedSystemsAfterthe“everybody-in-the-Internet-wave”nowobviouslyfollowsthe“everything-in-the-Internet-wave”.Theostcoffee,vendingandwashingachinesarestillnotavailableabouttheworldwidenet.HowevertheebeddedInternetintegrationforreteaintenanceanddiagnosticaswellastheso-calledM2Mcounicationisgrowingwithaconsiderablespeedrate.JustthereoteaintenanceanddiagnosticofcoponentsandsystesbyebbrowsersviatheInternet,oralocalItranethasaveryhighweightforanydevelopentprojects.Innuerousdevelopentdepartentspeopleworkoncoletelyebbasedconfigurationsndservicesforebeddedsystes.ThereainingdaysoftheclassicuserinteraceadebyasallLC-displaywithfrontpanelandafewfunctionkeysareover.ThroughfutureevolutionsinthefieldoftheobileInternet,Bluetooth-baseds(PersonalAreaNetworks)andtherapidlygrowingM2Mcounication(M2M=Machine-to-Machine)afurtherinnovatingadvanceistobeexpected.Thecentralfunctionunittogetaccessonanebeddedsysteviaebbrowseristheebserver.SuchebserversbringthedesiredHTMLpages(HTML=HyperTextMarkupLanguage)andpicturesovertheworldwideInternetoralocalnetworktotheebbrowser.Thishappens-based(HyperTextTransferProtocol).ATCP/IPprotocolstack–thateansitisbasedonsophisticatedandestablishedstandards–anagestheentirecounication.ebserver(server)andbrowser(client)builTCP/IP-applications.achievedaphenoenaldistributioninthelastyeas.Meanwhileillionsofuseraroundtheworldsurf-basedintheWorldWideWeb.Todayalosteverypersonalcoputeroffersthenecessaryassistanceforthisprotocol.Thisstatusisvalidreandreforebeddedsystesalso.Thespreadsupwithafastratetoo.TheDIL/NetPCsDNP/1110–UsingtheEmbeddedLinux1.TCP/IP-basedasCommunicationPlatformisasileprotocolthatisbasedonaTCP/IPprotocolstack(picture1.A).usesTCP(TransissionControlProtocol).TCPisarelativecoplexandhigh-qualityprotocoltotransferdatabythesubordinateIPprotocol.TCPitselfalwaysguaranteesasafeguardedconnetionbetweentwocounicationpartnersbasedonanextensivethree-way-handshakeprocedure.Asaresultthedatatransferviaisalwaysprotectd.DuetotheextensiveTCPprotocolechanissoffersonlyalow-gradeperforance.Figure1:TCP/IPstackandprograingodelisbasedonasipleclient/server-concept.serverandclientcounicateviaaTCPconnection.AsdfaultTCPportvaluetheportnuber80willbeused.Theserverworkscopletelypassive.Hewaitsorarequest(order)oaclient.ThisrequestnorallyreerstothetransitionospeciicHTMLdocuents.ThisHTMLdocuentpossiblyhavetobegenerateddynaicallybyCGI.Asresultoftherequsts,theserverwillanswerwitharesponsethatusuallycontainsthedesiredHTMLdocuentsaongothers(picture1.B).Listing1.A:GET-requestTheDIL/NetPCsDNP/1110–UsingtheEmbeddedLinuxListing1.B:responseasresultoftheGET-requestfrolisting1.Arequestsnorallyconsistoseveralt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