英文写作课件：段落的写作

段落的写作主题句扩展句扩展句扩展句段落结构图Inthisworld,weshouldthinkmoreofotherpeoplethanofourselves.Bysodoing,ourworldwillbefullofhappiness.This,ofcourse,ismypersonalview.ButitisalessonIhavedrawnfromoneofmyownexperience.Sonow,Iwouldliketosharethatexperiencewithyou,mydearreader.美国编者认为：Thisisessentiallyasolid(不错的)

essay.Thewriterusesananecdote(轶事)

tomakeapoint…Nowwejustneedtogiveitagood,strongtopicsentenceusingthewriter’sownideastoformit.美国编者给这个开头段拟了下面的主题句：

Alittlegirltaughtmeanimportantlessonabouttheimportanceofthinkingmoreofotherpeoplethanofourselves.OnedayItookaverycrowdedbustoschool…中国学生作文批改Inmychildhood,thereweresomanythingsthatwereworthcallingtomind.Somemademehappy,somemademeexcited,andsomemademesad.Butamongthemwasanunforgettablething,whenIthinkofit,mygoodfriendTongTongwilloccurtome.美国编者认为：Thisisamovingstoryaboutfriendswhohavequarreled.Itneedsagoodtopicsentencetobringthereaderintothefeelingsthewriterwantstoconvey(传达).美国编者给这个开头段拟了下面的主题句：

OneofthemostunforgettableexperienceofmychildhoodinvolvesmygoodfriendTongTong.IthappenedwhenIwaseightyearsold…..中国学生作文批改DifferentPositionsOfaTopicSentencetypeThepositionsofthe

topicsentence

AtthebeginningofaparagraphAttheendofaparagraphInthemiddleofaparagraphNocleartopicsentence1

Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness)----cancer,cigarettesmokingcanalsocauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?主题句的位置

主题句在段首JaneandKarenhavemanythingsincommon.

Tobeginwith,bothgirlshavethesamebackground.JanewasbornandraisedintheWest,andsowasKaren.Next,bothgirlsareinterestedinthesamekindsofsubjectsinschool.JanelikesFrench,history,andEnglish.Inthesameway,KarenlikesSpanish,historyandEnglish.Furthermore,bothgirlswanttobeteachers.Janeplanstobecomeanelementaryschoolteacher.ButKarenwantstobeahighschoolteacher.Asyoucansee,thetwogirlsarealmostliketwins.2

Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent.Ontheotherhand,nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessionalcriminal.Andthemanwhoknows“everything”mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness.So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance.主题句在段落结尾

AmericansmightbeembarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwiththem.JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanacquaintances(熟人、朋友)greetthemcasually.Still,theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshowrespectforothers.

ItjusthappensthatAmericansandJapanesehaveadifferentwayoflookingathumanrelationshipsandthushaveadifferentwayshowingrespect.

3

Everybridewantsherweddingtobethemostwonderfuldayofherlife.Butperfectweddingsrequirecarefulplanning,whetherthebrideandbridegroomareplanningatraditionalweddingorjustaregistryofficeceremony.Payingforthewedding,whichisalwaysaproblem,willpartlydecidethechoice.

TomstudiedforfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.

Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat______.

A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesfor

fouryears,movedtoanotheruniversity.

B.Tombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfrom

HarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBoston

College.

C.Tomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedat

Berlinuniversity.

D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation.detaildetaildetail《中国大学生作文评改》的中国作者毛荣贵说：“笔者曾就美版的Reader’sDigest和Time两本期刊的100篇短文做过调查，发现其中仅有2篇其topicsentence较为模糊，而有68篇的topicsentence均被置于文/段首，其余30篇已经将段落的topicsentence升格为小标题。”Writeatopicsentenceforthefollowingsupportingideas.IthascreatedMs.,atitleforwomencomparabletoMr.formen.TheMovementhaschangedtheendingofseveralcompoundwordsfrom–manto–person.TheMovementisresponsibleforsomenewterms.TheMovementhashadaneffectonthethird-personsingularpronoun.TheWomen’sMovement_________________________________________.hashadseveraleffectsontheEnglishlanguageStudentsonthiscampus________________________________recentlyvoicedseveralcomplaints.Theyvoiceddissatisfactionwiththecampuslighting.Theyexpressedtheirdisgustwiththefoodsoldbythedining-hall.Theyprotestedthegradingpoliciesoftheinstructors.Readthefollowingparagraphscarefullyandwriteatopicsentenceforeachparagraphinthespaceprovided.

.FamousinventorThomasEdison,forinstance,didsopoorlyinhisfirstyearsofschoolthathisteacherwarnedhisparentsthathewouldneverbeasuccessatanything.Similarly,HenryFord,thefatheroftheautoindustry,hadtroubleinschoolwithbothreadingandwriting.ButperhapsthebestexampleisAlbertEinstein,whoseparentsandteacherssuspectedthathewasretardedbecauseherespondedtoquestionssoslowlyandinastutteringvoice.Einstein’shighschoolrecordwaspoorineverythingbutmath,andhefailedhiscollegeentranceexamsthefirsttime.Evenoutofschoolthemanhadtroubleholdingajob---untilheannouncedthetheoryofrelativity.ManyscientistshadverybadproficiencyrecordsintheirschooldaysAsanindustry,TVprovidesjobsforhundredsofthousandswhomakeTVsetsandbroadcastingequipment.Italsoprovidesworkforactors,technicians,andotherswhoputonprograms.Asanart,televisionbringsthetheaterandotherculturaleventsintothehome.ItsinfluenceonthelifeofaverageAmericansisincalculable:itcaninfluencetheirthoughts,theirlikesanddislikes,theirspeech,andeventheirdress.Itcanalsoaddtotheirstoreofknowledge.Throughadvertising,televisionhelpsbusinessesandmanufacturersselltheirproductstomillionsofpeople.Televisionhasbroughtpoliticalcampaignsclosertothevotersthaninformerdays.EducationalTVstationsofferteachinginvarioussubjectsrangingfromhomenursingtoartappreciation.Manylargeschoolsanduniversitieshave“closed-circuit”televisionequipmentthatwilltelecastlecturesanddemonstrationstohundredsofstudentsindifferentclassrooms;andthelecturecanbeputonvideotapetobekeptforlateruse.SomehospitalsuseTVtoallowmedicalstudentstogetclose-upviewsofoperations.TVplaysanimportantroleinourdailylife.Americansrelaxingathome,forexample,mayputonkimonos,whichisaJapaneseword.AmericanswholiveinawarmclimatemaytakeanafternoonsiestaonanoutdoorpatiowithoutevenrealizingthattheseareSpanishwords.Intheirgardens,theymayenjoythefragranceofjasmineflowers,awordthatcameintoEnglishfromPersian.Theymayevenrelaxonachalse

longuewhilesippingadrinkwithvodka,wordsofFrenchandRussianorigin,respectively.ManyloanwordshaveenteredAmericans’dailylife.Weareawakenedbyelectricalarmclocksandmusicpouringfromourradio;weoperateourtoaster,brushourteethwithanelectrictoothbrush,andshavewithanelectricrazor.Wereadtheday’sheadlinesfromnewspapersprintedonhugeelectricpresses,andwewritealetteronourelectrictypewriterbeforeleavingforworktooperateacomputerandwordprocessor.Electricityhasfilledalmosteverypartofourlife.________________________________.Forexampleteacherslivebysellingknowledge,philosophersbysellingwisdomandpriestsbysellingspiritualcomfort.Thoughitmaybepossibletomeasurethevalueofmaterialgoodsintermsofmoney,itisverydifficulttocalculatethetruevalueofserviceswhichpeopleperformforus.Theconditionsofsocietyaresuchthatbillshavetobepaidforinthesamewaythatgoodsarepaidforatshop.Everyonehassomethingtosell.Everyonelivesbysellingsomething.____________________________________________.BeforeenteringahouseinJapan,itisagoodmannertotakeoffyourshoes.InEuropeancountrieseventhoughshoessometimesbecomeverymuddy,thisisnotdone.AguestinaChinesehouseneverfinishesadrink.Heleavesalittletoshowthathehashadenough.InaMalaysianhouse,too,aguestleavesalittlefood.InEngland,aguestalwaysfinishesadrinktoshowthathehasenjoyedit.Itseemsthatmannersindifferentcountriesareneverthesame.Differentcountriesanddifferentraceshavedifferentmanners._____________________________________.Firecanheatwater,cook,giveoutlightandkeepyourhousewarm.Sometimes,however,bigfirescanburndownhousesandforests.Forexample,thebigfirecausedbyYuanmingPalace,afamouspalaceinQingDynasty,ruinedcompletely.Sowemustbeverycarefulwithmatches,burningcigarettes,faultyelectricappliancesorunquenched(未扑灭的)fires

Becarefulwithfirebecauseitdoesnotalwaysdousgood.例文：Millionsofyearsago,AustraliawaslinkedtoAsiabyalandbridge.Thenanearthquakecausedthelandbridgetosink.Thesearushedin,andAustraliabecameanisland.Later,thisislandbecameaBritishcolony.ManyanimalsthatoncewanderedbackandforthacrossthelandbridgewereleftinAustralia.Andkangarooswereamongthem.Thoughtheywerekilledoffbylargeanimalsinotherplaces,theywereabouttosurviveinAustralia.这一段讲的是远古时期的澳大利亚，当时连人类都没有，但然不必提它后来沦为英国的殖民地的事了。此句应删掉。

InmyEnglishstudy,Ihavemanydifficulties.Myfirstdifficultyisthatmyvocabularyisnotlarge.TheseconddifficultyIhaveisthatIcannotwritewell.Thethirddifficultyisthatmylisteningcomprehensionisnotgoodenough.NowIhaveaplantostudyEnglishwell.主题句：Ihavemanydifficulties.

发展句：具体说明困难Myfirstdifficulty…;Theseconddifficulty…;Thethirddifficulty….结尾句：NowIhaveaplan…篇章结构：示范段落①Untilrecentlydaydreamingwasviewedasawasteoftime．②Oritwasconsideredanunhealthyescapefromreallifeanditsduties．③Butnowsomepeoplearetakingafreshlookatdaydreaming．④Anditmaybethatmorepeoplearesufferingfromalackofdaydreamingthanaresufferingfromtoomuchofit．连接词连接词连接词连接词示范段落①Untilrecentlydaydreamingwasviewedasawasteoftime．②Oritwasconsideredasunhealthyescapefromreallifeanditsduties．③Butnowsomepeoplearetakingafreshlookatdaydreaming．④Anditmaybethatmorepeoplearesufferingfromalackofdaydreamingthanaresufferingfromtoomuchofit．代词代词代词示范段落①Untilrecentlydaydreamingwasviewedasawasteoftime．②Oritwasconsideredasunhealthyescapefromreallifeanditsduties．③Butnowsomepeoplearetakingafreshlookatdaydreaming．④Andit

maybethatmorepeoplearesufferingfromalackofdaydreamingthanaresufferingfromtoomuchofit．重复关键词重复关键词重复关键词开始陈述tobeginwith，tostartwith，let’sbeginwith,firstofall,inthefirstplace，aboveall,atfirst1.Ithoughttodaywasgoingtobereallybad.Tostartwith,itwasraining,andrainydaysmakemesad.2.Idon’tagreethatanimalsshouldliveinthezoo.Tobeginwith,/Firstofall…theyhavenofreedom…3.

Atfirst,Ithoughtitmightbeadog,butIcan’tseeadog.4.Ithoughttodaywasgoingtobereallybad.Tostartwith,itwasraining,andrainydaysmakemesad.如何做到行文连贯？其中的一个技巧就是恰当使用连结词。只有恰当使用了语句之间的连接成分，才能使全文结构紧凑。顺序列点/显示事件的先后顺序firstly/secondly/thirdly；first/second/third,then,next,afterthis,afterthat,beforethis,beforethateg.1.FirstIneedyournameandaddress.Second,when’syourbirthday?2.Heevenhandedoutadvertisementsatalocalsupermarket.Thenhetoldtheteachersatschoolaboutthisproblem.3.At8o’clockIhavemath.Idon’tlikemath.Thenat9:00Ihavescience.Next,at10:00,Ihavehistory.4.Afterthat,theywenttotheOutdoorPoolwheretherewasagiantoctopus.表示“另外,还有”what’smore,besides,also,inaddition,still,aswellasNo,Ican’thaveanypetsbecausemymotherhatesthem.Besides,outapartmentistoosmall.Also,pigsneedalotoflove.Still,it’sagreatplacetovisitI’mluckytobehereformysix-monthEnglishcourse.Predictingthefuturecanbedifficultaswellasembarrassing.结束陈述

finally，lastly，intheend1.

Firstcutupthreebananas，threeapp