科普知识等说明文阅读

#科普知识等说明文阅读汇景中学初二英语备课组PartI：专题分析：一、体裁介绍：科普知识类的阅读文体往往以说明文为主，它不像记叙文那样具有很强的故事性，也不像议论文那样要论述说明一个道理，也不像应用文那样主要是传达一些重要信息。科普文章涉及的题材也很广泛，例如：生态平衡、未来能源、环境保护、太空、食物能量、海啸等等。它们有很强的知识性，这些知识往往不是我们能从社会生活实际经验中可以得到的。二、题目设计：科普知识类的阅读文体在阅读理解测试中主要考查细节性和事实性的题目。三、解题技巧：1、在读这类文章时要注意把握文章的主题和中心，要注重文章中的事实。一般来说，科普知识类的阅读文章的开头或结尾句往往是文章的中心意思所在，起到总结、归纳的作用，所以要特别注意阅读文章的开头和结尾。2、因为科普阅读涉及内容不是我们社会生活实际经验，所以往往生词比较多，句子的结构也较为复杂，解题时可以先看题目，你会发现大多数题目都与生词没有很大关系，这样看完题目再去读文章可以避免你先看文章发现有较多生词而产生恐慌和紧张的消极情绪，也可以带着问题去阅读找到与题目相关的信息，使自己的阅读更有更强的目的性，从而节省了时间又提高了自己解题的正确率。3、由于这类文体在阅读理解测试中主要考查细节性和事实性的题目。所以往往可从文章表面即只要通读全文所叙述的重要事实，就可以解答出来，甚至有的可以从文章的原句中就直接可以找到答案。它往往不需要根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后，或者要联系作者的意图、态度等弦外之音和文外之意加以推理，才能获得正确答案。4、由于科普文生词比较多，所以要学会猜测词意。1）利用上下文猜测词义：在阅读中我们可以利用熟悉的词所创设的上下文语境，来猜测生词词义。2）根据下定义或解释猜测词义。3）利用同义词或反义词猜测词义。4）利用所举示例猜测词义（标志：forexample,suchas等词语）。5）利用生活常识猜测词义。6）根据构词法猜测词义。5、“头脑风暴”在科普阅读中的运用。“头脑风暴”：在拿到阅读材料大致了解文章内容后马上在自己的脑子里把与这方面有关的信息提取出来，进行相关情节及事件的联想，使大脑里即刻充满有关文章内容的信息，这非常有助于加深对文章的理解。四、解题步骤：在科普阅读中我们比较多采用“先题后文”的解题步骤。1、读题：先读材料后的测试题目。但只能是读其问题或题干，而没有必要读问题后

的选项，因为读了你也记不住，还可能干扰你的阅读。2、记题：在读了题之后，要把这些问题记在心里，并带着这些问题去阅读文章，这是要经过反复的训练才能形成的能力。3、读文：即带着问题读文章。阅读时对文章中出现的那些与问题有关的词句，可以用一支铅笔在文章中作些记号，比如这句与第2题有关，你可以给它下划线并写上2,以便为选择及检查验证时作好准备，节省时间提高效率。4、答题5、验证：再看看文章中自己做了记号的与题目相关的句子或词语，确保自己的答案是对的。PartII、例题解题精讲：Passage1一、先读题目并记住题目：（）1.WhatisNottrueaboutamuseum?A.It'sagoodplacetodosomeshopping.B.It'sagoodplacetolearnaboutart.C.Peoplecanlearnaboutsciencethere.D.Peoplecanlearnaboutthehistoryofaplacethere.（）2.PeoplecanNotinamuseum.seemoviesB.listentotalksC.makethingsD.playwithbears（）3.InIndianapolis.A.thereisonlyonemuseumforchildrenB.museumsareallthesameC.it'sfreeforchildrentovisitthechildren'smuseumD.peopledonothavetopaytovisitthechildren'smuseum()4.Inthechildren'smuseuminIndianapolis,childrenliketosee.A.thedinosaurbonesB.alloldbonesC.oldstreetsD.airplanes()5.Themainideaofthepassageisthat.A.thereareallkindsofmuseumsB.childrenlikemuseumsC.animalsandtreesarefoundinmuseumsD.oldcarsandairplanesarekeptinmuseums二、阅读文章内容并带着问题在相关的句子下做记号：Whatisamuseum?Amuseumisagoodplacetokeepoldandbeautifulthings.①Amuseummaybeaplacetolearnaboutscienceandaplaceto.findoutaboutartorpeopleoranimals.Whatisinsideamuseum?Somemuseumshaveoldcarsandairplanes.Manymuseumshavepicturesandstatues.(雕像)Othershaverocksandoldbones.Onemuseumevenhasarealoldstreetinside.Ithasshopsandpeople'sstatuesdoingbusiness.Itlookssorealthatonemightfeelthathewasbacktotheoldtime.Manycitieshavemuseums.Someverysmalltownshavemuseums,too.Indianapolishasachildren'smuseum.Children③donot加卩etopaytogetin.Childrenoftengotothemuseum.Theyliketolookat④thedinosaurbones.They②seeawhitebeatenfeettall.OnSaturdays,Indianapolischildrencan②heatOkaboutanimalsandtrees.They②seemovies.Theytakehikes.Theyevenlearnto②makethingthere.这是一篇有关博物馆的说明文，第一句话就说出了本文的主题是有关博物馆的。所以我们可以马上在头脑里联想有关博物馆的各种信息，例如自己去过的博物观、它的种类和用途等。读的时候我们发现标上①的句子与第1题有关，标上②的句子与第2题有关，标上③的句子与第3题有关，标上④的句子与第4题有关，我们做了这些标记是为了更快更准确地找到答案。四、验证答案：我们可以从做了标记的句子分别一一验证对应的题目，再次确定自己的答案是正确的。而第5题考查的是概括性的题目，我们仔细分析选项B,C,D都比较片面的，可以排除。Passage2我们用同样的方法做这篇阅读理解：()1.Aplantgetsfoodfrom.A.thesunB.itsleavesC.itsrootsD.theair（）2.Whatdoesthegreencoloringusetomakethefoodforaplant?A.Sunshine,water,airandroots.B.Air,sunshineandwaterC.Water,airandmeat.D.Water,sunshineandanimals.（）3.Aplanthasverysmallholesinitsleavesfortocomein.A.airB.waterC.sunshineD.greencoloring（）4.Aplantcanmakeitsfoodwhenitis.A.cloudyB.rainyC.sunnyD.windy（）5.Peoplewoulddiewithout.A.animalsB.meatC.plantsD.leavesAplantmakesitsownfoodin①itsleaves.Watercomestoleavesthroughthetoots（根）.③Airgetsintotheleavesthroughverysmallholes.Thegreencoloring（绿色素）intheleavesuses②thewaterandairtomakethefoodfortheplant.Italsoneeds②sunshinebecauseaplantcanmakefoodonly④whenthesunisshining.Animalsandpeoplecouldnotlive⑤withoutgreenplains.Theybotheatplants.Peopleandsomeanimalsalsoeatthemeatofsomeanimalsandtheseanimalseatplants.PartIII、专题练习：Passage3Mails,games,music,news,chatrooms（聊天室）andshopping!TheInternetispartofthewaywelivetoday.It'seasytogetontotheInternet.Theonlythingweneedtodoistouseamodemwhichisusedforconnectingacomputertoatelephoneline.TheInternetischangingandgrowingallthetime.MoreandmorepeoplehavecomputersandusetheInternet.UsingtheInternetmeanssurfingtheWorldWideWeb（That'sthe“www”youalwayshearabout.）TheWeb（网）haslargenumbersofwebsites（网站）init.Theyaretheplacesyougotogetinformationanddothings.Wheredothesewebsitescomefrom?Theyaremadebywebdesigners（设计师）.Whathappenswhenyouclickonawordorapicture?Youaresenttoanotherpage.It'sallbecauseofthewebdesigner.Webdesignersdoalotofworkbyusingacomputerprogramming（程序编辑）language.IsWebdesignallaboutcomputerprogramming?No.It'saboutmakingsomethingnew.Webdesignersmustimaginealotwhentheyaremakingawebsite.Itmustlookgoodandbefuntouse.AbigpartofWebdesignisart.Theychoosethebestpicturesandcolorstomakethewebsitelookgood.Theyalsowritethethingsthatyouseeonthewebsite.Animportantpartoftheirjobistoshare(分享)ideaswiththewebsitemanagerabouthowtodesignthewebsitewell.TOC\o"1-5"\h\z()1.Thispassageismainly(主要的)about.A.computerprogramminglanguageB.thewebdesigners'workC.thewebsitemanager'sworkD.thewaytogetontotheInternet()2.MoreandmorepeopleareusingtheInternetbecauseit's.A.easyandusefulB.beautifulandfunnyC.colorfulandhopefulD.changingandgrowing()3.It'spossibleforustochangewebsitesbyjustaclickbecauseof.A．themodern'shelpB．thetelephoneline'shelpC．thewebdesigners'workD．thewebsitemanager'swork()4．Whichofthefollowingiswrong?A.„www'means“WorldWideWeb”.B.There'reafewwebsitesontheweb.TheInternethaschangedpeople'slives.WecandothingslikeshoppingontheInternet.()5.Thewebdesignersdoalotofworkexcept.A．makingthewebsitesnewandbeautifulB．writingthingsontheInternetC．doingthecomputerprogrammingD．followingthemanager'sideasPassage4Theunderseaworldisverybeautiful.Nowmoreandmorepeoplewanttodiveinthewatertofindthesecretthere.Scubadivingisanewsporttoday.Itcantakeyouintoawonderfulunderseaworld.Youwillfindmanystrangeanimalsinthesea.Someareaslargeasaschoolbus.Manyseaanimalsgiveoutlightinthedarkandsomehavesharpteeth.Duringtheday,thereisenoughlight.Here,underthesea,everythingisblueandgreen.Whenfishswimnearby,youcancatchthemwithyourhands.Whenyouhavebottlesofaironyourback,youcanstayindeepwaterforalongtime.However,youcan'tdivetoodeep.Andyoumustbeverycarefulwhenyoudiveindeepwater.Thedeepseaisnotaneasyplacetolivein.It'scold,andit'sdark,too.Thedeeperitis,thelesssunlightthereis.Atabout3,000feet,thereisnolightatall.Itisverydarkinthesea.Manyfisheshavenoeyes.Somehavebigeyes.Afewhaveeyesononeside.Besides(除了)thecoldandthedarkness,deep-seaanimalsfaceathirddanger—otheranimals.Animalseat!Theymustfindfoodtoeat.Manyanimalseatplants.However,someanimalseatmeat.Thismeanstheseseaanimalshavetwobigjobs.Theyneedtofindanimalsasfood,andtheyhavetotrynottobecomeotheranimals'meal.()1.Whydopeoplewanttodiveinthesea?Because.theywanttocatchfishB.theseaisdeeptheywanttofindthesecretsoftheunderseaworldthereareallkindsofplantsinthesea()2.Inthedaytime,whenyoudiveinthesea,you.canseeeverythinggreenandblueB.can'tbeindangerC.cancatchnothingD.can'tseeanythingclearly()3.Howmanydangerswillanimalsmeetinthedeepsea?One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four.()4.Whenyoudoscubadiving,youcan.A.stayindeepwaterforalongtimeB.divevery,verydeepC.liveindeepwatereasilyD.divefreelywithoutanydangers()5.WhichofthefollowingisWRONG?Oneanimalfindssomethingtoeat,anditmaybeeatenbyothers.Atthedepthof3,000feetunderthesea,manyanimalscanfindtheirwaybyhearingandfeeling.Thedeepertheseais,thedarkerandcolderitis.Atthedepthof3,000feetunderthesea,allanimalscanfindtheirwaybyseeing.Passage5KillerbeesstartedinBrazilin1957.AscientistinSaoPaulowantedbeestomakemorehoney（蜂蜜）.Soheputforty-sixAfricanbeeswithsomeBrazilianbees.Thebeesbred（繁殖）andmadeanewkindofbees.Butthenewbeeswereamistake.Theydidn'twanttomakemorehoney.Theywantedtoattack.Then,byaccident,twenty—sixAfricanbeesescapedandbredwiththeBrazilianbeesoutside.Scientistscouldnotcontro（l控制）theproblem.Thebeesincreasedfast.TheywentfromBraziltoVenezuela.ThentheywenttoCentralAmerica.NowtheyareinNorthAmerica.Theytravelabout390milesayear.Eachgroupofbeesgrowsfourtimesayear.Thismeansonemillionnewgroupseveryfiveyears.Whyarepeopleafraidofkillerbees?Peopleareafraidfortworeasons.First,thebeessting（叮）manymoretimesthanusualbees.Killerbeescanstingsixtytimesaminutenon-stopfortwohours.Second,killerbeesattackingroups.Fourhundredbeestingscankillaperson.Alreadyseveralhundredpeoplearedead.NowkillerbeesareinTexas.InafewyearstheywillreachallovertheUnitedStates.Peoplecandonothingbutwait.（）1.AftertheAfricanbeeslivedtogetherwiththeBrazilianbees,they.A.mademorehoneyB.madeanewkindofbeesC.madeamistakeD.wantedtoattack（）2.Whyarepeopleafraidofkillerbees?A.Theyincreasefast.B.Severalhundredpeoplearedead.C．Theystingmoreandattackingroups.D．They'rebigandstrong（）3．Wherehavekillerbeesreachednow?A．NorthAmerica.B．Brazil.C．Venezuela.D．AllovertheUS（）4.Thebesttitleofthepassageis.A．HowtomakemorehoneyB．KillerbeesC.AfoolishscientistD.HowtofeedkillerbeesPassage6AJapanesetoymakersaysthatthey'vedevelopedagadget（小器具）thattranslatesdogbarks(吠)intohumanlanguagesandplantobeginsellingthegadgets一underthenameofBowlingual—intheUSpetstoresandpresentshopsthissummer.PeoplelaughedwhentheJapanesetoymakerTakaracompanymadetheworld'sfirstdog-humantranslationmachinelastyear.Butabout300,000ofthemhavebeensoldsinceitwasonsaleinJapanlastyear.FarbiggersaleswillbeexpectedonceanEnglishlanguagetranslationmachinefordogscomestoAmericainAugust.TheUnitedStatesishometoabout67milliondogs,morethansixtimesthenumberinJapan.“WeknowthattheAmericanslovetheirdogssomuch,sowedon'tthinkthey'llmindspending$120onthisgadget”,theTakaramarketingmanagersaidbeforethejournalistsatameetinginAtlanta.Bowlingual,oneofUSTimemagazine'scoolestinventionsof2002,hastwoparts.Amicrophoneistiedtothedog'scollar(项圈)andsendsoutsoundinformationtothegadgetheldbytheowner.Thenthetranslationisdoneinthegadgetbyadatabase(数据库)witheverykindofbarks.Thosebarksshowsixfeelings一happiness,sadness,disappointment,anger,declarationanddesire.Eachofthefeelingsisthentranslatedintowordslike“Let'splay.”“Lookatme!”or“Spendmoretimewithme.”Takarasaysithasspentmillionsofdollarsdevelopingthegadget.Onethingthatseemscertainisthatthemarketsforanimaltranslationmachineswillprobablybeadog'sworldsinceTakarahasnoplanstodevelopsuchagadgetforcats.“Theyaretoounpredictable(反复无常)，”themarketingmanagersaid.()1.ThefirstthreeparagraphsofthepassagemainlytellusthatBowlingual.A．wasinventedinJapanB．hasdevelopedquicklyC.willbesoldinAmericaD.sellswellforitsprice()2.Theunderlinedword“they”inthelastsentencerefersto.marketsB.dogsC.plansD.cats()3.Whenwasthispassagemostprobablywritten?A.Inthewinterof2002.B.Inthespringof2003.C.Inthesummerof2002.D.Intheautumnof2003.()4.Fromthepassage,wecanseethatTakaraisthesaleofitsnewgadgetintheUS.A.proudofB.pleasedwithC.confidentofD.worriedaboutPassage7Thereareaboutfifteenhundredlanguagesintheworld.Butonlyafewofthemareveryimportant.Englishisoneofthese.Many,manypeopleuseit,notonlyinEnglandandtheUSA,butalsoinotherpartsoftheworld.About200,000,000peoplespeakitastheirownlanguage.Itisdifficulttosayhowmanypeoplearelearningitasaforeignlanguage.Manymillionsofpeoplearetryingtodoso.IsiteasyordifficulttolearnEnglish?Differentpeoplemayhavedifferentanswers.Haveyouevernoticedads(广告)ofthiskindinthenewspapersormagazines?"LearnEnglishinsixweeks,orgiveyourmone"easycdnd…Unny...","OurrecordsandtapeshelpyoumasterEnglishinamonth".Ofcourse,itneverhappenedquitelikethis.Theonlylanguagethatseemseasytolearnisthemothertongue.Weshouldrememberthatwealllearnedourownlanguagewellwhenwewerechildren.IfwecouldlearnEnglishinthesameway,itwouldnotseemsodifficult.Thinkofwhatasmallchilddoes.Helistenstowhatpeoplesay.Hetrieswhathehears.SoitishardtosaythatlearningEnglishiseasy.Wemustdoalotofpractice.Andpracticeneedsgreateffortandtakesmuchtime.Goodteachers,records,tapes,books,anddictionarieswillbehelpful,buttheycannotdothestudent'sworkforhim.()1.Howmanylanguagesareveryimportantintheworld?Afew.B.Few.C.About1,500.D.Many.()2.IfwewanttolearnEnglishwell,whatshallwedo?Weshouldstudyitwithoutanyhelp.B.Wemustdoalotofpractice.C.Weneedtogetmuchmoneyback.D.WemustliveinEnglandorAmerica.()3.Howdoesthewriterliketheadsinthenewspapersormagazines?A.Hethinkstheadsveryexpensive.B.Hethinkstheadsaretrue.Itneverhappenedquitelikewhattheadssaid.Hebelieves"LearnEnglishinsixweeks,orgiveyourmoneyback".()4.Whichlanguageiseasytolearn?A.English.B.Chinese.C.Japanese.D.Themotherlanguage.()5.WhichcountriesuseEnglishasmothertongue?

A.ChinaandFrance.C.EnglandandAmerica.A.ChinaandFrance.C.EnglandandAmerica.JapanandItaly.D.Germanyandhag.Passage8Abugfliesbyaplant.Thisplanthasaprettyredflower.Thebugsmellssomethingwonderful.Soitgoesnearerandnearertotheflower.Thenitseessomeleavesontheplant.Theyarelongandgreenandgoodtoeat.Buttheylookstrange.Theyarefolded（折叠）together.Thebugfliesoverandsitsonone.Oooops!That'stheendofthebug.Thispoorbughaslandedonaplantthateatsbugs!Meat-eatingplantsusespecialwaystotrapbugs.Somehaveprettyflowers.Theylooksoniceandsmellsosweetthatbugsflydirectly（直接地）intothem.Butthereisnowaytheycangetout.Theplantkeepsthebugthere.Itusesthebugasfood.That'showtheplantlives.Therearemanykindsofplantsthateatbugs.Eachplanthasaspecialwaytocatchbugs.Theleavesofoneplantsnap（猛地咬住）togetherwhenthebuglandsonthem.Otherplantshavesticky（粘性的）leaves.Theseleavesrollup（卷起来）withthebugstrappedinsidethem.Onekindofthisplanthaslittlehairsonitsleaves.Theyholdanythingthatcomesalongsoitcannotgetaway.Thentheleavescloseuparoundthefood.Youcankeepaplantlikethisinyourhome.Don'tworry.Youwon'thavetocatchbugstofeedit.Justgotoaflowerstore.Youcangetspecialfoodthere.Ifnot,youcanjustgiveitbitsofmeat.）1.Thesentence„Oooops!That'stheendofthebug.'meansB.Ah!ItslifeendsD.Oh!ItfliesawayatonceA.Oh!ItsfoodismissingB.Ah!ItslifeendsD.Oh!ItfliesawayatonceOh,bad!Itdisappearssuddenly）2.Whyisthattheendofthebug?A.Itgetshurtandcan'tflyagain.A.Itgetshurtandcan'tflyagain.Itlikeseatingsweetthings.Theplantonwhichitlandswilleatit.D.Itwantstoliveonleavesforever.）3.Fromthispassage,wecanknowthatabugwasA.akindofplantakindofsugarA.akindofplantakindofsugarD.akindofflowerakindofverysmallinsect（昆虫）D.akindofflower()4.Ifyouhaveaplantthateatsbugs,you.A.mustcatchbugstofeeditB.cangotoaflowerstoreforspecialfoodC.shouldgiveitsomevegetablesD.needtogiveitsomericeormilkPassage9Theword“day”hastwomeanings.Whenwetalkaboutthenumberofdaysinayear,weareusing“day”tomean24hours.Butwhenwetalkaboutdayandnight,weareusing“day”tomeanthetimebetweensunriseandsunset.Sincetheearthlookslikeaball,thesuncanshineononlyhalfofitatatime.Alwaysonehalfoftheearthishavingdayandtheotherhalfnight.Aplaceismovedfromdayintonightandfromnightintodayoverandoverbythespinning(旋转)oftheearth.Attheequator(赤道)dayandnightaresometimesthesamelength(长度).Theyareeachtwelvehourslong.Thesunrisesat6o'clockinthemorningandsetsat6o'clockintheevening.ForsixmonthstheNorthPoleistilted(倾斜)towardthesun.InthosemonthstheNorthernHemisphere(半球)getsmorehoursofsunlightthantheSouthernHemisphere.Daysarelongerthannights.Southoftheequatornightsarelongerthandays.FortheothersixmonthstheNorthPoleistiltedawayfromthesun.ThentheSouthernHemispheregetsmoresunlight.Daysarelongerthannights.Northoftheequatornightsarelongerthandays.Winteristheseasonoflongnights.Summeristheseasonoflongdays.()1．WhentheWesternHemisphereishavingday,theEasternHemisphereishaving.A.bothdayandnightB.dayC.neitherdaynornightD.night()2．Aplaceismovedfromdayintonightandfromnightintodayoverandoverbyoftheearth.A.thepushingB.thepullingC.thespinningD.thepassingTOC\o"1-5"\h\z()3．Attheequatordayisaslongasnight.A.sometimesB.neverC.usuallyD.always()4．WhentheNorthPoleistiltedtowardthesun,theNorthernHemispheregets___sunlight.A.lessB.moreC.allD.no()5．WhenitiswinterinChina,.A.theUSAistiltedtowardthesunB.theSouthPoleistiltedawayfromthesunC.theNorthPoleistiltedtowardthesunD.theNorthPoleistiltedawayfromthesunPassage10TsunamiisaJapanesewordthatmeans“harborwave”.Oftenpeoplethinkatsunamitobeatidalwavewhichhappensduringaperiod,buttheresearchersontheoceancalltsunamisseismic(地震的)seawavesbecausetheyareusuallycausedbyasuddenriseorfallofpartoftheearth'scrushunderorneartheocean.Lesspowerfultsunamiwavescanalsobecausedbyvolcanic(火山的)activities.TheyaremostcommoninthePacificOcean.Atsunamiisnotasinglewave,butaseriesofwavesthatcantr