期末考试高级英语第一册修辞总结

PAGEPAGE4Unit1MiddleEasternBazaar1.Onomatopoeia（拟声法）:istheformationofwordsinimitationorthesoundsassociatedwiththethingconcerned.e.g.1)Littlemonkeyswithharmoniouslytinklingbellsthreadtheirwayamongthethrongsofpeople(Para.1)2)thesqueakingandrumbling(Para.9)2.Metaphor（隐喻）:istheuseofawordorphrasewhichdescribesonethingbystatinganothercomparablethingwithoutusing“as”or“like”.e.g.1)theheatandglareofabigopensquare(Para.1)2)…untilyouroundedacornerandseeafairlylandofdancingflashes….3)…inthemazeofvaultedstreetswhichhoneycombthisbazaar(Para.7)3.alliteration（头韵）:istheuseofseveralwordsincloseproximitybeginningwiththesameletterorletters.e.g.1)…threadtheirwayamongthethrongsofpeople(Para.1)2)…thesellers,ontheotherhand,makeapointofprotesting4.Hyperbole(夸张):istheuseofaformofwordstomakesthsoundbig,small,loudandsoonbysayingthatitislikesomethingevenbigger,smaller,louder,etc.e.g.orsitinatinyrestaurantwithportersand…(Para.7)quicklythetricklebecomesafloodofglisteninglinseedoil(Para.9)5．Antithesis(对偶):isthesetting,ofteninparallelstructure,ofcontrastingwordsorphrasesoppositeeachotherforemphasis.e.g.1)…atinyapprenticeblowsabigcharcoalfirewithahugeleatherbellows…(Para.5)2)…whichtowerstothevaultedceilinganddwarfsthecamelsandtheirstonewheels.(Para.9)6.Personification:afigureofspeechinwhichinanimateobjectsareendowedwithhumanqualitiesorarerepresentedaspossessinghumanform.e.g.…astheburnishedcoppercatchesthelightof…(Para.5)7.Assonance(尾韵)e.g.1)…thesqueakingandrumblingofthegrindingwheels….Unit21.Metaphor:暗喻Afigureofspeechinwhichawordorphrasethatordinarilydesignatesonethingisusedtodesignateanother,thusmakinganimplicitcomparison.暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。1).Andsecondly,becauseIhadalumpinmythroatandalotofsadthoughtsonmymindthathadlittletodowithanythinginNipponrailwaysofficialmightsay.2).…Iwasagaincrushedbythethought…(Page13,Para.4,Line1)3).…Atlasttheintermezzocametoanendand…(Page13,Para.4,Line1)4).…whenthemeaningoftheselastwordssankin,joltingme…(P15,P.7,Lines1~3)2.alliteration（头韵）:istheuseofseveralwordsincloseproximitybeginningwiththesameletterorletters.e.g.1)thefasttrainintheworldslippedtoastop….2)Ifeelsick,,andeversincethentheyhavebeentestingandtreatingme….3.rhetoricalquestion(反诘句)e.g.1)WasInotatthesceneofthecrime?4.Synecdoche:提喻Afigureofspeechinwhichapartisusedforthewhole(ahandforsailor),thewholeforapart(asthelawforpoliceofficer),thespecificforthegeneral(ascutthroatforassassin),thegeneralforthespecific(asthiefforpickpocket),orthematerialforthethingfromwhichitismade(assteelforsword).举隅法，提喻法：一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手代表水手），以整体代表局部（如用法律代表警官），以特殊代表一般（如用直柄剃刀代表杀人者），以一般代表特殊（如用贼代表扒手），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用钢代表剑）e.g.1)TheratherarrestingspectacleoflittleoldJapanadriftamidbeigeconcreteskyscrapersistheverysymboloftheincessantstrugglebetweenthekimonoandtheminiskirt.(Para.7)littleoldJapan:traditionalJapanesehouses2)Therewerefreshbows,andthefacesgrewmoreandmoreseriouseachtimethenameHiroshimawasrepeated.(synecdoche)5.Metonymy:换喻Afigureofspeechinwhichonewordorphraseissubstitutedforanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated,asintheuseof“Washington”for“theUnitedStatesgovernment”orof“thesword”for“militarypower”.e.g.1)换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿”代替“美政府”或用“剑”代替“军事力量”TheratherarrestingspectacleoflittleoldJapanadriftamidbeigeconcreteskyscrapersistheverysymboloftheincessantstrugglebetweenthekimonoandtheminiskirt.(Para.7)thekimonoandtheminiskirt:theJapanesecultureandthewesternculture6.Irony：反语Theuseofwordstoexpresssomethingdifferentfromandoftenoppositetotheirliteralmeaningtoachievethehumorousandironiceffect.反语：正话反说或反话正说以达到幽默和讽刺的效果。e.g.1）ThiswayIlookatthemandcongratulatemyselfonthegoodfortunethatmyillnesshasbroughtme.(P.17)7.Sarcasm讽刺Sarcasmisanexpressionorcuttingremarkclearlymeaningtheoppositetowhatisfelt.e.g.1）Hiroshima—the“liveliest”CityinJapan2）Ifyouwanttowritethiscity,donotforgettosaythatthiscityisthegayestcityinJapan,evenif…8.Euphemism委婉语Speakwithgoodwords把话说得好听些，婉转些，使听者感到愉快。e.g.1）EachdaythatIescapedeath,eachdayofsufferingthathelpstofreemefromb)Behindallthisglare,behindallthisstorm,Iseethatsmallgroupof…(p.80)Glare:afierceorangrystare;Hereitreferstowarfire.Storm:strongwindandrain;HereitreferstowarorHitler’sassaultontheothercountries.c)…delightedtofindwhattheybelieveisaneasierandasaferprey(theRussiansoldiers).(p.80)d)Isupposetheywillberoundedupinhordes.(Page77,Para.1,thelastsentence)e)WeareresolvedtodestroyHitlerandeveryvestigeoftheNaziregime.(Page80,Para.3,Lines6~8)f)wehaveridtheearthofhisshadow(influence)andliberateditspeoplesfromhisyoke(control).(p.80)8.alliterationTherepetitionofthesameconsonantsoundsorofdifferentvowelsoundsatthebeginningofwordsorinstressedsyllables,asin头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。如：1)Hearthandhome(p.82)2)Ialsoseethedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldieryploddingonlikeaswarmofcrawlinglocusts.(p.79)3)Letuslearnthelessonsalreadytaughtbysuchcruelexperience.(p.82)9.PersonificationAfigureofspeechinwhichinanimateobjectsorabstractionsareendowedwithhumanqualitiesorarerepresentedaspossessinghumanformIseetheGermanbombersandfightersinthesky,stillsmartingfrommanyaBritishwhipping,delightedtofindwhattheybelieveisaneasierandasaferprey.(p.79-80)10.hyperboleAfigureofspeechinwhichexaggerationisusedforemphasisoreffect,asinIcouldsleepforayearorThisbookweighsaton.夸张法：一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重中1)IfHitlerinvadedHellIwouldmakeatleastafavourablereferencetotheDevilintheHouseofCommons.(Hitlerismuchevilerthanthedevil.)(p.78)11.Onomatopoeia(拟声)1）…withitsclanking,heelclicking,dandified….12.Antithesis(对偶)1）AnymanorstatewhofightsonagainstNazidomwillhaveouraid.AnymanorstatewhomarcheswithHitlerisourfoe.13.Collusion(典故)1)Iaskedwhetherforhim,thearchanti—communist,thiswasnotbowingdownintheHouseofRimmon14.Syllogism三段论推理Unit9MarkTwain—MirrorofAmerica1.Simile:PleaserefertoLesson2.e.g.1)Indeed,thisnation’sbest-lovedauthorwaseverybitasadventurous,patriotic,romantic,andhumorousasanyonehaseverimagined.(Para.1)2)Tom’smischievousdaring,ingenuity,andthesweetinnocenceofhisaffectionforBeckyThatcherarealmostassuretobestudiedinAmericanschoolstodayasistheDeclarationofIndependence.(Para.15)3）MostAmericanrememberM.T.asthefatherof4)..amemorythatseemedphonographic2.Metaphore.g.1)…whosawclearlyaheadablackwallofnight.(Para.1)2)…mainarteryoftransportationintheyoungnation’sheart.(Para.3).theepidemicofgoldandsilverfever...4.MarkTwainMirrorofAmericaTwainbegandigginghiswaytoregionalfame...MarkTwainhonedandexperimentedwithhisnewwritingmuscles...3.Sarcasm:itisafigureofspeechwhichattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage,ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Itismostoftenrestrictedtothemakingofbrief,unpleasantremarksthataremotivatedbyhostilityandcontempt.e.g.1)…Iknewmoreaboutretreatingthanthemanthatinventedretreating.(Para.6)2)…onecouldsetatrapanywhereandcatchadozenablermaninanight.(Para.13)4.Alliteration（头韵）.e.g.Itwasasplendidpopulation–foralltheslow,sleepy,sluggish-brainedslothsstayedathome.Itwasthatpopulation…andrushingthemthroughwithamagnificentdashanddaringandarecklessnessofcostorconsequences”5.Antithesis（对偶）e.g.1)…ofthedifferencebetweenwhatpeopleclaimtobeandwhattheyreallyare.(Para.5)2)…aworldwhichwilllamentthemadayandforgetthemforever.3)Itwasasplengdedpopulation—foralltheslow,sleepy,sluggish-brainedslothsstayedathome…...tookunholyverbalshotsattheHolyLand...6.euphemisme.g.1)HetriedsoldieringfortwoweekswithamotleybandofConfiderateguerrillaswhodiligentlyavoidedcontactwiththeenemy.2)hecommentedwithacrushingsenseofdespaironman’sfinalreleasefromearthlystruggles3)theyvanishfromaworldwheretheywereofnoconsequence..7.metonymy（转喻）e.g.…butformakingmoney,hispenwouldprovemightierthanhispickax.8.personification.e.g.Bitternessfedonthemanwhohadmadetheworldlaugh.Thegraveworldsmilesasusuallyandsays….9.Transferredepithet(转移修饰语)e.g.Hehadtoleavethecityforawhilebecauseofsomescathingcolumnshewrote.10.Hyperbole:...cruisethrougheternalboyhoodand...endlesssummeroffreedom...Parallelism:MostAmericansremember...thefatherofHuckFinn'sidylliccruisethrougheternalboyhoodandTomSawyer'sendlesssummeroffreedomandadventure.SynecdocheKeelboats,...carriedthefirstmajorcommerceUnit10TheTrialthatRockedtheWorld1.Metaphor:Noone,...thatmaycasewouldsnowballinto...Theoratoricalstormthat…ourtown...hadtakenonacircusatmosphere.Thestreet...sproutedwith...Hethunderedinhissonorousorgantones....championhadnotscorchedtheinfidels...…afterthepreliminarysparringoverlegalities…2.Simile:...sweptthearenalikeaprairiefire...apalmfanlikeasword...3.Metonymy...tomorrowthemagazines,thebooks,thenewspapers...TheChristianbelievesthatmancamefromabove....below.4.Hyperbole:ThetrialthatrockedtheworldHisreputationasanauthorityonScriptureisrecognizedthroughouttheworld.(overstatement)5.Ridicule（丑化）Bryan,ageingandpaunchy,wasassisted...….anditisamightystrongcombinationBryanmoppedhisbalddomeinsilence.Resolutelyhestrodeto