商务英语作业

QuestionsHowdowerealizetherelationshipbetweenNPMandpublicpolicy?PublicpolicyisaveryimportantpartoftheNPMprocess.Pubicmanagementwasgenerallyregardedasaprocessthroughwhichpolicieswereformulated,resourcesallocated,andprogramsimplemented.WhatdoyouthinkoftheNPMliterature?TheNPMliteratureasawholeisamorphous,asmightbeexpectedofaninterdisciplinary,policy-orientedfield.WecandividetheNPMliteratureintotwomainbranches:researchandargumentation.“Research”referstoscholarlyworksintendedtoexplainfactsandevents.“Argumentation”referstoscholarlydialoguesaboutwhat-to-doideasandactualpoliciesconcerninggovernment,policyandmanagement.Contributionstothesedialoguesoftenresolve,reformulate,orincitedoctrinalcontroversies.Howdoyouunderstandprogramdesignandoperation?Programsarepackagesofactivityintendedto“createpublicvalue”byaddressingproblemsinsuchareasashealth,criminaljustice,education,employment,andeconomicdevelopment.Programdesigninvolvesthecraftingofinstitutionalrolesandframeworksthroughwhichpolicytoolsaredefined.Whatdoyouthinkofthepublicmanagementpolicyaccordingtotheauthor?AlthoughtheideaofNPMhaspromotedinternationalscholarlydiscussionofpublicmanagement,neitherresearchnordoctrinalandpolicyargumentationonthissubjectarewhollysatisfactoryasyet.Whatdoyouthinkofpolicyanddoctrinalargumentation?Publicmanagementpoliciesareauthoritativemeansintendedtoguide,constrain,andmotivatethepublicsericeasawhole.Canyouillustratecategoryofpublicmanagementinafigure?Theimmediatetargetsofpublicmanagementpolicyhabeincludedproceduresforstaffingthepublicservice,planningorganizationalactivity,buyingsuppliesfromindustry,disbursingpublicfunds,changingorganizationalstructures,andcommunicatingwiththepublicandlegislature.WhyshouldwetakesomepresumptionsbeforeNPMresearch?TheframingofNPMasatrendencouragesthispresumption;itsacceptanceencouragespolicy-makingthroughimitationratherthanproblemsolving.Theanalysisofpublicmanagementpolicies,therefore,requiresasubstantive,inadditiontoaprofounddiscussion.CanyoucitesomepoliciesinrealitiesconcerningNPM?1.Clearperformancestandardsandmeasurements.2.Thepublicsectorisdevelopinginamorecompetitivedirection.3.Theutilizationofresourcesshouldbemoreeconomicalandmandatory.Translation英译汉Collectivedecisionsareproducedbytheinteractionofseveralindividuals,whosepersonalqualitiesandviewsaffectthefinaloutcome.Yetcollectivedecision-makingprocesses.Collectivedecisionsarenecessarywhereareindividualisnotcompetenttomakeadecisionalone,orwhenseveralpeopleareinconflictaboutthedesiredgoals.集体决策是由几个人的互动产生的，他们的个人素质和观点影响最终的结果。然而集体决策不仅仅是一系列个人决策过程的总和。当一个人不能独自做出决定，或者当几个人在想要达到目标发生冲突时，集体决策是必要的。汉译英社会学家、政治学科学家和经济学家对团体以及几个组织之间的集体决策兴趣浓厚。早期的经济学研究方法是规范的，偏爱于不言而喻的理性决策模型。其他社会学家偏爱复杂的描述性的研究方法。现在的研究倾向于把这些方法结合起来。Sociologists,politicalscientistsandeconomistsaregreatinterestedincollectivedecision-makingbetweengroupsandseveralorganizations.Theearlymethodsofeconomicresearchwerenormativesandprefer