教程文案介绍fangfangshen

Tableof DefinitionofInformal DefinitionofQualityofLife EnvironmentalAnalysisofTourismInformalEmploymentin Economic Political Problem AimoftheResearchandResearch Research Measurement& FieldworkandData Chapter TimetableofBachelorThesis Listof ReferencingfromtheMaslow’sHierarchyofNeeds,qualityoflifecouldassociatewithdifferentlevelsofneeds’satisfaction,includingphysiological,safety,social,esteemandself-actualization.Similarly,Chrenekováetal.(2016,p.136)statedthatqualityoflifecouldbeobtainedfromtheaspectofsociologythatrelatedtothelivinglevel,inwhichtheessentialdemandsaresatisfiedbymaterialandeconomicQualityoflifeandleveloflivingofpersonsaredirectlyinfluencedbyenvironmentsandsituationsoflivingareasorregions(Chrenekováetal.,2016,p.136).So,thequalityoflifeofemployeeswillbedirectlyaffectedbytheworkingconditions,andthelifequalityoflifecouldbestudiedfromthatobjectiveperspectiveandsimulta-neouslyfromtheobjectiveperspectiveofindividualfeelingsandsatisfaction.EuropeanCommissioninthenewEurope2020strategyclaimedthattheunem-ploymentnotonlyimplytheindividualornationalfailure,butalsocausesocialandpsychologicalresults,eitherofwhichperhapslowerdownpeople'squalitylife.Consequently,employmentisacrucialfactorforindividualsandhouseholds’qual-ityoflife(EuropeanCommission[EC],2010).Generallyspeaking,normaljobscontainworkinginacorporate,signingupcon-tractinadvance,gettingsalarymonthlyorannually,fixedworkingplaceandtime,payingvarioustaxesandhighsecuritysafeguarding(Chrenekováetal.,2016,p.136).Onthecontrary,informalemploymentwasconsideredasinformalrelation-shipwithemployersorinformalself-employment,whichisoppositetothosesce-narios.Previously,InternationalLabourOrganization(ILO,2003)separatedem-ploymentintoformalandinformalsectors.Fortheinformalsector,iftheemploy-ees’laborrelationinlawcannotbeguaranteedbythegovernmentalpoliciesandregulations,incometax,societysecurityandsomeemployeebenefits(likeinform-inginadvancefordismissingemployee,dismissalwage,annualpaidholidayandannualpaidleave),theyaredefinedasinformalemployment.Underthebackgroundofglobaltourism’sboomingdevelopmentandtherapidriseofChinesetourismindustry,HainanprovincebecamethefrontlinepositionofChinatourismdevelopmentarea,dependingonexceptionalgeographicadvantageandabundanttourismresources(ChinaNationalTourismAdministration[CNTA],2016).Simultaneously,ChinesegovernmentintroducedrelevantpoliciesandregulationspositivelyandpromotedthetourismdevelopmentofHainanprovince.In2009,“SomeSuggestionstoPromotingtheconstructionofHainanInternationalTourismIsland”waspublishedbythestateofcouncil.Asanimportantstrategicdeployment,Hainanprovincewillbebuiltintoexoteric,sustainable,civilizedhar-moniousisland,anddevelopedintoworld’stopleisuretourismresort.Therefore,tourismindustrywillobtainhugebreakthroughandthedemandforthetourismformalandinformalemploymentareexpectedtobehigherthantheprevi-ousyearsinHainanprovince.Meanwhile,thequalitylifeandlivingstandardofthoseemployeeshavealsobeenattachedmoreimportance.DefinitionofInformalInformalemploymentisbecomingmoreandmoresignificantindevelopingeco-nomics,particularlyinmetropolisesandtourismdestinationareas.Thevocabularyof“informalsector”isoriginatedfromtheInternationalLabourOffice(ILO,1972).In1972,ILOorganizedanemploymentinvestigationinKenyaandfoundthereexistlargeamountof“poorpeoplewithjob”andthosepeoplededicatedintoeco-nomicactivitieswithoutrecognition,registration,protectionandmanagementbygovernment.Then,ILOregardedthoseactivitiesasinformalsector.KarandMarjit(2008,pp.107-119)pointedoutinformalsectorreferstothoseillegalorcriminalbehavioursthatconductedoutsidetheformalscopebyindividualswhoaimstoavoidtaxationorregulationconstrains.Afterthat,Hart(1973,p.68)broughtitintotheacademicsphereandconsideredtheinformalsectoractivitiesasonekindofbehaviourswithnolimitation,self-employedandcompletelyautonomous.Follow-ingthat,scholarsaroundtheworldperceiveddifferentlyintheconceptionofinfor-malsector.Someofthemperceivedfromtheperspectiveoflegitimacywhilesomefocusedmoreontheorganizationscaleandothersinsistedontheaspectsofcapi-tallevel.Notonlythescholarsperceiveddifferentlyintheconceptionofinformalsector,buttheconductedstandardswhengovernmentscarryoutsurveyweredistinct(Mead&Morrison,1996,pp.1611-1619).Forinstance,PengandYao(2004,pp.63-72)indicated:inThailand,informalsectorreferstosmallenterprisesandself-employersbelowtwentyworkers;inKorea,itreferstomicro-enterprisesandself-employerswithinfiveworkers;inPhilippines,informalsectormeansself-employersandsectorsoutsidethenationinvestigation;indevelopedcountries,vendors,householdservice,householdmaintenance,free-lancers,gardeningandprivateinstructorsareconsideredasinformalsectoractivities.However,intheconceptionanalysingandpolicydiscussingfortheinformalem-ployment,Zhang(2004,p.38)pointedout:informalemploymentseparatesintoinformalsectoremploymentandnon-standardworkarrangement/non-standardemployment,informalworkersarethosewhoworkundertheenvironmentofdan-gerous,appalling,unsanitaryandevenlackingofbasichygienefacilities.Theiremploymentjuststaysinthestateofmakingaliving,insteadofpursuinghonour-ablework;non-standardemploymentmeansthenon-standardworkarrangement,non-standardsworkformandnon-standardlabourrelation,whichdifferentiatesfromthestandardemploymentbutinformaldepartment.Furthermore,itincludesflexibleemployment,periodicemployment,part-timeemployment,seasonalem-ployment,othertemporaryemploymentsandindependentemployment.Hence,informaltourismemployeesconsistofinformalsectorworkerswhoservetouristsandnon-standardworkersinformalsector(Liang&Bao,2014,pp.62-69)Informaltourismsectorpointstothosesmall-scaleunitindividuals,whoareunder-takingtourismcommodityandservice,makingupofindependentlabour,streetvendorsandself-employers;Incontract,non-standardemploymentofformaltour-ismsectormainlytargetsattemporaryworkers,seasonalworkersandinternswhoareservinginformaltourismcompanies,whichhavealreadyregisteredbygov-Furthermore,accordingtosomepreviousresearches,employmentoftourismin-formalsectorinSanyacouldbecategorizedintofood,accommodation,transporta-tion,sightseeing,shoppingandamusement:forthefirstpart,food,itcouldbesnackvendor'sstand,fruitstand,familyrestaurantwithnooperationalpermissionandvendorssurroundedbyscenicspots;accommodationcanbethefamilyinnwithoutoperationalcertificate;transportationaspectsincludeunlicensedcars,rickshawdrivers,ticketscalpingandpeoplewhocollecttollsforguiding;forthesightseeingpart,itcontainstourguidewithnocertificate,scalpingticketsforsce-nicspotsandphotographerswithnocertificate;littlecraftsman,souvenirssellerandnightmarketerwithnocertificates;thelastpart,amusement,itcouldbesomeamusementplacesandplayerswithoutoperationalpermission(Wang,Guo&Chen,2010,p.44).Thosecategoriesgaveahugeconvenienceforcollectingdataintheresearchofinformalsectorandinformalemployment,sodidinthisarticle.DefinitionofQualityofLifeRecently,qualityoflifehasbecomingapopulartopictobebroaddiscussedandexplored.Qualityoflifecanbelooselydefinedas”anoverallstateofaffairsinaparticularsocietythatpeopleevaluatepositively”(Spradley,1976,p.100).Al-thoughtheelementsofqualityoflifearelikelytochangefromcultureandculture,QOLisstillviewedasuniversal.AndereckandNyaupane(2011,p.248)indicated”DefiningQOLisdifficultbecauseitissubjectiveexperiencedependentonindi-viduals’perceptionsandfeelings.”Nevertheless,inthepast30years,residents’attitudesontourismexplicitlytheirperceptionontourismeffectshadbeenfurtheredstudied.Onlyfewresearcheshavepaidattentionontheeffectsthattourismhadonqualityoflife,letaloneonthequalityoflifeofinformalemployees.Allen(1990,pp.183-196)indicatedoneofthedistinctionsbetweenattituderesearchesandqualityoflifestudiesisthatatti-tuderesearchesemphasizedonhowindividualsviewtourismeffectscommunitiesandcircumstancewhilequalityoflifestudiestendtopaymoreattentiontohowthosepeopleandfamilylifesatisfactionwereinfluencedbytourismimpacts.So,howdoestourismimpactpeople’squalityoflife?Someresearchersdiscussedthatfromthepositiveandnegativeaspects.Fromthepositiveside,itcouldbethatresidentscanfullyenjoytheoutcomeoftourismproducts’creationanddevelop-ment,suchasrecreationfacilitiesandnaturalandculturalscenicspots.Moreover,positivequalityoflifethattourismhadonindividualscouldbegotfromtheim-provementoflivingstandards.Ontheotherhand,tourismmaycauseaseriesofnegativeinfluencesonpeople’life,includingcongestion,trafficjam,growthofcrimerateandconflictsbetweenlocalpeopleandtravellers,whichcanresultinpoorlifesatisfaction(Ross,1992,pp.13-17).Furthermore,itcanbeseenthatresearchesonqualityoflifemainlyfocusedonhowtourismmakedifferencesonresidentsandwhataretheresidents’attitudetowardthoseinfluences,insteadofinvolvinginqualityoflifeperceptionofinformaltourismworkers.Thispapermakesupthoseholesfromtheangleofinformalworkers,researchingthequalityoflifeperceptionamonginformaltourismemploy-eesinSanya.EnvironmentalAnalysisofTourismInformalEmploymentinSanyaEconomicFromtheperspectiveofeconomicenvironment,Sanya,asthesouthernmostcityofChina,tourismindustryhasexperiencedadramaticimprovementinrecentyear.AccordingtoSanyaTourismAdministration(STA,2016),thenumberofovernighttouristreceptionin2015reachedtoabout15millionperson-trips,10.57%higherthanthelastyear.Thetotaltourismrevenueachievedto30billionRMB,whichincreased12.08%comparedtothelastyear.Inaddition,asresearched,thede-mandfortourismemployeesishigherthanthemarketsupplyandthequalityofhumanresourcecannotsatisfythetourismmarketaswell.Therefore,theappear-anceanddevelopmentoftheinformalemploymentmakesupthedeficiencytosomeextendsanditcouldbepredictedthatthetourismdevelopmentprospectinSanyaisconsiderable,whichlaysaprofoundfoundationforprovidinginformalemployeeswithmoreworkingopportunitiesanddevelopmentopportunities.PoliticalIn2014,governmentofSanyaintroducedapolicyandregulationaboutthesuper-visingandwhistle-blowingincentivesforthosebehaviourswhichareoperatingunreasonablyorillegally(TourismDepartmentofSanya,2014).Althoughthepur-posesofthispolicyaretostrengthenthetourismmarketmanagementandprotectthelegitimaterightsoftouristsandtourismoperators,itbelongstoonekindofex-tremelytooltostronglyconstrainthedevelopmentofinformalemploymenttosomeextent.Maybethegovernmentcouldguideorinstructthedevelopmentofinformalemploymentintoamoreformalpath.Forinstance,thepolicyof“Interimproce-duresofSanyastandardizedemploymentincentives”motivatesthetourismem-ploymenttotransformfrominformalsideintoformalside,whichcouldbeaneffec-tivewaytoguidethedevelopmentofinformalemployees.Assomefeaturesofinformalemploymentaresmall-scale,withoutgovernmentregistration,self-employment,lackoflegitimacyandthepercentageofinformalemploymentisincreasingintheemploymentannuallyanditalreadybecameoneofmostimportantchannelforresidentstogetemploymentopportunity(Cukier&Wall,1994,p.464).Sometimesitisdifficultforthoseinformalemployeestogetprotectionandguaranteefromthegovernmentandlaw.Hence,establishingposi-tivepoliciesandsocialsecurityforthoseinformalemployeesisnecessary.Untilnow,somebeneficiarypolicieshadbeenputforwardedbysomescholarsforthepurposeofguaranteeingtherightsandinterestsofthoseinformalemployees.Suchas“threeguaranteelines”,“socialinsurancesubsidy”and“employmentsub-sidy”.(Jia,2007,p.42)But,thosepolicieswereimplementedonlyinafewcitiesnotspreadintothewholecountryastherestillaresomeobstacleswhichpreventthoseinformalemployeesfromjoiningintothesocialsecuritysystem.AimoftheResearchandResearchAsresearchedbyAndereck(2011,pp.248-260),thoseresidentswhoinvolveintheemploymentoftourismindustryandhavefrequentlycontactswithtouristshavestrongerperceptionfortheimpactsthattourismhadontheirqualityoflife.Moredeeply,healsosuggested:”thosewhohaveacontactwithtouristsonafre-quentbasisviewtourisminamuchmorepositivelightthanthosewhodonot,andwhogainthemostfromtourismarethemostsupportiveofexistingandadditionaltourismdevelopment.”Therefore,researchingfromtheperspectiveoftourisminformalemployees,itcouldseizethecorerelationshipbetweentourismandqualityoflifebecausetheyarethepracticalparticipantsandbeneficiariesinthedevelopmentoftourismin-dustry.So,inthisarticle,tourisminformalemployeesinSanyawillbetargetedinordertoinvestigatethemainfieldsoftheirqualityoflifeanddifferentdemographiccharacteristics,thequalityoflifedifferencesofthoseinformalemployeesandim-pactfactorsthatinfluencingthetourisminformalemployees’qualityoflife.Finally,someeffectivesolutionsthatcanimprovethequalityoflifeofinformalemployeeswillbediscussed.Therefore,theresearchquestionsofthispaperare:whatarethequalityoflifeperceptionsamongtourisminformalemployeesinSanya?Whicharethemainfactorsthatinfluencingtheinformalemployees’qualityoflife?ResearchBasedonaboveeconomicandpoliticalanalysisofSanyatourisminformalem-ployment,thispaperassumesthatthequalityoflifeamongtourisminformalem-ployeesinSanyajustremainsinmediumstandardorevenbelowthat.AlthoughthetourismindustryofSanyahasexperiencedadramaticimprovementannuallyandemploymentopportunitieshaveincreased,thecurrentsituationofthosein-formalemployeesdoesnotobtainanobviousimprovementduetosomereasons.Consequently,twohypothesisesareprovidedinthispaper.Forthefirstone,themajorityqualityoflifeperceptionsamongtourisminformalemployeesinSanyawillnotexceedthemediumstandard.Secondly,governmentalsupport,incomelevel,workingenvironment,workingstabilityandpsychologicalimbalanceoftourisminformalemployeesarethemainfactorsthatinfluencingtheirlifequality.ResearchInthisresearchpaper,quantitativeresearchmethodwasapplied.Meanwhile,samplingandscalingwereexplained.Moreover,anoverviewoffieldworkanddatacollectionwasgiven.Forthequantitative,itisamethodwhichrelatestostatisticalanalysisandde-pendsonnumericalinformationinordertoobtainconclusionsortoverifyhypothe-ses(Veal,2006,p.40).Therearesomereasonsforchoosingthiskindofresearchmethodinthisarticle.Aboveall,informationanddataobtainedfromthismethod-ologytendtobemoreobjectivethanqualitativeorothermethods.Secondly,re-sultsofquantitativeresearcharevalidandreliableasdataandinformationaredirectlygainedfromtargetinterviewees.Moreover,theexpenditureofquantitativeresearchmethodmaylowerthanotherresearchmethodssothatitisquitesuit-ableforthebachelorthesisresearchers.Furthermore,questionnaireandpersonalinterviewwereselectedinthisresearchpaper.Questionnairesurveysrelatetothecollectionofinformationfrompartici-pantsbyusingaformallydesignedscheduleofquestion(Veal,2006,p.231).Toachievethepurposeofthispaper,targetedintervieweeshavebeenselectedaccordingtodemographiccharacteristics.So,theageofthetargetedintervieweesinthisresearchpaperisfrom18~60inordertoensurethevalidityandconven-ienceofdataandinformation.What’smore,becauseSanyaistourismurbancity,five-starhotelsandfourorfive-starscenicspots,aswellassomeothertourists’gatheringareaswerechosenasthesourcesoftourisminformalemployeestoguaranteetherepresentativeofsample.Becauseofthesmallrangeoftourisminformalemployees,highturnoverrateoftourisminformalemployees,lowcapabilitytounderstandquestionnairesandlowresponsiveratetoquestionnaire,thisresearchadoptedconveniencesamplingtechnique,inwhichparticipantscouldbeselectedaccessibly(Liang&Bao,2014,pp.62-69).So,interns,temporaryemployeesandseasonalemployeeswhoareworkingatfivestarhotelsandscenicspotsinSanya,aswellasfruitvendors,craftsmenandsouvenirsellerswithoutcertificatesinSanyatourists’concentratedareas.Inaddition,owingtothehighsensitivityoftargetedinterviewees,thisre-searchalsoappliedsnowballsamplingtechnique,inwhichtheintervieweesareintroducedbyrelativesandfriendssothattheirpsychologicalprecautionwillde-clinedanditiseasyforresearchertocommunicatewithinterviewees.However,thequantityofintervieweesobtainedfromtheintroducingoffriendsandrelativesislimited.Forthepurposeofacquiringrepresentativeandvaliddata,thesamplesizeofthisresearchwasdetermined.100participantswhoaretheinformalemployeesinfivestarhotelorscenicspotswereselectedtofinishthequestionnaires.Another50participantswhoworksasfruitvendors,craftsmenandsouvenirsellerswithoutcertificatesinSanyatourists’concentratedareaswerechosetoconductpersonalinterviewandstreetinterview.Measurement&ThispaperadoptednominalscaleandLikertscale.Nominalscalealsocalledascategoricalscale,inwhichthenumbersserveonlyaslabelsortagsforidentifyingandclassifyingobjects.Inthisresearch,dataandinformationaboutthetargetedinterviewees’demographicfeatureswerecollected,suchasgender,educationlevelandworkingplace.FortheLikertscale,itisonekindofpsychometricscalewhichusedinquestion-nairedesigningandrequirestherespondentstoindicateadegreeofagreementordisagreementwitheachofaseriesofstatementsaboutthestimulusobjects.AlvinandRonald(2008,p.245)stated:”WhenrespondingtoaLikertitem,respondentsspecifytheirlevelofagreementordisagreementonasymmetricagree-disagreescaleforaseriesofstatements.”Oneofthetypicalfive-levelLikertitem,canbe:Stronglydisagree,Disagree,Neitheragreenordisagree,Agree,Stronglyagree(Likert,1932).Therefore,inthispaper,somequestionsinquestionnaireweredesignedasthetypicalfive-levelLikertitem.Forexample,wheninvestigatingtheassessmentandsatisfactionaboutthecurrentworkingconditions,theanswerwassetas:Stronglydissatisfied,Dissatisfied,neithersatisfiedordissatisfied,satisfied,Stronglysatis-FieldworkandDataDuringtheprocessofinvestigation,theresearchimplementedpersonalinterviewandelectronicversionofquestionnaires.Relyingonaprofessionalonlinesurveyplatform,electronicversionofquestionnairessurveywillbetheimportantsourceofinterviewees’informationandresponses.Ontheprofessionalonlinesurveywebsitewherethegeographicalandtimerestrictionsarenotnecessarytotakeintodeepconsideration,researcherscouldbeabledesignquestionnaires,sendquestionnairesandanalyseresultsconvenientlyandflexibly.Furthermore,elec-tronicversionofquestionnairesiscosteffectiveandenvironmentallyfriendly.However,consideringthatthetargetedintervieweesmaynotreceivesufficienteducationsothattheycannotreadorunderstandthequestionnaire,researcherofthispaperwillexplaintointervieweesbyusingmethodsofpersonalinterviewtofinishthequestionnaires.What’smore,althoughintervieweescanunderstandwhatthequestionnairetalkingabout,theytendtobecontradictiveandrefusetofillingquestionnaire.Hence,breakingtheoriginalformofquestionnaire,adoptingthewayofchattingmaybemoreefficient.But,chattingwithintervieweesmustintegratethequestionsinquestionnaireandtranscribetheprimarymeaningofintervieweesintoquestionnaire.ChapterThefollowingchapteroutlineshowstheoutlookofthisresearchproposalandthecontentofBachelorThesisII.TitleAbstractinEnglishTableofcontentsTableoffigures&illustrationsListofabbreviationsDefinitionofInformalDefinitionofQualityoflifeEnvironmentalAnalysisofTourismInformalEmploymentinEconomicPoliticalProblemAimoftheResearchandResearchResearchResearchResearchMeasurement&FieldworkandDataDataFindingsandConclusionsandLimitationsofThisResearchListofreferencesTimetableofBachelorThesisThefollowingtabledemonstratesauthors’tasksinBachelorThesisII,whichshouldbecompletedattheplanneddate.But,theremaybesomeslightlychangeswhenthosetasksarefinishedatactualdate.Table1:TimetableofBachelorThesisExpectedPlanned/DueFinishingFieldworkData25DecemberWritingDataOne31DecemberWritingFindingsandOne7JanuaryThree10JanuaryLimitationsofOne11JanuaryOne12JanuarySource:Author’sListofAndereck,K.L.,Nyaupane,G.P.(2011).ExploringtheNatureofTourismandtheQualityofLifePerceptionsamongResidents.JournalofTravelResearch,50,Allen,L.R.(1990).BenefitsofLeisureAttributestoCommunitySatisfaction.Jour-nalofLeisureResearch,22,183-196.AP,J.,Crompton,J.L.(1993).Residents’StrategiesforRespondingtoTourismImpacts.JournalofTravelResearch,32,47-50.Alvin,B.,Ronald,B.(2008).BasicMarketingResearch.NewJersey:PearsonEd-ucation.p.245.Bastias,P.,Var,T.(1995).PerceivedImpactsofTourismbyResidents.AnnalsofTourismResearch,22,208-209.Cucker,J.,Wall,G.(1994).InformalTourismEmployment:VendorsinBali,Indo-nesia.TourismManagement,15,464-467.Cool,M.,Stephen,F.,Martin,S.R.(1994).CommunityAttachmentandAttitudestowardsTourismDevelopment.JournalofTravelResearch,32,29-34.Cummins,R.A.(1995).OntheTrailoftheGoldStandardforSubjectiveWell-being.SocialIndicatorsResearch,35,179-200.Dissart,J.C.,Deller,S.C.(2000).QualityofLifeinthePlanningLiterature.Jour-nalofPlanningLiterature,15,135-61.Heal,L.W.,Sigelman,C.K.(1996).MethodologicalIssuesinQualityofLifeMeas-urement.InQualityofLife,Vol.1,ConceptualizationandMeasurement,ed-itedbyR.L.Schalock.Washington,DC:AmericanAssociationofMentalRetarda-tion,pp.91-104.Hart,K.(1973).InformalIncomeOpportunitiesandUrbanEmploymentinTheJournalofModernAfricanStudies,11,61-ILO.(1