当代法庭口译的职业化以及口译员训练启示英语专业论文论文

iiiChapterOneTheProfessionalizationofCourtInterpretingintheWesternCountriesAccordingtoLanyang,courtinterpretingexistssincethereisaculturalcommunication.Whentwodifferentculturemeet,thereisaculturalconflict.Sometimesthereisanargumentoranaccident.Thetwodifferentpartiesneedtosolveproblemstogetherbynegotiation.Inthiscase,theyneedaninterpretertotranslatetheconversation.Therefore,thecourtinterpretingexistsearlierintheancientEgypttimes(Lan100).TheDevelopmentofCourtInterpretingintheWestinModernTimesInmoderntimes,thefirstrecordedcasewithcourtinterpretingasakindofworkhappenedin1682intheUKcalled“theBoroskyandothers”(100).Peopleinvolvedinthatcasespokedifferentlanguages.Courtinterpretingwasusedtohelpthosehighnobleclasstounderstandthecasebytranslatingtheotherlanguagesintothenativeone.Forotherpartiesinthatcase,theycouldnotaskfortheinterpretingservicebecausetheirsocialclassisnothighenough.Duringthattime,“itisthesocialstatusthatdecidedwhetherthepartiesinthecasecanuseacourtinterpreterinsteadofthereallanguageneeds”(100).Inthe19thcentury,becauseofthecolonization,morepeoplecomingfromallovertheworldmadecontactwithBritishpeopleandmadebusiness.Theargumentsandconflictswereinevitableduringthetrades.Asaresult,therewasarapidgrowthfortheneedofthecourtinterpreting.In1918,thePeaceTreatyofParismarkedtheendofWorldWarⅠ.TheEnglishandFrenchspeakingcountriesfromthebothpartiesrequiredinterpretingserviceduringthediscussionaboutthetreaty(qtd.InDeng10).Thismadethecourtinterpretingofficiallybecomeanewprofession.Furthermore,aftertheWorldWarⅡ,“thetrialtowardNazibytheCharteroftheInternationalMilitaryTribunalforallthepartiespushedthecourtinterpretingfurtheronitswaytobecomingaprofession,especiallyinEuropeancountries”(10).Inotherpartsoftheworld,likeAustralia,“communityinterpreter”wasbornbecauseofthepost-warimmigrationin1950s(qtd.InHale15).AftertheseveredestroycausedbyWorldWarⅡ,thousandsofpeoplelefttheirhomelandtoAustraliatobuildanewlife.Mostofthemwerefromnon-Englishspeakingcountries.Inordertosolvetheproblemofthecommunication,agroupofpeoplewhocanspeakseverallanguagesbecamethefirstinterpretersinAustralia.“ThefirstdefactointerpreterswereimmigrantswhospokevaryingdegreesofEnglishandoneormoreotherlanguages,orthechildrenofimmigrantswhowerelearningthelanguageatschool”(Hale15).ThefirstgovernmentinterpreterserviceinAustraliawastheChiefGovernmentInterpreterandTranslatorwhowasappointedin1954asapublicservantundertheNSWAttorneyGeneral’sDepartment(Hale16).However,thesefirstgenerationoftranslatorswerenotprofessionalenough.Theyhadnotreceivedanyformaleducationorbasicknowledgeabouttranslationbeforework(16).Suchinterpreterscanhandleeverydaytalkorinformalconversation.However,theycannotsatisfytheneedofcourtinterpreting.Becauseoflackoflegallanguageskills,“therewerecommonlycomplaintsaboutthepoorqualityofinterpretingandunethicalbehavior”(qtd.InHale16).Sincethen,thegovernmentdecidedtomakeefforttoprovidesufficientinterpretingservicetothenation.“MigrantInformationCenterswasestablishedtohireprofessionalinterpretersasfulltimeworkers”(Hale17).LegalandfinancialresourcesweregiventotheconstructionoftheinterpretingsysteminAustralia,especiallycourtinterpretingsystem.Laterin1973,thegovernmentdidanation-widesurveyaboutInterpretingandTranslationservices(17).Theresultwasstillnotsatisfying.Althoughthecourtwasequippedwithinterpreters,thequalityofthetranslationisnotcapableforthelegalcases.Undermostoftheconditions,“partiesinthecourtneededtotaketheirfriendsorfamiliestoassisttheinterpretingprocess.Thepeoplewhowerecalledtheprofessionalinterpreterswereactuallytheshopkeepers,unskilledworkersandhousewives”(17).However,therewassomegoodmeasurethatwouldbetakenafterthesurvey.“AnInterpretingfacilitycalledtheEmergencyTelephoneInterpreterService(ETIS)wasfoundedbytheImmigrationDepartment.Itprovideda24houraday,7daysaweekinterpretingservicestoallthepeoplewhohadthelanguageproblems”(17).Therenovationofthecourtinterpretingdevelopmentneverstopped.InOctober1994,theNSWWomen’sLegalResourceCentreannouncedthereportnamed“QuarterWaytoEqual:AReportonBarrierstoAccesstoLegalServicesforMigrantWomen”,askingforequalrightsforthewomentoaskforthecourtinterpretingservice(qtd.inHale25).AccordingtoAliciaBetsyEdwards,“asacountryofimmigration”(ZhaoetChen19),“AmericafederalgovernmenthaspassedtheCourtInterpretersActin1978andtheAmendmentsoftheCourtInterpretersActin1988.TheActmainlyrequiredthattheofficialdepartmentaboutcourtinterpretingistheAdministrativeOfficeoftheU.S.Courts”(Edwards6).Itsmissionwastosetupcertificationproceduresforthecourtinterpreting.Earlyin1980s,theofficehascreatedexamsfortheSpanishcourtinterpreting.NowitcangivecertificationforCantonese,Chinese,Korean,HaitianCreole,Navajolanguagesandothers(6).AlltheinformationaboutthecertificationisreleasedbytheFederalCourtInterpreterCertificationProject,whichischargedbytheUniversityofArizona(qtd.inEdwards6).Whenpeopleplantoapplyforthecertification,theyneedtopasstheexamwhichisdesignedbytheUniversityofArizona.AccordingtoEdwards,theexamissimilartotheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),EnglishAptitudepart(7).Forexample,ifoneasksforSpanishinterpretingcertification,heneedstopreparefortheGREofSpanishedition.“Theexamisdividedintotwoparts.Thefirstpartiswrittenexam.Ifhepassesthefirstone,hecancontinuetoattendthesecondexamwhichisoralexam.Oncehegetsthecertification,theinterpretercanseekworkinanyfederalcourtintheUS”(7).TheCurrentStatusofCourtInterpretingintheWestConsideringthecurrentstatusofAmericancourtinterpreting,therearesomedrawbacks.Firstly,becauseofthefederalgovernmentpoliticalsystem,theAmericancourtsystemisspecial.Inonestate,therearebothfederalcourtsandstatecourts.Asismentionedintheprevioustext,interpreterswhogetthecertificationcanapplyforajobinanyfederalcourt(7).Asforthestatecourt,suchcertificationmaynotbeuseful.Therefore,interpretersneedtopreparefortheotherexaminordertogetthestatecourtcertification.Second,asforthefederalcertificationadministration,thereisonlyoneofficewhichisattheUniversityofArizona.Forinterpreterswhoarepreparingforthecertification,theycanonlygototheUniversityofArizonatoattendtheexam.Thefinancialcostwilladdpressurefortheinterpretersanditisnotconvenientaswell.Asforthestatecertificationoffice,theysettheirownexamstoselectthecourtinterpreters.However,consideringtheinsufficientfinancialsupportandhelpfrompolitics,theofficemaynotguaranteethequalityoftheinterpreters.Asaresult,officeswiththehighqualityofinterpretingservicebyhighstandardselectionhavetherighttohandlegoodcases(Edwards8).Theofficewithlowstandardexamsgetthe“shoddywork”(8).Thedifferencesintheofficesmakethequalityofinterpretersdifferentaswell.Third,theCourtInterpretersActrequirestheofficetakeschargeoftheselectingprocesswithoutpayingattentiontothetrainingofcourtinterpreting.TherearefewuniversitiesinAmericawhichhavethecourtinterpretingcourses(Lan100).Thetrainingaboutcourtinterpretingarestillnotfullydeveloped.Theinterpretingeducationsystemisnotcomplete(Lan101).Interpreterswhowanttogetthecertificationneedtopreparefortheexambythemselves,whichcannotassurethequalityoftheinterpretingeventheygetthecertification.Thelastpointofthedrawbacksisthatnotenoughattentionaregiventothecourtinterpretingasaprofession.Forthejudgesandlawyers,courtinterpretersplayaroleasatranslatorortranslatingmachine.Translatingmayslowdowntheprocessofthetrialorcausingtroubletothetrialwheninterpretersmakingmistakes(ZhaoetChen21).Courtinterpretershavenotgainedequalrespectasaprofessionfromboththecourtandthesociety(21).Therefore,mostofthecourtinterpretersaredoingpart-timejobsinthecourt.Inothertime,theyneedtofindotherjobsbecauseofthefinancialpressure(Edwards6).ChapterTwoTheProfessionalizationofCourtInterpretinginChinaThesituationinChinaisdifferentfromthatinthewest.Sincetheancienttime,Chinahasbeenacountrywithmanyethnicgroups.Languageshasalwaysbeenaproblemforthecommunicationbetweendifferentgroups(qtd.inZhaoetChen21).Therefore,peoplewhocanspeaktwolanguagesareconsideredasdiplomaticgroupsbytranslatingandinterpretingmeetingsandconversationsonpoliticsandbusiness.Thoughtheinterpretingservicemadetheconversationeasierthanbefore,contactofindividualswerestillatthebeginningstage.2.1TheDevelopmentofCourtInterpretinginChinainModernTimesSince1949,theestablishmentofPeople’sRepublicofChina,moreandmorepeoplefromdifferentethnicgroupsaregatheringtogetherforlivingandbusiness.Theneedofinterpretingservicesarebecomingurgent.OnSept.4th,1951,theProvisionalRegulationsontheOrganizationofthePeople’sCourtofthePeople’sRepublicofChinafirstlystatedthateverymemberoftheminoritieshavetherighttoaskforinterpretingandtexttranslatingservicewhentheyareincourt(Dai100).Inaddition,ConstitutionofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaissuedin1954saysthatpeople’scourtisresponsibletoprovidecourtinterpretingservicetothepartieswhodonotunderstandthelocallanguage(qtd.inDai100).What’smore,thecivilprocedurelawannouncedthattheforeign-relatedcivilcasesshalluseChineseofficiallanguage.Courtinterpretingservicecanbeprovidedwhenthepartyrequires.Theservicefeeneedstobepaidbytheparty(Lan101).Becauseofthefastdevelopmentofbothdomesticandtheworld’seconomy,therehasbeenarapidincreaseofthelegalcases.AccordingtoHuangjin,“during1979to2001,thenumberofthecivilcasesrelatedtoforeignareasareabout23,340.Thenfrom2001to2005,thatnumberbecame63,765.Whenitcametotheyearof2009,therewere11,470foreign-relatedcivilcasesheardinthecourtinoneyear”(609).ThedatafromJudicialStatisticalBulletinofChinesePeople’sCourtshowsthatin2002,thepeople’scourthasreceived5,816civilcaseswhicharerelatedtotheforeignparties(2002).Thedataoftheyearof2017showsthatthenumberofthiskindofforeign-relatedcivilcaseshasgrownto15,367(2017),whichisaboutthreetimesofthenumberin2002.ThesenumbersallindicatesthatinthepastfortyyearssinceChinaopeneditsmarkettotheworld,thedomesticeconomyhasgraduallymergeditselfwiththeglobaleconomyandtherehasbeenmoreandmorecooperationandcommunicationbetweenChinesecompaniesandtheinternationalones.AccordingtoChenYifan,“therapidgrowthofthenumberofthecaseisforthereasonthatPresidentXiJinpingputforwardtheinitiativesofbuildingaSilkRoadeconomicbeltanda21stcenturymaritimeSilkRoadin2013duringhisvisittoKazakhstanandIndonesia”(213).Withthetwoinitiatives,ChinaenlargedtherangeofitspartnersfromthecircleofPacifictowestandsouthAsiaandEurope.Chinesegovernmenthasalsopreparedtofacetheproblemofsolvingtheforeign-relatedcivilcases.OnApr.1st,2011,Foreign-relatedcivilRelationsLawApplicationLawwasissuedtomakeprinciplesandrulesabouthowtodealwiththesituation(Huang,FuandDu597).Amongthecases,mostofthemareaboutcontractlaw.AccordingtotheinvestigationofChen,hefindsoutthatthecivilcasesrelatedtothecontract,nocausemanagementandunjustenrichmentdisputeaccountfor65.5percentofalltheforeign-relatedcivilcasesfrom2011to2016,whichare19,573(213).ThereportofJudicialStatisticalBulletinofChinesePeople’sCourtof2011alsorevealsthatcommercialcasesbasedoncontractdisputesarethedominantcases(2011).InHuang’sreviewoftheJudicialPracticeofChina'sPrivateInternationalLawof2011,inhisrandomselectionofthecasesrelatedtotheforeignparties,thereare28outof50casesonthecontractlaw(627).Andthereare9outof50casesaboutcommercialdispute(627).Thoughefforthasbeenmadetosolvetheforeign-relatedcivilcases,therearestillsomeareastobeimproved.Firstly,theForeign-relatedcivilRelationsLawApplicationLawcannotbeusedforalltheforeigncases(Huang,FuandDu627).AccordingtoHuang’sresearch,thereareoneoffiftycaseswhichneedtousetheforeignlawsinsteadofChineseones(Huang,FuandDu630).Second,becausemostofthecasesarerelatedtothecontractlaw,choosingthelawofeitherofthepartiesisaquestion(Huang,FuandDu633).Third,“mostoftheforeign-relatedcivilcasesareheardincoastalareas,likeFujianandGuangdong.Intheinlandarea,thereareseldomsuchcasestobeheard”(Chen214).2.2LimitationsofCourtInterpretinginChinaThoughthecourtinterpretinginChinahasjustdevelopedinashorttime,itdidnotborrowmuchexperienceandskillsfromthewestcountries.OnereasonisthatthelawsystemsofChinaandthewestcountriesaredifferent.PartoftheexperiencecannotbeusedinChinesecourtasitisinAmerica.ConsideringthecurrentsituationofChinesecourtinterpreting,therearestillsomelimitationsandproblems.Firstly,therearenoofficialrulesordepartmentsthatorganizetheexamstoselectthecourtinterpreters(Lan101).Chinahasissuedthelawtoregulatethehearingofforeign-relatedcivilcasesbutnotthelawtomakerulesaboutcourtinterpretingservice.However,AmericahasannouncedtheCourtInterpretersActin1978(Edwards6).Secondly,insufficientattentionwaspayedtothetrainingofthecourtinterpreting.AccordingtoDiaohongandhissummaryofChinesecourtinterpretationstudies,itisprovedbytheevidencethatthetrainingofChinesecourtinterpretingisstillataearlystage(105).Heusesthebibliometricmethodtodohisresearchbyinvestigatingallthejournalarticlesandessayspublishedfrom2005to2014.Inhisresearch,heconcludesthatthoughtheresearchoncourtinterpretingisdeveloping,itisstillatprimarystage.“Thearticlesaboutlegaltexttranslationatthesametimeareover400whilethearticlesaboutcourtinterpretingare125.InAmerica,courtinterpretinghasbecomeanindividualsubjectforresearch.InChina,itisregardedasthepartoflegaltranslation”(Diao107).What’smore,mostofthearticlesareonlyaboutthesystemandstrategyofcourtinterpretingwithoutthefocusonthequalityoftheinterpreting,thetrainingsystemofthecourtinterpretersortheprofessionalcompetenceofthecourtinterpreter(107).Third,therearenotenoughtrainingagenciesoruniversitieswhichprovideprofessionalsystematiceducation.InDiao’sresearch,GuangdongUniversityofForeignStudiesistheonlyuniversitythatfocusesoncourtinterpretingandhasprofessionaleducatingresources.Thecourtinterpretersaremostlytemporaryandnotprofessionalincourtinterpreting(107).Fourth,bothofthecourtandsocietyhavenotpayedenoughattentiontothecourtinterpretingserviceorthecourtinterpreters(Dong218).“Forthecourtandthelawyer,thecourtinterpretersarejusttranslatingmachines.However,forthepartywhodoesnotunderstandthenativelanguage,thecourtinterpreteraretheonlyonewhocantellthemwhatishappeninginthecourt”(ZhaoetChen21).Thiswillcausetheimbalanceofthementaljudgementofthecourtinterpreter.Inaddition,thecourtinterpreterusuallysitstogetherwiththejury(Dai106).Thisisnotappropriateorconvenientfortheinterpretingserviceforthereasonthattheinterpretermaynotcatchupwiththejudgeorthepartiesofthecasebecauseofthelongdistance.Inthelast,thepaymentforcourtinterpretersarenotequivalenttotheeffortmadeontheinterpreting(ZhaoetChen21).Mostofthecourtinterpretersonlycometothecourtwhenthereisacasetobeheard.Intheothertime,theyneedtofindotherjobstomakealiving.ChapterThreeTheCompetenceoftheCourtInterpreterWhilethecourtinterpretinginChinaisdeveloping,therearenotprofessionalandofficialprincipleswhichtelltheinterpreterswhattodointhecourt.Asthecourtinterpretingisbecomingapopularprofessioninthefuture,itisreasonabletomakesomeprofessionalprinciplesandcodesforpeoplewhowanttobeacourtinterpreter.Becausethecourtinterpretingispartofinterpretingpractice,theprofessionfirstlyrequiresgoodinterpretingandtranslatingskills.Second,thedifferencebetweencourtinterpretingandotherbusinessinterpretingisthatitcombinesbothknowledgeaboutlawandtheskillsofinterpreting.Therefore,theinterpreterneedstoknowwellaboutbothlawandtheinterpreting.What’smore,consideringtheuniquenessofcourtinterpreting,theinterpretershouldbeatsceneinsteadofdoingthebackstagework.Theinterpretingprocessisgoingonatthesametimewhenthecaseisbeingheard.Thereisnoextratimefortheinterpretertoprepareforitatthecourt.Thecourtinterpreterispartofalltheprocessofhearing.Therefore,therearesomestandardsortherulesforthecourtinterpreter,whichcanbecalledprofessionalethicsofthecourtinterpreting.3.1TheProfessionalSkillsofInterpretinginTheCourtAccordingtothenameoftheprofession,onecourtinterpreterneedstointerpreteverythinginthecourt.Forexample,heneedstointerprettheproceduresofthehearingandthequestioningofthejudgeandthelawyertothepartywhodoesnotunderstand.Thecourtinterpreteralsoshouldinterpretalltheevidenceinthecourtincludingthetape,theletterandthevideo(DuetTan106).What’smore,whenthedefendantarguesforhimselfwiththeorallanguage,thecourtinterpreterneedstointerpretthatforthejudgeandtheotherparty.Underthiskindofsituation,theinterpreterneedstomastermultipleskillsoftranslatinglawmaterialsandcasualconversations.Therearetwoprinciplesforthispart.OneiscalledtheAccuracyandAmbiguityPrinciples(Wang103),theotheroneiscalledLanguageadaptationTheory(Zhang28).AccordingtoWangzheng,thehearingofthecaseinthecourtrequiretheaccuracyoflanguageandtheexpression(103).Inordertogettheaccuracy,“thecourtinterpreterneedstoadopttheAccuracyandAmbiguityPrinciplesbyusingprecisetermsandvagueterms”(Wang104).Generallyspeaking,thechoiceofusingprecisetermsorvaguetermsdependsonthesituationsandthepurposesoftheexpression.Forexample,theinterpretingofthespecificlegalproceduresshouldbeprecise.Thecourtinterpretershouldtranslateeverywordofthespeakingfromthejudge.(Wangzheng105)Theotheraspectoftheaccuracyprincipleiseasytounderstand,whichistherightchoiceanduseofthewordsofthelaw(Wang104).Thecasesinthecourtcanberelatedtoeveryaspectofpeople’slife.Inotherwords,“thecontentoflawisrelatedtoeveryareaofthelife,includingbusiness,family,propertyandotherareas”(Xiao93).Theinterpretingofthecaserequiresrelevantprofessionalexpertiseoftheinterpretersuchastheknowledgeofmedicine,theknowledgeaboutthecontractandothers.Forexample,bothof“defendant”and“theaccused”representthepartythatisoppositetothecase.Whiletheterm“defendant”isusedinthecivilcases,theterm“theaccused”isusedinthecriminalcases(Xiao93).DuMengmengandTanJianyingmademorespecificrequirementsaboutthisprincipleonthelanguageofinterpreting.“Shedivideditintothreeparts:interpretingofspecialterms,interpretingoflongsentencesandtheinterpretingoflettersandvideo”(106).AccordingtoMsDu,becauseofthedifferencebetweenthelawsystemofChinaandwesterncountries,therearesomespecialtermsthatdonothaveacorrespondingtranslation.Thisneedstheinterpretertocreatenewexpressioninsteadofusingthepreviousonesforthereasonthattheprevioustermsmaycauseproblemsbyexpressingthewrongmeanings(106).Asforthelongsentences,theinterpreterneedstomakepreparationbeforethetrialinordertogettherighttranslation.Thethirdaspectisaboutinterpretingthelettersandthetapes.Consideringthecontentofthelettersandthetapesismostlyorallanguage,theinterpretershouldlearntochangeitintotheformallanguageinordertomaketheotherpeopleunderstandthecontext(Du106).Asfortheprincipleofambiguity,itcanbedividedintomainlytwoparts.Oneistheambiguityofthetermsandthewords.Itfocusesonthepointofonetermoronephrase(Wang106).Theothertalksabouttheambiguityoftheconversationorthemeaningoftheexpression(Wang107).Itallowstheinterpretertobepartoftheprocessinsteadofactingliketranslatingmachines,whichwillbefurtherexplainedinthelaterpartoftheessay.AccordingtoWangzheng,theprincipleofambiguityusedonthetermsandthewordsistoexpandtherangeofthelawinordertomakesurethatalltheconditionsareincludedandconsidered(Xiao94).Forexample,“whendefiningtherangeofsellingandbuyingdrugs,thelawadoptstermslike“lessthan”,“nolessthan”,“anyotherdrugs”andothervagueexpressionstomakesureeverysituationisundercontrolbythecontentoflaw”(Wang106).Whentheinterpreterisinsuchsituation,heneedstopayattentiontothetermsandtranslatethemeaningbystickingto“theprincipleofambiguity”(103).Theotheraspectoftheprincipleofambiguityistheambiguityoftheconversationandtheexpression(Wang107).Withtheaimofachievingthepolitenessandthefluencyofthehearing,theinterpretershouldchangetheexpressionofthesentenceswithoutshiftingthemeaninginordertomakegoodcommunicationbetweenallparties.However,suchchangesmaylettheinterpreterbeinthecase.Inthatway,theinterpreterwillchoosesidetosupportinsteadofbeinginthemiddleofalltheparties(Xiao94).Inthispart,itwillonlyfocusontheambiguityofchangingtheexpressionwithoutshiftingtheideas,whichwilluse“thelanguageadaptationtheory”(Zhang1)asitsprinciple.AccordingtoMrZhang,hemaderesearchonthecourtinterpretingbyusingthelanguageadaptationtheoryofVerschuerenJ(1).“Therearefouraspectsofthetheory:thecontextualcorrelatesofadaptability,thestructuralobjectsofadaptability,thedynamicsofadaptabilityandthesalienceoftheadaptationprocesses”(qtd.inZhang2).Whenthecourtinterpretingisbasedonthisprinciple,itcanbemoresuitableandeasierforbothjudgesandthepartiestounderstand.“Forexample,thefirstaspectrequiresthelanguageorthetunesofspeakingshouldbethesamewiththeidentityofthespeaker.Theinterpretingofjudge’ssayingshouldalsobesolemnandrigorous.Allthesentencesshouldbeformalandprofessional”(Zhang3).ThesecondaspectmainlytalksaboutthedifferencebetweenChineseandEnglish.Consideringthedifferencesbetweenlanguages,theinterpretershouldaddsomewordsordeletesomeinordertomakethetranslationunderstandableandmakethesentenceconformtothegrammar(3).Thethirdaspectrequirestheinterpreternotstickingtowordtowordtranslationbutmakethetranslationadaptabletothemeaningandthesituation.Forexample,“no”inChinesecanrepresent“refuse”,“notwillingto”,“deny”andothers.Theinterpretershouldchooseonesuitabletermasthetranslation(Zhang4).Thelastaspectisalsoabouttheself-consciousnessoftheinterpreterinthetranslation(4).Thequestionofwhethertheideasandopinionsofinterpretershouldappearinthetranslationornotwillbediscussedinthelaterpart.What’smore,likebusinessinterpreting,thecourtinterpretingwillalsoconfrontwiththeproblemofaccentandtheambiguityofthespeaker(DuetTan107).Inthiscase,theinterpretershouldbewell-preparedandconcentrateonthelanguage.Beingpatientandfocusedisagoodwaytosolvetheproblem.“Thepressureandthetensionoftheinterpreterwillalsoinfluencethequalityofinterpreting.Iftheinterpretermakesmistakes,correctitimmediatelyinsteadofignoringit”(107).3.2WellUnderstandingaboutTheCultureofTheCourtTrialUnliketheotherkindsofinterpreting,courtinterpretingisheldinthecourtandduringthetrial.Thecultureofthetrialisuniqueanddifferentfromtheothers.Onlywiththeexpertiseofthetrialculturecantheinterpreterprovideinterpretingservicewithhighquality.Tounderstandthetrialculture,theinterpreterneedstoknowaboutthefeaturesofthecourtlanguage.“Ithasthreefeatures:theproceduralfeature,inequalityinthevoiceofthepartiesandthecombinationofnormalizationandpopularity”(Dai102).Firstly,besidetherigorousnessoflaw,thecourtlanguagehasitsspecificproceduralfeature.Duringeverystepofthetrial,therearespecificphrasesandsentencestolinkthesteptogether.Forexample,beforethetrial,thecourtclerkwillannouncethecourtdisciplineandthejudgewillconfirmtheinformationandtheidentityofallthepartieswhowillattendthetrial.Intheend,thecourtverdictwillbereadout.Theseareallthespecificprocedurallanguageswhichrequirestandardinterpreting(102).Secondly,inequalityinthevoiceofthepartiesexistsintheprocessofthetrial(Dai103).Duringthetrial,thedefendantdoesnothavetherightof“conversationalturnallocation”.Theconversationisstartedandcontrolledbythejudgeandthelawyer.Thedefendantcanonlyanswerthequestioninsteadofaskingquestions(Dai103).AccordingtoZhaoJunfengandChenshan,thedifferentstylesofthelanguagewillaffectthejudgementfromthelawyerandthejudge(21).Ontheonehand,politenessofthelanguagecanmakegoodimpression.Therefore,it