非谓语动词的基本结构及用法

非谓语的基本结构及用法（一）非谓语的分类以及各自在句子中所能充当的成分。非谓语分为不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词。（动名词和现在分词形式相同）以下表格表示的是它们各自所能充当的成分：类别成分主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式寸寸勺VVV动名词寸寸勺V现在分词寸VVV过去分词寸VVV不定式主动被动-般towritetobewritten进行tobewriting/完成tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten完成进彳亍tohavebeenwriting/（1）不定式在句子中做主语Togothereintimeishismostimportanttasknow.Itishismostimportanttasktogothereintime.Itisagreatjoytoplayfootball.Whentostartisthequestion.（不定式与疑问词who,when,which,where,how等连用，在句子中起名词作用，可以做主语，表语，宾阳）（2） 不定式在句子中做宾语。（以“todo”做宾语的动词主要有：ask，want，wish，hope，expect，help，refuse，learn，demand，dare，choose，arrange，decide，agree，promise，plan，offer，manage，pretend，prepare，fail，determine，long，seem等）如：Theypretendedtohavefinishedtheirwork.Hehadplannedtofinishitintime.Theythoughtitnecessarytogotochurcheveryweekend.Wefinditgoodtohaveawalkeveryday.Theydon’tnowwheretogo.（3） 不定式在句子中做表语。如：Hisdreamistobetaughtbythatfamousprofessor.Theonlythinghewantstodonowistostudyhard.Hisaimistogetthefirstplaceinthegame.Thequestioniswhichonetochoose.（4） 不定式在句子中做状语。如：Wewreexcitedtohearthenews.（原因）Hegotthereontimejusttoseethatfilm.Wetoldhimthetruthtomakehimatease.Hegotupearlyinordertocatchtheearlytrain.Hegothomeonlytofindthathishomewasbrokeninto.（结果）（5） 不定式在句子中做定语。如：Thereisnothing（toworryabout.）Thatistheroomforus（tolivein.）（不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面会有相应的介词）Ihavealotofhomeworktodo.Canyougetmesomethingtoeat?Theycan’tchoosetherightpersontoleave.Themantobesentthereisadoctor.Themantogothereismybrother.Hehasachancetogoabroad.Heisalwaysthefirst/last（one）togettoschool.Heisthebest（one）tofinishthework.（6） 在句子中做宾补及词组中的不定式。（以“todo”做宾补的动词主要有：ask，want，tell，get，order，beg，advise，warn，hate，like，encourage等；以“do”作宾补的动词主要有：see，watch，notice，hear，feel，let，make，have等），有些形容词词组后面也要接不定式这样的形容词主要有：surprised，excited，pleased，interested，worried，angry，proud，sorry，satisfied，afraidready，able；kind，easy，right，wrong，important，necessary，good，clever，wise等。如：Theyencouragedustogoahead.Hehasgotsomebodytogethisbookback.Wesawhimgodownstairsandleavethehouse.Hismothermadehimdohishomeworkuntil10o’clock.Heispleasedtohaveseenyouhere.I’mgladtobetalkingtoyoulikethis.Itiscleverofhimtodoso.Itisluckyforhimtobeinvitedtothismeeting.动名词：动名词的时态分一般式和完成式两种，语态分主动形式和被动形式。以write为例，其动名词的时态和语态变化是：一般式的主动语态：writing一般式的被动语态：beingwritten完成式的主动语态：havingwritten完成式的被动语态：havingbeenwritten（1）动名词在句子中做主语。（与不定式比较）如：Tobeagoodteacherishisdream.Beingdelayedbythebadtrafficishisusualexcuseforhisbeinglate.Togothereintimeishismostimportanttasknow.Lookingafterthebabiesistheeverydayjobshemustdo.Todoourhomeworkcarefullyisveryusefulforus.It’sveryusefulforustodoourhomeworkcarefully.Doingourhomeworkcarefullyisveryusefulforus.Itisnouseworkinghardnow.(2)动名词在句子中做宾语。(以“doing”做宾语的动词主要有：mind,enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid,consider,fancy,imagine,escape,risk,miss,prevent,deny,admit,delay,giveup,putoff,leaveoff,setabout,feellike,insiston,stickto,keepon,keepup,keep,dependon,thinkabout/of,succeedin,can’thelp,can’tstand,be/getusedto,devoteoneselfto,lookforwardto,payattentionto,objectto等)如：Doyoumindmyopeningthewindow?Hekeptonrunningaftertrippingoverhimself.Youcanneverdependonhercomingontime.Theyarethinkingabout/ofmakingTomsaysorrytotheteacher.Thecarneedstoberepaired.Thecarneedsrepairing.Theyliketogowithustoday.Theylikeswimmingaftersupper.Theycan’thelpcryingwhilewatchingthissadfilm.I’vegotusedtodoingmyhomeworkwhilelisteningtomusic.Theylookforwardtoseeingyou.Iforgotlockingthedoor,andIwentbacktocheckit.特别注意：1)Forget,remember,goon,mean,regret,stop,try等动词带动名词或不定式做宾语，意义上有区别。Imeantocomeearlytoday.（我打算今天早些来）Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforantherhour.（…意味着再等一个小时）Stopspeaking.（不要讲话）Hestoppedtotalk（他停下来讲话）Heregreshavingmissedthetrain.IregrettotellyouIcannotgowithyou.特别注意2）Need,require,want表示“需要”时，必须用动名词，或不定式的被动，动名词的主动式表被动意义。Thewindowneeds（requires,wants）cleaning（tobecleaned）特别注意3）短语devoteto,getdownto,stickto,objectto,lookforwardto,tobeusedto等后面的动词必须用动名词。特别注意4）只能带动名词做宾语的动词：finish,enjoy,suggestpractice,mindexcuseputup,giveup,insistoncannothelp（禁不住），cannotstand（无法忍受）admit,avoid,escapeDelay,considerresist,riskForgive,imagine,appreciate,fancy动名词在句子中做表语。如：Hisjobisfeedinganimals.Hisjobistofeedanimals.Theonlythinghedoeseverydayisreadingnewspaper.Theonlythinghewantstodonowistostudyhard.动名词在句子中做定语。如：Canyoutellmewherethereadingroomis?Whichisthesleepingcarofthistrain?Canyoutellmewherethewashingroomis?注意：有些动词后面既可以接不定式又可以接动名词，而且这些动词又分为两类：1.接不定式或动名词意义基本不变的有：like，love，hate，begin，start，continue，attempt，afford，prefer，propose，intend，neglect，can’tbear等。如：Hebegandoing/todohishomework.Hecontinueddoing/todohishomework.Ican’taffordgoing/togothere.Heintendedagreeing/toagreetothisplan.Hejustneglecteddoing/todothisjob.Theycan’tbearhearing/tohearthisatall.接不定式或动名词意义有变化的有：try,remember,forget,regret,mean,stop,goon等。如：Hetriedtofindthenearestpolicestation.（设法做…）Thisdressisnotsosuitableforyou.Whynottryputtinganotheron?（试试做…）Remembertocallme.（记着去做…）Herememberedseeingmebefore.（记得做过..・）Heforgottolockthedoor.（忘记去做…）Heforgotlockingthedoor.（忘记做过...）Iregrettotellyouapieceofbadnew.（抱歉要做…）Iregretsayingthistoyou.（抱歉做过…）Hemeanttocamehere.（打算做…）Missingthetrainmeansstayinghereforanother2days.（意味着…）Hestoppedtalking.（停止做…）Hestoppedtotalktome.（停下来做…）Hewentondoinghishomeworkafterarest.（继续做同一事）HewentontowatchTVafterfinishinghishomework.（继续做下一事）后接动名词宾语表示被动的几个动词，形容词need,want,require,deserve,beworthThecarneeds/wants/requiresrepairing.Thisbookdeserves/isworthreading.【典型例题】[例1]WeallthinkitusefulEnglish.A.learningB.beinglearntC.tolearnD.tobelearnt（答案为C,不定式做宾语，用形式主语it来代）[例2]Whatagreatsurpriseitisherhere!A.seeingB.toseeC.seeD.thatsee（答案为B,不定式做主语，用形式主语it来代）[例3]Hetriedhisbesttogettothetrainstationonlythatthetrainhadleft.A.findB.tofindC.findingD.tobefound（答案为B,不定式做结果状语）[例4]TheyhaveagoodoftheChineseculture（文化）・A.understandB.understandingC.tounderstandD.tobeunderstood（答案为B，名词understanding，做“了解，理解”讲）[例5]Theyhavedevotedthemselvesto.A.teachB.teachingC.taughtD.teaches（答案为B，动名词当宾语）[例6]aftertheanimals