管理学原理ChEvolutionofManage课件

STEPHENP.ROBBINSMARYCOULTER9th

ed.ChapterTwoEvolutionofManagementTheory1.STEPHENP.ROBBINSMARYCOULTER1.HistoricalBackgroundofManagementAncientManagementEgypt(pyramids)andChina(GreatWall)AdamSmithPublished“TheWealthofNations”in1776AdvocatedthedivisionoflaborIndustrialRevolutionSubstitutedmachinepowerforhumanlaborCreatedlargeorganizationsinneedofmanagement21.HistoricalBackgroundofMaEvolutionofManagementTheoryClassicalManagementTheoryBehavioralManagementTheoryManagementScienceTheoryContemporaryManagementTheory1890190019101920193019401950196019701980199020003.EvolutionofManagementTheory管理理论演进的主线管理理论古典理论行政管理一般管理科学管理

权变理论现代理论行为科学人际关系霍桑实验行为理论管理决策管理科学理论系统管理4.管理理论演进的主线管理理论古典理论行政管理一般管理科学管理2.ClassicalManagementTheoryTaylor:ScientificManagementTheoryFayol:GeneralAdministrativeManagementTheoryWeber:TheoryofBureaucracyreturn5.2.ClassicalManagementTheory2.1ScientificManagementTheoryRepresentative

FrederickWinslowTaylor泰勒The“father”ofscientificmanagementPublishedPrinciplesofScientificManagement(1911)6.2.1ScientificManagementTheoTaylor

Usedscientificmethodstodefinethe“onebestway”forajobPuttingtherightpersononthejobwiththecorrecttoolsandequipmentHavingastandardizedmethodofdoingthejobProvidinganeconomicincentivetotheworkerreturn7Taylor Usedscientificmethods2.2GeneralAdministrativeTheoryHenriFayol法约尔

FrenchDevelopedfourteenprinciplesofmanagementDevelopedfivefunctionsofmanagement82.2GeneralAdministrativeTheFayol’s14PrinciplesofManagementDivisionofwork.Authority.Discipline.Unityofcommand.Unityofdirection.Subordinationofindividualintereststothegeneralinterest.Remuneration.Centralization.Scalarchain.Order.Equity.Stabilityoftenureofpersonnel.Initiative.Espritdecorps.9.Fayol’s14PrinciplesofManagFayol’s

FiveFunctionsofManagementPlanningOrganizingCommandingCoordinatingControlling

Leadingreturn10Fayol’sFiveFunctionsofMana2.3TheoryofBureaucracy

MaxWeber韦伯

GermanDevelopedatheoryofbureaucracybasedonanidealtypeoforganizationIdealformoforganization–thebureaucracy112.3TheoryofBureaucracyMaxWeber’sIdealBureaucracyreturn1212.Weber’sIdealBureaucracyretur3.BehavioralManagementTheoryMayo:HumanRelationsTheory

Maslow:HierarchyofNeedsMcGregor:TheoryX&TheoryYHerzberg:Motivation-HygieneTheoryreturn13.3.BehavioralManagementTheor3.1TheHawthorneStudiesAseriesofproductivityexperiments(1924-1932)ExperimentalfindingsProductivityunexpectedlyincreasedunderimposedadverseworkingconditions.Theeffectofincentiveplanswaslessthanexpected.Workersarealso“socialman”,notjust“economicman”Socialnorms,groupstandardsandattitudesmorestronglyinfluenceindividualoutputandworkbehaviorthandomonetaryincentives.143.1TheHawthorneStudiesAseri.（1924-1927)Effectoflightingonworkers’productivityFoundthatproductivityalmostalwaysincreasedafteranychangeinilluminationRealizedthatsomethingelsebesideslightingwasaffectingproductivity

15.i.（1924-1927)15.ii.(1927-1932)Mayoasconsultant(梅奥,founderofHumanRelationsTheory)

Changedpayrules,workdayandworkweeklengthsFoundthatchangingavariableusuallyincreasedproductivity,evenifthevariablewasjustachangebacktotheoriginalconditionHypothesizedthatworkingasagroup,beingtreatedasspecial(workinginaseparateroom)weretherealreasonsfortheproductivityincrease16ii.(1927-1932)16iii.Interviewsiv.(1931-1932)TheeffectofpaymentincentiveswaslessthanexpectedAlthoughpaidbyindividualproductivity,productivitydidnotgoupbecausetheywereafraidifproducedmore,thebaseratewouldchangeInformalgroupandsocialhierarchywereformed,andservedtocontrolgroupmembersandtomanagebossesreturn17iii.Interviewsreturn173.2Maslow’sHierarchyofNeedsAbrahamH.Maslow马斯洛

AmericanNeedswerecategorizedasfivelevelsoflower-to-higher-orderneeds.Motivatingapersondependsonknowingatwhatlevelthatpersonisonthehierarchy.183.2Maslow’sHierarchyofNeedMaslow’sHierarchyofNeedsPhysiologySelf-actualizationEsteemSocialSafety19Maslow’sHierarchyofNeedsPhyAssumesthatworkersdislikeworkavoidresponsibilityAssumesthatworkersliketoworkdesireresponsibility3.3TheoryX&TheoryYDouglasMcGregor麦克雷戈

AmericanHesuggestedthatmanagementcoulduseeithersetofneedstomotivateemployees20AssumesthatworkersAssumesth4.ManagementScienceTheoryAlsocalledQuantitativeTheoryEvolvedfrommathematicalandstatisticalmethods:statistics,optimizationmodels,informationmodels,computersimulations,forecasting,andgametheoryreturn214.ManagementScienceTheoryAl4.1Simon&Decision-MakingHerbertA.Simon西蒙

AmericanNobelPrizewinnerineconomicsHewasamongthefoundingfathersof

artificialIntelligencedecision-makingproblem-solvingpsychologyofhumancognition224.1Simon&Decision-MakingHerDecision-makingintermsofuncertainty:Agentsfaceuncertaintyaboutthefutureandcostsinacquiringinformationinthepresent.thustheypossessonly“boundedrationality”andmakedecisionsby“satisficing,”orchoosingwhatmightnotbeoptimalbutwillmakethemhappyenough.return23Decision-makingintermsofun4.2TheSystemsTheorySystemDefinedAsetofinterrelatedandinterdependentpartsarrangedinamannerthatproducesaunifiedwholeBasicTypesofSystemsClosedsystemsOpensystems244.2TheSystemsTheorySystemDTheOrganizationasanOpenSystem2525.TheOrganizationasanOpenSyImplicationsoftheSystemsTheoryCoordinationoftheorganization’spartsisessentialforproperfunctioningoftheentireorganization.Decisionsandactionstakeninoneareaoftheorganizationwillhaveaneffectinotherareasoftheorganization.Organizationsarenotself-containedandmustadapttochangesintheirexternalenvironment.return26ImplicationsoftheSystemsTh5.ContemporaryManagementTheory5.1TheContingencyTheoryAlsocalledtheSituationalApproach.Thereisnooneuniversallyapplicablesetofmanagementrules.Organizationsareindividuallydifferent,facedifferentsituations,andrequiredifferentwaysofmanaging.275.ContemporaryManagementThe5.2PeterF.DruckerPeterF.Drucker1905-2005德鲁克ManagementbyobjectivesKnowledgeeconomyAwardedthePresidentialMedalofFreedombyU.S.PresidentGeorgeW.Bushin2002.

28.5.2PeterF.DruckerPeterF.D6.CurrentTrendsandIssuesGlobalizationEthicsWorkforceDiversityE-businessEntrepreneurshipLearningOrganizationsKnowledgeManagementQualityManagement296.CurrentTrendsandIssuesGlGlobalizationPoliticalandculturalchallengesofoperatinginaglobalmarketEthicsIncreaseduseofcodesofethicsbybusinessesWorkforceDiversityIncreasedheterogeneityintheworkforceMoregender,minority,ethnicinemployeese-BusinessUseelectroniclinkagestoorganization’skeyconstituenciese-businessorganization30Globalization30EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurshipprocessPursuitofopportunitiesInnovationinproducts,services,orbusinessmethodsDesireforcontinualgrowthoftheorganizationQualityManagement

Qualitymanagementisaphilos