第八单元开端

11Chapter9AmericanBeginnings

TrueorFalse1.In1497,Columbusarrivedintoday’sCanada.2.MartinLutherKingwasthemainReformationleader.3.ThestateofPennsylvaniausedtobeinhabitedbytheQuakers.4.Bytheearly1760s,the12EnglishcoloniesinNorthAmericawerereadytoseparatethemselvesfromEurope.5.ThomasJeffersonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheAmericanRepublic.FFFTTTheContentsI.WhatisanAmerican?II.TwoimmigrationmovementstoAmericaIII.SocialforcesleadingtotheawakeningofEuropeanddiscoveryofAmericaIV.FourcolonialpatternsinAmericaV.TheAmericanRevolution

I.WhatisanAmerican?

AccordingtotheFrenchmanJ.HectorSt.JohndeCrevecoeurinhisbookLettersfromanAmericanFarmer（1782）:

“…HeisanAmerican,wholeavingbehindhimallhisancientprejudicesandmanners,receivesnewonesfromthenewmodeoflifehehasembraced,thenewgovernmentheobeys,andthe

newrankheholds….Hereindividualsofallnationsaremeltedintoanewraceofmen,whoselaborsandposteritywillonecausegreatchangesintheworld.…TheAmericanisanewman,whoactsuponnewprinciples;hemustthereforeentertainnewideasandformnew

opinions….ThisisanAmerican.”

II.ANewLand,TwoImmigrationMovements1.FromAsia:(AmericanIndians)25000yearsago,throughaland-bridgeacrosstheBeringStrait,fromnortheasternSiberiaintoAlaska,theydevelopedtheirownaboriginalcultures.

2.FromEuropeandAfrica:(thediscoveryofAmerica)

ChristopherColumbus——Spanishking

(in1492)JohnCabot——Englishking

(in1497)AmericanIndiansChristopherColumbus:anavigator,colonizerandexplorerwhosevoyagesacrosstheAtlanticOcean—fundedbyQueenIsabellaofSpain—ledtogeneralEuropeanawarenessoftheAmericancontinentsintheWesternHemisphereDepartureofthefirstvoyagefromtheportofPalos,inthemunicipalityofPalosdelaFronterain1492.

JohnCabotItaliannavigatorandexplorercommonlycreditedasthefirstEuropeantodiscoverthemainlandofNorthAmerica,in1497

GenocideonAmericanIndiansIII.SocialforcesleadingtotheawakeningofEuropeanddiscoveryofAmerica1.Thedevelopmentofcapitalism2.TheRenaissance3.ReligiousReformation1.CapitalismThegrowthofcapitalism:thebourgeoisclassandtheworkingclass;Thebourgeoisieincreasinglypowerfulinbothpoliticsandeconomy.

TheEnglishRevolutionwastheresultofthisgrowth.2.RenaissanceTheGod-centeredworldwaschallengedbythegreatprogressinnaturalandsocialscience.Peoplebegantobemoreconfidentinthemselvesandshowmoreinterestintheworldaboutthem.ManychallengedtheauthorityoftheBibleandwerewillingtoobserve,experimentandtesttruthsforthemselves.Thisattitudepushedthedevelopmentoftechnology.3.ReligiousReformationIn1517,MartinLutherstartedtoreformtheCatholicChurchwhichhaddominatedEuropeforcenturies.HechallengedtheauthorityofthePope(教皇)andattackedthepracticeofthesaleofindulgences(赎罪券).HebelievedthatpeoplecouldbesavedonlybytheirfaithinJesusChristandthroughadirectcontactwithGod.ThePopesellingIndulgences

MartinLutherJohnCalvin---CalvinismIV.FourcolonialpatternsThesettlementofVirginia(1607)thefirstEnglishpermanentsettlementinNorthAmerica

PuritanNewEngland(1620)thePilgrimFathers;MayflowerCatholicMaryland(1632)thesecondLordBaltimoreQuakerPennsylvaniaWilliamPennTobaccoDryingThePuritansandPuritanism

TheybelievedthathumanbeingswerepredestinedbyGodbeforetheywereborn(清教主义的命运天定说).SomewereGod’schosenpeoplewhileothersweredamnedtohell.Nochurchnorgoodworkscouldsavepeople.ThesignofbeingGod’selectwasthesuccessinhisworkortheprosperityinhiscalling.(一个人工作上的成功或事业上的兴旺是上帝选民的标志)TheyalsoarguedthateveryonemustreadtheBibleinordertofindGod’swillandestablishadirectcontactwithGod.(他们还说人人都要读«圣经»，从中探索上帝的意志，与上帝建立直接的联系).ThesebeliefshadgreatimpactonAmericanculture.BasicPuritanBeliefs:ConceptofOriginalSin:throughAdam’sfall,everyhumanisbornsinful.ConceptofPredestination:God“saves”thosehewishes;onlyafewareselectedforsalvation.ConceptofLimitedAtonement:Jesusdiedforthechosenonly,notforeveryone.Perseveranceofthe“Saints”:thoseelectedbyGodhavefullpowertointerpretthewillofGod,andtoliveuprightly.

thePilgrimFathers(清教移民先驱)

SupportedbysomemerchantsinLondon,theywentonboardtheMayflowerin1620.Beforetheylandedontoday’sNewEngland,theysignedtheMayflowerCompact(五月花公约)forthefuturecivilgovernmentoftheircolony.TheseearlyPuritansinNewEnglandwerecalledthePilgrimFathers.

LordBaltimore:

HewishedtointroduceafeudalsystemsimilartothemanorsysteminEuropetohiscolony.(Eachgentlemanwhobrought5servantswithhimsettledinhislandwasallowedtoestablishamanorof2000acres.)

Hisfeudalplanwasdoomedandthecolonyfollowedacapitalistdevelopmentroad.MarylandTolerationActQuakerPennsylvaniabyWilliamPenn(anEnglishQuakerwhowantedtoestablishacolonyforpersecutedfellowreligiousbelievers),whoassuredreligiousfreedomandeasytermsforlandinPennsylvaniatothoseEuropeanswhowishedtosettleinhiscolony.HolyExperiment:thespiritoflibertyandequality

thepolicyofseparationofstateandchurchnorestrictionsonimmigrationandeasynaturalizationSignificanceorinfluence#theheritageoftheHolyExperimentinAmericanculture#theideaofthemelting-potwaspracticedhere#aproofthatmancouldleadagoodlifewithoutabsolutemonarch,feudalismorreligiousandracialuniformity#inspiredsomeAmericanfoundingfathersAnillustrationshowsQuakersfoundingapeacefulsettlementalongsideNativeAmericansinPennsylvania.

V.TheAmericanRevolutionTheCauses:1.TheEnglishpeopleandEuropeansinthe13EnglishcoloniesintheNorthAmericahadbecomeAmericans,readytoseparatethemselvesfromtheOldWorld.2.Britain’svictoryinthewarfoughtbetweenBritainandFranceleddirectlytoaconflictwithitsAmericancolonies.“Notaxationwithoutrepresentation.”(没有代表权就不纳税)3.In1773,the“BostonTeaParty”tossedBritishmerchants’teaintoBostonharbor.4.TheAmericansdisobeyedtheIntolerableActpassedbyBritishParliamentandboycotted（抵制）Britishtrade.OnApril19,1775,thefirstshotwasfired.TheAmericanwarofIndependencebegan.BostonMassacre(1770)

3637TheFirstContinentalCongress1.Date:September5,17742.Place:Philadelphia3.Delegates:from12coloniesexceptGeorgia4.Result:passing

DeclarationofRightsandCrievances

(《权利和申述宣言》)whichwasrejectedbyEnglishParliament.38TheFirstArmedClash1.Date:April19,1775.2.Place:Lexington3.Effect:symbolizingtheoutbreakoftheWarofIndependence.39LexingtonSquare

TheSecondContinentalCongress1.Date:May10,17752.Place:Philadelphia.3.Effect:

establishingthemilitiaastheContinentalArmytorepresentthethirteenstates;

GeorgeWashington

asCommanderinChiefoftheContinentalArmy.40

TheDeclarationofIndependence

1.Committee:ThomasJefferson,BenjaminFranklin,JohnAdamsetc.2.Adoptiondate:July4,1776.

theIndependence