欧洲的语言与文化

欧洲的语言与文化Languages

and

Culture

in

EuropeLes

Langues

et

la

Culture

en

EuropeLas

Linguas

y

la

Cultura

en

EuropaDie

Sprachen

und

Die

Kultur

in

EuropaLe

Lingue

e

la

Cultura

nella

EuropaЯзыки

и

Ку

тура

в

ЭвропеΓλω

σαι

και

Kαλλιεργειαι

EυρωπωνLinguae

et

Cultura

Europae一、西方文化与语言学习语言学习的魅力

唱歌剧用意大利语；读诗歌用俄语；与上帝交谈用西班牙语；与情人私语用法语；思考哲学用德语；要饭用英语。(欧洲谚语)

生活在世上而只会说一种语言，这有点象生活在一座巨大无比的建筑物中而只呆在一个房间里。懂得一种以上语言的人会发现，展现在他们面前的是另一种迷人的新景象，这不仅为他们提供了实际运用这些语言的机会，还可以满足求知欲，以及使他们感受到另一种文化的观点和背景去观察世界的魅力。(肯尼斯·卡兹纳)

Chi

lingua

ha,

a

Roma

va.

/

Quien

lengua

ha,

a

Roma

va.

/Qui

langue

a,

à

Roma

va.谁能说罗马的语言，谁就能去罗马。(欧洲谚语)语言学习的魅力By

words

the

mind

is

winged.

----AristophanesLanguage

is

the

dress

of

ideas.语言是思想的外衣。(Samuel

Johnson)

Apprendre

une

langue,c’est

vivre

de

nouveau.学习一种外语，是一次新生。（法国）Veritas

simplex

oratio

est.真理的言语是简单的。Die

Sprache

ist

das

Haus

des

Seins.语言是存在的家园。（海得格尔）

Wer

fremde

Sprachen

nicht

kennt,

weiss

nicht

von

seinereigenen.不懂外语的人，对自己的母语会一无所知。（Goethe）

Eine

Fremdsprache

ist

eine

Waffe

im

Kampf

des

Lebens.外语是人生斗争的武器。（马克思）巴别塔The

Tower

of

Babel

那时，天下人的口音、言语都是一样。他们往东边迁移的时候，在示那地遇见一片平原，就住在那里。他们彼

此商量说：“来吧！我们要做砖，把砖烧透了。”他们

就拿砖当石头，又拿石漆当灰泥。他们说：“来吧！我

们要建造一座城和一座塔，塔顶通天，为要传扬我们的

名，免得我们分散在全地。”耶和华降临，要看看世人

建造的城和塔。耶和华说：“看哪，他们成为一样的人

民，都是一样的言语，如今既做起这事来，以后他们所

要做的事就没有不成就的了。我们下去，在那里变乱他

们的口音，使他们的言语彼此不通。”于是耶和华使他

们从那里分散在全地上；他们就停了，不造那城了。因

为耶和华在那里变乱了人的言语，使众人分散在全地上，■所以那城名叫巴别（就是变乱的意思）。——《圣经·创世纪》11：1-9בּלֶPanoramic

view

over

the

ancient

cityof

Babylon,

located

85

kilometers

south

of

Baghdad.

The

Greek

form

Βαβυλών

is

an

adaptation

of

Babylonian

Babili.

Babylonian

name

as

it

stood

in

the

1st

millennium

BC

had

beenchanged

from

an

earlier

Babilli

in

early

2nd

millennium

BC,interpreted

as

"gateway

of

the

god"

(bāb-ili)

by

popular

etymol

The

earlier

name

Babilla

appears

to

be

an

adaptation

of

a

non-Sesource

of

unknown

origin

or

meaning.

In

the

Hebrew

Bible,

the

name

appears

as

לבֶ

בּ

ָ

(Babel),

interpret

by

Book

of

Genesis

11:9

to

mean

"confusion"

(viz.

of

languages)

from

the

verb

לבלב

bilbél,

"to

confuse".

The

Syriac

form

is

Bāwē

Arabic

form

is

لﺑﺎﺑ

Bābil.לְ

בּ

לבּThe

Tower

of

Babel

(1563)

Pieter

Brueghel

the

Elder,

oil

o

board二、欧洲语言的分类Les

langues

indo-européennesThe

Indo-European

languages

The

Indo-European

languages

comprise

a

family

of

severa

hundred

related

languages

and

dialects,

including

most

the

major

languages

of

Europe,

as

well

as

many

spoken

in

the

Indian

subcontinent

(South

Asia),

the

Iranian

plate

(Southwest

Asia),

and

Central

Asia.

Contemporary

languages

in

this

family

with

more

than

100

million

natispeakers

each

include

English,

Hindi,

Spanish,

Portugu

Bengali,

Russian,

French

and

German.Numerous

national

or

minority

languages

with

fewer

than

100

million

nativspeakers

also

exist.

Indo-European

has

the

largest

numbof

speakers

of

the

recognised

families

of

languages

in

tworld

today,

with

its

languages

spoken

by

approximatelybillion

native

speakers.

The

Indo-Iranian

languages

for

the

largest

sub-branch

of

Indo-European.Kurgan

hypothesis:

South

Russia

as

the

urheimat

oIndo-European

peoples.

Map

of

Indo

European

migrations

from

ca.

4000

to1000

BC

according

to

the

Kurgan

model.

TheAnatolian

migration

(indicated

with

a

dotted

arrocould

have

taken

place

either

across

the

Caucasusacross

the

Balkans.

The

purple

area

corresponds

tothe

assumed

Urheimat

(Samara

culture,

Sredny

Stog

culture).

The

red

area

corresponds

to

the

ar

which

may

have

been

settled

by

Indo-European-speaking

peoples

up

to

ca.

2500

BC,

and

the

orangearea

by

1000

BC.Indo-EuropeanLinguisticTree1.斯拉夫语东斯拉夫语：俄语、乌克兰语白俄罗斯语西斯拉夫语：波兰语、捷克语斯洛伐克语南斯拉夫语：保加利亚语、马其顿语克罗地亚-塞尔维亚语斯洛文尼亚语Distribution

of

slavic

languages2.日耳曼语系西日尔曼语：英语、德语、荷兰语佛来芒语北日尔曼语：瑞典语、丹麦语挪威语、冰岛语Theexpansionof

theGermanictribes

750BC

–

AD1(after

the

Penguin

Atlas

of

World

History

1988):

Red:

Settlements

before

750BC;

Brown:

New

settlements

until500BC

Yellow:

New

settlements

until

250BC;

Green:

New

settlements

unAD

1The

Germanic

languages

inEurope

Dutch

(Low

Franconian,West

Germanic)

Low

German

(WestGermanic)

Central

German

(HighGerman,

West

Germanic)

Upper

German

(HighGerman,

West

Germanic)

Anglic

(Anglo-Frisian,West

Germanic)

Frisian

(Anglo-FrisianWest

Germanic)East

ScandinavianWest

Scandinavian

Line

dividing

the

Northand

West

GermaniclanguagesThe

global

distribution

of

Germanic

language

Solid

red

indicates

that

a

majority

of

inhabitants

speaGermanic

language.

Striped

red

indicates

that

a

sizeablminority

(more

than

10%)

speaks

a

Germanic

language.3.拉丁语系意大利语法语西班牙语葡萄牙语罗马尼亚语

Proportion

ofthe

690

millionativeRomancelanguagespeakers

ofeach

languageRomance

languages

Group

of

related

languages

derived

from

Latin,

with

nea

920

million

native

speakers.

The

major

Romancelanguages

—

French,

Spanish,

Portuguese,

Italian,

and

Romanian

—

are

national

languages.

French

is

probably

the

most

internationally

significant,

but

Spanish,

theofficial

language

of

19

American

cou