汉字的发展(英文版介绍)Chinese-character

壹贰叁肆contentonetwothreefour汉字的简介

汉字的发明汉字的发展汉字的结构第一页第二页，共44页。汉字的简介世界上最古老的，承传的手写文字最早出现于5,000多年前中国的古老汉字构思来自形象和意象,简单的形象结合在一起可以构成复杂的意象汉字是方块字第二页第三页，共44页。TheChineseLanguageIstheoldest,continuouswrittenlanguageintheWorldFirstwrittenover5,000yearsagoTheinventorsofthewrittenlanguagedrewpicturestoexpresswordsorideas,SimplepictureswerecombinedtomakemorecomplexthoughtsIssquare-shaped.第三页第四页，共44页。Chinesecharacterswereinitiallymeanttobesimplepicturesusetohelppeoplerememberthings.Afteralongperiodofdevelopment,itfinallybecameauniquecharactersystemthatembodiesphoneticsound,image,idea,andrhymeatthesametime.汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过演变发展最终成为一种兼具音·形·意·韵的独特文字。第四页第五页，共44页。形意音韵soundimageidearhyme第五页第六页，共44页。

Chinesecharactersareusuallyroundoutsideandsquareinside,whichisrootedinancientChinesebeliefsofanorbicularskyandarectangularearth.汉字结构“外圆内方”源于古人“天圆地方”的观念。第六页第七页，共44页。第七页第八页，共44页。汉字的发明

TheinventionoftheChinesecharactersKeeprecordsbytyingknots(结绳说）TheEightDiagrams(八卦说）Cangjiecreatedthecharacters(仓颉造字说）第八页第九页，共44页。

传说上古时期有个名叫仓颉（jīé）的人，他是黄帝的史官。据说他长着4只眼睛，上面两只观日月星辰，下面两只观看山川鸟兽，据万物的形状创造了汉字。后人尊他为“造字圣人”。实际上，汉字这样的文字系统，不是一人一时所能创造的，而是在发明、积累及形成过程中，由许多人慢慢丰富起来的。第九页第十页，共44页。Inlegend,therewasafigureinremoteantiquitynamedCangJiewhowasanofficialhistorianofHuangdi(knownastheYellowEmperor).Itwassaidthathehad4eyes,andtheupper2wereforwatchingthesun,themoonandthestarswhilethelower2forwatchingmountains,rivers,beastsandbirds.Anditwashe,asthelegendgoes,whohadcreatedtheChinesecharactersaccordingtotheshapesofallthings.第十页第十一页，共44页。Sohehasthetitleof“SageofCharacter-creation”,aslatergenerationsaddressedhim.Nevertheless,itisimprobableforanysinglepersontocreateacomplicatedcharactersystematonetime.Thecharactersisactuallydevelopedbymanypeoplegraduallyinthelongprocessofinvention,accumulation,andevolution.第十一页第十二页，共44页。

汉字的发展

thedevelopmentofChinesecharactersOracleBoneInscription甲骨文BronzeInscriptions金文SealScript篆书OfficialScript隶书RegularScript楷书CursiveScript草书Runningscript行书第十二页第十三页，共44页。

TheoldestChineseinscriptionsaretheOraclebonescript甲骨文(BC.14-11).MostofOracleBoneInscriptionaredivinationrecords,engravedonthetortoiseshellsoranimalbones.Nowwehavebeenfoundmorethan4600oracles,includingabout1000recognized.Oracleiscarvedwithaknife,verylittleiswritten,becausewordshavenotunified,manywordscanwrite,writeback,strokessimplifieddiffer,Chinesecharactercomponentisnotfixed,andsomanyvariantcharacters（异体字）.divination第十三页第十四页，共44页。

BronzeInscriptions（金文）refertoancientinscriptioncastorcarvedonthebronzeware（青铜器）.TheyareusedFromShang,ZhoutoQin,Handynasties,butthemainfindingsarethewordsonthebronzewareofwesternzhoudynasty.第十四页第十五页，共44页。SealScript（篆书）canalsobecalledas“ScriptofQin”,including“Dazhuan（大篆）”and“Xiaozhuan（小篆）”.AtthebeginningoftheQinDynasty,TheFirstEmperorcontendedtheideathatthewrittenscriptshouldbestandardizedinformbecausethecharacterformsweredifferentfromareatoareainZhoutimes.ItwassaidthatLiSi（李斯）compiledandTheScriptemergedfinally.

第十五页第十六页，共44页。Inordertomakewritingmoretime-saving,heinventedanewformwhichwasappreciatedbyTheFirstEmperor.ItisLishu(隶书）TheformationoftheOfficialscriptisanimportantturning-pointinhistorybecauseitlaysafoundationforthesquattershapeofChinesecharacters.第十六页第十七页，共44页。It’ssaidthattheRegularscript（楷书）emergedintheLaterHanperiod.Itisakindofmorebeautifulandsimplerformandcouldsetangoodexampleforwriting.Soitiscalled“Kaishu”inChinesebecause“Kai”meansgoodexamples.Inaddition,famouscalligrapherssuchasYanZhenqing（颜真卿）andLiuGongquan（柳公权）leftquantitiesofmasterpiecesforus.ThedevelopmentofChinesecharactersgrewintoahigherlevel.Regularscript（楷书）第十七页第十八页，共44页。ItbecamepopularintheJinDynasty（晋朝）asweknowthefamouscalligrapherssuchasWangXizhi（王羲之）,WangXianzhi（王献之）

andthelike.Regularscript（楷书）第十八页第十九页，共44页。Cursivescript草书

CursiveScript（草书）includeZhangcao,JincaoandKuangcao,allhardtorecognize.ZhangcaoemergedatZhangemperorofeasternHan;JincaoemergedattheendoftheLaterHanperiod.Kuangcaowascreatedinthetangdynasty,changing,andverydifficulttoidentify,turnedintoapureart,therearefewpracticalvalue.第十九页第二十页，共44页。

Runningscript（行书）

emergedattheendoftheEasternHanperiod.itisakindofformbetweenregularscriptandcursivescript.Ithashighartistryandpracticality.第二十页第二十一页，共44页。汉字的结构thestructureoftheChinesecharacterThestructureuniteoftheChinesecharacter汉字的结构单位Theorderofstrokesofcharacter汉字的笔顺Theformationofcharacter汉字的造字法第二十一页第二十二页，共44页。1、ThestructureuniteoftheChinesecharacter（汉字的结构单位）

TherearethreeaspectstothestructureofaChinesecharacter:thestrokes,thecomponentsandthewholecharacter.Forexample,thecharacter“木”consistsofthestrokes"—","丨","丿","乀".Itisabasiccharacterandisalsousedasacomponentforsomeothercharacters.Forexample,“林”consistsoftwo"木"characters.ThecomponentsarethecorestructureofaChinesecharacter.Chinesecharacterscanbedividedintocharacter-partsandnon-character-parts.Forexample,"院"canbedividedintothefollowingthreeparts:"阝","宀","元"ofwhich"元"isacharacter-part,while"阝"and"宀"arethenon-character-parts.ThekeytolearningChinesecharacterswellistomastertheircomponents.第二十二页第二十三页，共44页。

Chinesecharactersarewrittenbycombiningvariouskindsof"strokes".Thesestrokescanbedividedinto"basic"strokesand"combined"strokes.第二十三页第二十四页，共44页。第二十四页第二十五页，共44页。第二十五页第二十六页，共44页。

Structurallyspeaking,Chinesecharactersfallintocategories:thesingle-componentcharactersandthemulti-componentcharacters.AllofthebasicChinesecharactersaresimple-componentcharacters,suchas"人","口","目","山","火","手","刀","马","牛","日","月","羊".Themulti-componentcharactersconsistormorecomponents,suchas"爸","妈","你","们","朋".Theorderofwritingcomponentsinacharacterissimilartothestrokeorderofwritingacharacter.Therearethreebasictypesofconfigurationformulti-componentcharacters.第二十六页第二十七页，共44页。第二十七页第二十八页，共44页。ThebasicruleofChinesecharactersstrokeorderis:2、Theorderofstrokesofcharacter

（汉字的笔顺）第二十八页第二十九页，共44页。3、Theformationofcharacter（汉字的造字法）

TheformationofcharacterreferstothemethodtocreatetheChinesecharacters.Generallyspeaking,AncientChinesemethodofcreationtherearefourcategories:pictographs(shape),self-explanatory(mean),semasiography(knowing),andPictophonetic.ThecurrentcomparedwiththeancientChinesecharacters,andtherearesomespecialcases.第二十九页第三十页，共44页。RénpeopleKǒumouth第三十页第三十一页，共44页。mùeyemountainshān第三十一页第三十二页，共44页。sunfirerìhuǒ第三十二页第三十三页，共44页。goatswordyángdāo第三十三页第三十四页，共44页。

HieroglyphicCharacters（象形），thiscreationmethodisclosertothepicture,butcomplexthings,abstractconceptcan'tpictograph,sorelyonpictographcancreateveryfewcharacters,butitisthebasisoftheformationofChinesecharacters.第三十四页第三十五页，共44页。第三十五页第三十六页，共44页。

Thewaytoformacharacterusingsymbolstoindicatethecharacter'smeaningiscalled"Self-explanatoryCharacters（指事）".Therearetwotypesofindication:oneispurelysymbolic,e.g.shorterhorizontaloveralongermeans"上（up）",andtheoppositemeans"下（down）";theothertypeistoaddasymboltohieroglyphiccharacter,e.g.e.g.addinga"一"to"木",ifupmeanstheendofatree(末)，ifdownmean