基础化学中课本单词总结

基础化学中课本单词总结第一章绪论matter实物field场snbstance物质SI国际单位制significantfigure有效数字scientificnotation科学计数法dispersedmedium分散系dispersedphase分散相dispersedmedium分散介质homogeneousdispersedsystem均相分散系heterogeneousdispersedsystem非均相分散系phase相amountofsubstance物质的量mole摩尔Avogadroconstant基本单元日.mass质量Avogadroconstant阿伏伽德罗常数molarmass质量amount-of-subtanceconcentration（物质的量）浓度massconcentration质量浓度molefraction摩尔分数molality质量摩尔浓度solution溶液element元素compound化合物cation阳离子anion阴离子negativeion阴离子molecule分子atom原子electronic电子property性质inorganic无机的componential成份exactnumber有效数字aqueoussolution水溶液instrument仪器composition组成mixture混合物entity实体第二章稀薄溶液的依数性colligativepropertiesofdilutesolution稀薄溶液的依数性evaporation蒸发condensation凝结（saturated）vaporpressure（饱和）蒸气压Sublimation升华Vaporpressurelowering蒸气压下降Boilingpintdepression沸点升高diffuse扩散semi-permeablemembrance半透膜osmosis渗透作用osmosispressure渗透压力osmolarity渗透浓度isotonicsolution等渗溶液hypertonicsolution高渗溶液hypotonicsolution低渗溶液solute溶质solvent溶剂nonvolatile难挥发的hemoglobin血红蛋白conductivity导电性fluid流体第三章电解质溶液Electrolyte电解质degreeofdissociation解离度ioninteractiontheory离子相互作用理论ionatmosphere离子氛activity活度activitycoefficient活度因子ionicstrength离子强度acid-baseequilibria酸碱平衡aciddissociationconstant酸解离常数basedissociationconstant碱解离常数dilutionlaw稀释定律common-ioneffect同离子效应salteffect盐效应Bronsted-lowrytheory酸碱质子理论halfreactionofacid-base酸碱半反应conjugateacid共轭酸conjugatebase共轭碱amphotericsubstance两性物质proton-transferreactions质子传递反应protonself-transferreaction质子自递反应ion-productconstantforwater水的离子积polyproticacids多元酸polyacidbases多元碱electrontheoryofacidandbase酸碱的电子理论solubilityequilibrium溶解平衡（precipitationequilibrium沉淀平衡）solubilityproductcostant溶度积常数solubility溶解度ionproduct离子积fractionalprecipitate分级沉淀polar极性soluble可溶的equilibriumconstant平衡常数proton质子dissociate解离equilibriumshift平衡移动massormaterialbalance物料守恒chargebalance电子守恒protonbalance质子守恒precise准确的side-reaction副反应第四章缓冲溶液Buffersolution缓冲溶液Bufferaction缓冲作用Buffersystem缓冲系（bufferpair缓冲对）Buffer-componentratio缓冲比Buffercapacity缓冲容量Buffereffectiverange有效缓冲范围Plasma血浆Ctotal总浓度Dilution稀释PBS磷酸根的缓冲系（指磷酸二氢根和磷酸一氢根）第五章胶体colloid胶体sol溶胶macromolecularsolution高分子溶液associatedcolloid缔合胶体degreeofdispersion分散度specificsurfacearea比表面surfaceenergy表面能Brownianmovement布朗运动diffusion扩散sedimentation沉降sedimentationequilibrium沉降平衡electrophoresis电泳electroosmosis电渗diffusedelectricdoublelayer扩散双电层coagulation聚沉polyelectrolyte聚电解质isoelectricpoint等电点saltingout盐析Donnanequilibrium膜平衡（Donnan平衡）surfaceactivesubstance表面活性物质surfacetension表面张力hydrophilic亲水性hydrophobic疏水性micelle胶束criticalmicelleconcentrationCMC临界胶束浓度emulsion乳状胶emulsifyingagent乳化剂dispersionphase分散相dispersionmedium分散介质radium半径diameter直径particle粒子filtered过滤scatterlight散色光（丁达尔效应）suspensions悬浊液settleout沉淀dialysis透析optical光学的第六章化学反应热及反应的方向的限度thermodynamics热力学system系统surrounding环境openingsystem开放系统closedsystem封闭系统isolatedsystem隔离系统state状态statefunction状态函数extensiveproperty广度性质intensiveproperty强度性质process过程isothermalprocess等温过程isobarprocess等压过程isovolumicprocess等容过程adiabaticprocess绝热过程cyclicprocess循环过程heat热work功volumework体积功reversibleprocess可逆过程irreversibleprocess不可逆过程thermodynamicnumber热力学能（internalenergy内能）thefirstlowofthermodynamic热力学第一定律enthalpy焓stoichiometricnumber化学计量数reactant反应物product产物extentofreaction反应进度thermochemicalequation热化学方程式reaction反应standardstate标准态aqueoussolution水溶液graphite石墨diamond金刚石standardmolarenthalpyofformation标准摩尔生成焓standardmolarenthalpyofcombustion标准摩尔燃烧热八、、spontaneousprocess自发过程entropy熵thethirdlawofthermodynamics热力学的三定律conventionalentropy规定熵standardmolarentropy标准摩尔熵principleofentropyincrease熵增加原理GibbsfreeenergyGibbs自由能standardmolarGibbsfreeenergyofformation标准摩尔生成Gibbs自由能standardequilibriumconstant标准平衡常数experimentalequilibriumconstant实验平衡常数species物种multipleequilibrium多重平衡couplingreaction耦合反应shiftofchemicalequilibrium化学平衡移动第七章化学反应速率chemicalkinetics化学动力学rateofchemicalreaction化学反应速率averagerate平均速率instantaneousrate瞬时速率reactionmechanism反应机制elementaryreaction元反应complexreaction复杂反应ratedeterminingstep速率控制步骤molecularityofreaction反应分子数lawofmassaction质量作用定律ratelaw(rateequation)速率方程rateconstant速率常数reactionorder反应级数first-orderreaction一级反应half-life半衰期pseudo-first-orderreaction准一级反应second-orderreaction二级反应zero-orderreaction零级反应collisiontheory碰撞理论effectivecollision有效反应elasticcollision弹性形状activatedmolecule活化分子activatedenergy活化能transitionstatetheory过渡态理论activatedcomplex活化络合物energybarrier能垒catalyst催化剂catalysis催化效应homogeneouscatalysis均相催化heterogeneouscatalysis多相催化activesite活性点enzyme酶substrate底物第八章氧化还原反应与电极电位oxidation-reductionreaction氧化反应oxidationnumber氧化值(氧化值)apparentchargenumber表观荷电数oxidationreaction氧化反应notationofcell电池组成式reductionreaction还原反应reductionagent还原剂oxidizingagent氧化剂redoxhalf-reaction氧化还原半反应oxidizedspecies氧化性物质reducedspecies还原性物质redoxelectriccouple氧化还原电对saltbridge盐桥primarycell原电池half-cell半电池electrode电极anode负极cathode阳极cellreaction电池反应electrodepotential电极电位standardhydrogenelectrode,SHE标准氢电池electromotiveforce，emf电动势standardelectrodepotential标准电极电位Faradayconstant、法拉第常数NernstequationNernst方程referenceelectrode参比电极indicatorelectrode指导电极calomelelectrode甘汞电极saturatedcalomelelectrodeSEC饱和甘汞电极glasselectrode玻璃电极combinationelectrode复合电极operationaldefinitionofpHpH操作定义第九章原子机构和元素周期律nuclearmodel有核模型Planckconstant普朗克常数linespectrum线状光谱stationarystate定态energylevel能级groundstate基态excitedstate激发态transition跃态principalquantumnumber主量子数particle-waveduality波粒二象性deBroglierelationdeBroglie关系式probabilitywave概率波uncertaintyprinciple测不准原理Schrodinger'sequationSchrodinger's方程wavefunction波函数probabilitydensity概率密度electroncloud电子云atomicorbital原子轨道quantumnumber量子数principalquantumnumber主量子数（符号n）shell电子层orbitalangularmomentumquantumnumber轨道角动量量子数（符号l）subshell或sublevel亚电子层magneticquantumnumber磁量子数（符号m）equivalentorbit简并轨道（等价轨道）spinangularmomentumquantumnumber自旋角动量量子数（符号s）radialwavefunction径向波函数angularwavefunction角度波函数lobe波瓣nodalplane节面radialdistributionfunction径向波函数screeningeffect屏蔽作用screeningconstant屏蔽常数effectivenuclearcharge有效核常数electronicconfiguration电子组态PauliexclusionprinciplePauli不相容原理Building-upprinciple或Aufbauprinciple构造原理Hund'sruleHund规则atomiccore原子芯valenceelectron价电子valenceelectron电子层（价层）period周期group族block区transitionelement过渡元素innertransitionelement内过渡元素rareearthelement稀土元素atomicradius原子半径covalentradius共价半径vanderwaalsradiusvanderwaals半径metallicradius金属半径ionicradius离子半径electronegativity电负性macroelement常量元素microelementortraceclement微量或痕量元素poisonousorharmfulelement有毒或有害元素第十章共价键与分子间力Chemicalbond化学键Intermolecularforce分子间作用力Valencebondtheory简称VB价键理论Molecularorbittheory简称MO分子轨道理论groundstate基态repellentstate排斥态normalcovalentbond正常共价键coordinatecovalentbond配位共价键（coordinatebond配位键）lonepairelectron孤对电子bondpara