美国文学课件

美国文学课件美国文学课件1.Whatisliterature?

2.HowdowedefineAmericanliterature?

3.Whydopeoplereadliterature?

4.Howtostudyliterature?美国文学课件the14thcentury:politelearningthroughreading.(literacy)Fromthemid-18thcentury:thepracticeandprofessionofwriting.Whencecomesliterature?Literature:Writingsthatarevaluedasworksofart.“performanceinwords.”(beautyofexpressionandform,intellectualandemotionalappeal.)美国文学课件LiteratureproducedinAmericanEnglishbythepeoplelivingintheUnitedStates.BasicqualitiesofAmericanwriters:#independent(free-lance/nowages)#individualistic(freefrompoliticalprejudiceandideologicalconformity/self-expression)#critical(usuallycriticizeratherthaneulogize)#innovative(pursue“newness”/experiments)#humorous(notalwaysfunnyandcarefree,“blackhumor”)美国文学课件1.Readingforpleasure2.Readingforrelaxation3.Readingtoacquireknowledge4.Readingtoconfrontexperience5.Readingforartisticappreciation6.Readingforexams美国文学课件1.Analyticalapproach2.Thematicapproach3.Historicalapproach4.Mostimportantofall,reading美国文学课件1.Formahabitofintelligentguessingatthemeaningofnewwords.2.Learnhowtonoticedetails,howtogetthemainidea,andhowtoskimtolocatethemostmeaningfulpassages.3.Cherishastrongdesiretoextractgreatermeaningfromaliteraryworkbyrelatingideasfoundinyourreadingwithyourownexperience.美国文学课件ColonialPeriod(1607-1775)

AnneBradstreet

EdwardTaylorRevolutionaryperiod(1775-1820)

BenjaminFranklin

PhilipFreneauRomanticism(1820-1861)

WashingtonIrving

EdgarAllanPoe

NathanielHowthorne

*Transcendentalism

*(NewEnglandRenaissance)

RalphWaldoEmerson

HenryDavidThoreau4.Realism(1861-1914)

WilliamWhitman

MarkTwain

HenryJames

Naturalism:

TheodoreDreiser

5.The20thCentury

T.S.Eliot

WilliamFaulkner

ErnestHemingway

(LostGeneration)

Imagism:

EzraPound美国文学课件A.NativeAmericanliterature1.Background(1492nativeliterature?)2.Traditionalliterature(oralliterature)3.Transitionalliterature(19thCenturytranslations)4.Modernliterature(19th,20thcentury,Indianpoets)美国文学课件1.BackgroundThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlement:Jamestown,Virginia,1607.

美国文学课件1620pilgrimsPlymouth,NewEngland美国文学课件The"seatosea"grantofPlymouthCouncilforNewEnglandisshowningreen.ThelocationofthePlymouthColonysettlementisdemarcatedas"Pl“美国文学课件1630puritansMassachusettsBay1691theMassachusettsBayColonytookoverthePlymouthColony美国文学课件MapshowingthelocationofCapeCodBayandMassachusettsBay,offthewestcoastofMassachusetts,UnitedStates.CreatedbyNormanEinstein,July20,2005.美国文学课件Pilgrim:oneoftheEnglishSeparatistswhofoundedthecolonyofPlymouthinNewEnglandin1620.Puritan:AmemberofagroupofEnglishProtestantswhointhe16thand17thcenturiesadvocatedstrictreligiousdisciplinealongwithsimplificationoftheceremoniesandcreedsoftheChurchofEngland.(enduringinfluence:hardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety)美国文学课件1.TheyfollowtheideasoftheSwissreformerJohnCalvin.2.Doctrines:

-Predestination

-Originalsinandtotaldepravity(humanbeingsarebasicallyevil.)

-Limitedatonement(ortheSalvationofaselectedfew)3.Puritanvalues(creeds):

Hardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety,simpletastes.

Puritansaremorepractical,tougher,andtobeeverreadyforanymisfortuneandtragicfailure.

Theyareoptimistic.美国文学课件4.WhydidPuritanscometoAmerica?

-toreformtheChurchofEngland

-tohaveanentirelynewchurch

-toescapereligiouspersecution

*God’schosenpeople

*ToseekanewGardenofEden

*Tobuild“CityofGodonearth”美国文学课件5.Influence

-AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.

-Americanliteratureisbasedonamyth,i.e.theBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.

-PuritanismcanbecomparedwithChineseConfucianism.美国文学课件美国文学课件2.Literatureofearlysettlementsa.ThefirstAmericanwriter:JohnSmith(p.3)b.EarlyNewEnglandliterature:(p.5)WilliamBradford:TheHistoryofPlymouthPlantationJohnWinthrop:TheHistoryofNewEngland美国文学课件ThefirstgovernorofPlymouth.Thebookisasortofjournal,amasterfulaccountoftheseparatistcolony.

美国文学课件JohnCottonRogerWilliamsAnneBradstreetEdwardTaylor美国文学课件美国文学课件AKeyintotheLanguageofAmerica美国文学课件TheTenthMuseLatelySprungupinAmerica美国文学课件Iheardthemerrygrasshopperthensing,Theblack-cladcricketbearasecondpart;Theykeptonetuneandplayedonthesamestring,Seemingtogloryintheirlittleart.Shallcreaturesabjectthustheirvoicesraise,AndintheirkindresoundtheirMaker’spraise,WhilstI,asmute,canwarbleforthnohigherlays?美国文学课件RegardedasthebestofthePuritanpoets.Religiousthemes.Psalms美国文学课件c.characteristicsofworksinthisperiodutilitarian,polemical,ordidactic.Puritanwritingsarefresh,simple,direct,andwithatouchofnobility.Symbolismwasacommonpractice.美国文学课件BackgroundBenjaminFranklinThomasPaineThomasJeffersonPhilipFreneau美国文学课件Background:RevolutionaryPeriod(1775-1783)“TheAgeofReason”“AmericanEnlightenment”美国文学课件The18thcentury:A.IndependenceWar(1776-1783)B.AmericanEnlightenment:ablowuponthepuritantraditions/seculareducation/greatinterestinscience,philosophyandliterature.C.Literature:derivativeanddependent.D.essayists,journalists,pamphleteers.美国文学课件美国文学课件Araregenius:aprinter,postmaster,almanacwriter,essayist,scientist,orator,statesman,philosopher,politicaleconomist,ambassador,businessman,patriot,andmanoftheworld.Lifestory:美国文学课件InventorPrinterstatesmanLibrarian美国文学课件Hishumbleorigins,dedicationtoself-improvementandgeniusforbusinesssetanexamplefor“self-mademan”inAmerica.美国文学课件LiteraryAchievements:A.PoorRichard’sAlmanac

(analmanacisthebookthatgivesvitalinformationfortheyear,theseasons,thesunriseandthesunset,accurateinformationontides…allarepracticalinformationimportanttofarmers./RichardSaunders:acrackerbarrelphilosopher/down-to-earthmaxims)

美国文学课件

Anemptybagcannotstandupright.

Bealwaysashamedtocatchthyselfidle.

Cheeseandsaltymeatshouldbesparinglyeat.

TheDoorsofwisdomarenevershut.

Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.

Fullofcourtesy,fullofcraft.

Godhelpsthemthathelpthemselves.

/franklin/printer/h_ash.html.

Ifyou'dhaveaservantthatyoulike,serveyourself.

Alein,truthout.

美国文学课件ALiestandsononeleg,thetruthontwo.

AManwithoutawifeisbuthalfaman.

Nothingbutmoneyissweeterthanhoney.

Onetodayisworthtwotomorrows.

Paywhatyouoweandyou'llknowwhat'syourown.

AQuarrelsomemanhasnogoodneighbors.

TheRottenapplespoilshiscompanion.

Speaklittle,domuch.

Threemaykeepasecret,iftwoofthemaredead.

Up,sluggard,andwastenotlife;inthegravewillbesleepingenough.

Visitsshouldbeshort,likeawinter'sday.

Welldoneisbetterthanwellsaid.

Agoodexampleisthebestsermon.

Youmaydelay,buttimewillnot.

Therearelazymindsaswellaslazybodies.美国文学课件B.Autobiography:alongaccountofhisfamilybackgroundintheformofaprivatelettertohisson/4parts1.Style:clear,simple,humorous.

美国文学课件2.Significance:aninspiringaccountofapoorboy’srisetowealthandfameandthefulfillmentoftheAmericandream.a)classicofthiskindinAmericanliterature.b)spokesmanofAmericanenlightenment:thetransitionfromPuritanpiety,idealismandprovincialismtothemoresecularutilitarian,andcosmopolitanvalues.

美国文学课件IsBenjaminFranklinapuritan?HewasborninBostonintoapiousPuritanhousehold.However,MaxWeberthinksthatFranklinacceptedtheEuropeanEnlightenmentthoughts.Hehascombinedthereligiouspuritanthoughtswiththesecularhumanism.Andmoreimportantly,heismoreattendedtotheearthlythingsandsecularlifeinsteadoftheheavenlydream.Heismoreofapractitioners.美国文学课件Life:hewasoflowclass,withnofinishedcollegeeducation/didn’tcometoAmericauntil1774withrecommendationfromFranklin.YetagreatadventurerinhumanfreedomandasupporteroftheRevolution.美国文学课件1776CommonSense(CommonSensewassenttothePhiladelphiaprinter,RobertBell,andonJanuary10,1776,CommonSensehitthePhiladelphiastreetslikeabulletfromagun.)美国文学课件1787-1802inEnglandandFrance,TheRightsofMan(chargedwithtreason)1802Americancitizenship,notwelcome.美国文学课件Literaryachievements:famouspoliticalpamphleteerandthemostpersuasiverhetorician.

CommonSense:regardedasthegreatestoftheRevolutionarypamphlets.

TheAmericanCrisis(16pamphlets)**Politicalessayspamphlets(1763-1783)2,000pamphletspublishedonpoliticalthemes.美国文学课件LifeLiteraryachievements美国文学课件fromDeclarationofIndependence

因此我们这些在大陆会议上集会的美利坚合众国的代表们，以各殖民地善良人民的名义，并经他们授权，向世界最高裁判者申诉，说明我们的严正意向，同时郑重宣布：我们这些联合起来的殖民地现在是，而且按公理也应该是，独立自由的国家；我们对英国王室效忠的全部义务，我们与大不列颠王国之间的一切政治联系，从此全部断绝，而且必须断绝。作为一个独立自由的国家，我们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家有权采取的一切行动。我们坚定地信赖神明上帝的保佑，同时以我们的生命、财产和神圣的名誉彼此宣誓来支持这一宣言。美国文学课件Life:thefirstAmerican-bornpoet,representingtheeffortsforliterarynationalism/inelitecircles/美国文学课件Literaryachievements:A.“fatherofAmericanpoetry”/HetriedtoavoidimitativenessandwrotedistinctlyAmericanpoemswithhighlyricalquality./bestlyrics:“TheWildHoneySuckle”

(Mortality);“TheIndianBuryingGround”(ontheimaginedafterlife)thebeginningofAmericanromanticism.美国文学课件Literaryachievements:B.ajournalist.美国文学课件17thC.Am.Litwasprimarilyreligious,18thC.Am.Lit.waspolitical.

AlthoughAm.Lit.didnotachievefullmaturityinthe18thcentury,itsscopewasatleastwidened.1stmagazinesin1741PublicOccurrences,1stAm.newspaper,1690(justforreference)美国文学课件1.WhenistheperiodofreasonandrevolutioninAmericanliterature?2.Whatisthebackgroundofthe18thCentury?3.Whoisoftenreferredtoasa“self-mademan”inAmerica?4.WhowrotePoorRichard’sAlmanac?5.Whatisacrackerbarrelphilosopher?美国文学课件6.DoyouhappentorememberanyofFranklin’smaxims?7.HowdoyoucommentonthestyleofBenjaminFranklin’sAutobiography?8.InwhatwayisAutobiographysignificant?9.WhowasthewriterofCommonSenseandTherightsofMan?10.Whoisregardedasthe“FatherofAmericanpoetry”/“PoetoftheAmericanRevolution”?美国文学课件TimePeriod:Itstretchesfromtheendofthe18thc.totheoutbreakoftheAm.CivilWar.ItstartedwiththepublicationofIrving’sTheSketchBook(1820)andendedwithWhitman’sLeavesofGrass(1855).Itiscalled“theAmericanRenaissance”sinceitisaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature.Itisregardeda)Asanapproachinliterarycreation;b)Asaliterarytrendormovement(reactionfromtheNeoclassicismandformalorthodoxyofthepast)<Neoclassicism:JohnDryden,AlexanderPope>

美国文学课件1798,EnglishpoetsWordsworthandColeridgepublishedLyricalBalladsSomeimportantBritishRomanticwritersare:WilliamBlake,RobertBurns,WilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridge,LordByron,PercyByssheShelley,etc.

美国文学课件NeoclassicismRomanticismArtisticIdealsNeoclassicismwascharacterizedbyemotionalrestraint,order,logic,technicalprecision,balance,eleganceofdiction,anemphasisofformovercontent,clarity,dignity.Itsappealsweretotheintellectratherthantotheemotions,anditprizedwitoverimagination.Asaresult,satireanddidacticliteratureflourished,Inpoetry,theheroiccoupletwasthemostpopularverseform.JohnDryden,AlexanderPope,JonathanSwift,JosephAddison,andSamuelJohnsonwereinthissphere.Imagination,emotion,andfreedomarecertainlythefocalpointsofromanticism.Seethelistofparticularcharacteristicsandrepresentativewritersoftheliteratureofromanticisminthefollowingpage.

美国文学课件NeoclassicismRomanticismTheyfollowedsomefixedlawsandrules:Poetryshouldbelyrical,epical,didactic,satiricordramatic.Proseshouldbeprecise,direct,smoothandflexible.Dramashouldbeinheroiccouplet（英雄双韵体）;thethreeunitiesoftime,spaceandactionshouldbestrictlyobserved.ManyholdtothetheorythatitwasinEnglandthattheromanticmovementreallystarted.Atanyrate,quiteearlyinthe18thc.onecandiscernadefiniteshiftinsensibilityandfeeling(sentiment),particularlyinrelationtothenaturalorderandNature.美国文学课件ArchitectureLandscapepaintingPortraitureMusic美国文学课件Characteristics1.Romanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.2.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.3.Romanticsstressedthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature.Therefore,naturewasasuitablesubjectfortrueart.4.Theyemphasizedindividualism.5.Theyaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself.6.Stronginterestinthepast.7.Interestedinvariety.美国文学课件AmericanRomanticism1.Background:westwardexpansion,greatimmigration,burgeoningindustrialism,theideaofdemocracyandequality,etc.anurgetohaveitsownliterature.2.Distinctfeatures:a.Thewildernessofthewestb.Thedesiretoescapefromsocietyandreturntonaturec.localdialectsd.puritanthoughts(moralize/originalsin)美国文学课件3.NewEnglandTranscendentalismtworepresentatives:EmersonandThoreau.Transcendentalismisdefinedphilosophicallyas“therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattainingknowledgetranscendingthereachofthesenses.”(natureisennoblingandtheindividualisdivineandself-reliant.)

美国文学课件4.AmericanRomanticliteraturepoets:PhilipFreneau,WilliamCullenBryant,HenryW.Longfellow,WaltWhitman,etc.fictionwriters:WashingtonIrving:comicfablesEdgarAllenPoe:GothictalesJamesFenimoreCooper:frontieradventuresHermanMelville:narrativequestsNathanielHawthorne:psychologicalromances

美国文学课件5.Romanticists’differentunderstandingofhumannature:*Transcendentalists:manisdivineinnatureandthereforeforeverperfectible.*puritanwriters:(originalsin)everybodyispotentiallyasinner,andgreatmoralcourageisindispensablefortheimprovementofhumannature.美国文学课件美国文学课件1.Life2.Literaryachievements

AHistoryofNewYorkTheSketchbookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent(“RipVanWinkle”/“LegendofsleepyHollow”)BracebridgeHallTalesofaTraveller

美国文学课件

Rip'ssoledomesticadherentwashisdogWolf,whowasasmuchhen-peckedashismaster;forDameVanWinkleregardedthemascompanionsinidleness,andevenlookeduponWolfwithanevileye,asthecauseofhismaster'sgoingsooftenastray.Trueitis,inallpointsofspiritbefittinganhonorabledog,hewasascourageousananimalaseverscouredthewoods-butwhatcouragecanwithstandtheever-duringandall-besettingterrorsofawoman'stongue?ThemomentWolfenteredthehousehiscrestfell,histaildroopedtotheground,orcurledbetweenhislegs,hesneakedaboutwithagallowsair,castingmanyasidelongglanceatDameVanWinkle,andattheleastflourishofabroom-stickorladle,hewouldflytothedoorwithyelpingprecipitation.

美国文学课件Itwaswithsomedifficultythathefoundthewaytohisownhouse,whichheapproachedwithsilentawe,expectingeverymomenttoheartheshrillvoiceofDameVanWinkle.Hefoundthehousegonetodecay-therooffallenin,thewindowsshattered,andthedoorsoffthehinges.Ahalf-starveddogthatlookedlikeWolfwasskulkingaboutit.Ripcalledhimbyname,butthecursnarled,showedhisteeth,andpassedon.Thiswasanunkindcutindeed-"Myverydog,"sighedpoorRip,"hasforgottenme!"

美国文学课件3.StyleandComment*graceful,refined,fluentanddignified.*sentimentalandromantic(preferthepasttothepresent,preferadream-likeworldtotherealone.)*influencedbyEuropeanliterature(German,Spanish)*ThetalesaboutAmericanmadehimahouseholdwordandhisfameenduring.*“theAmericangoldsmith”forhisliterarycraftsmanship

美国文学课件美国文学课件1.Life2.LiteraryAchievementsa.32novels,socialcritic—hecriticizedsocietyforbeingtoodemocratic,nottooaristocratic.(conservative)b.3kindsofnovels:1)novelsabouttherevolutionarypast:TheSpy2)seaadventures:ThePilot3)frontiersaga:LeatherstockingTales美国文学课件3.LeatherstockingSeries*5novelsdepictingthelifeoftheearlyAmericanfrontier.(centralfigureNattyBumppo:Heisanisolated,almostselfless,stoicandenduringman.“theessentialAmericansoul.”)*(anepichero/theAmericanAdam)美国文学课件[FordEdward]DuncanHeywardCora/AliceMunroDavidGamutMagua:leaderofanIndiantribe,Huron(sidewiththeFrench)Hawkeye(NattyBumppo)ChingachgookUncas(lastoftheMohicans)[FordWilliamHenry]美国文学课件

ThefirstAmericanlyricpoetofdistinction美国文学课件1.Life美国文学课件美国文学课件2.LiteraryAchievements“theAmericanWordsworth”Foursubjects:thebeautyandharmonyofnatureasasourceofsolace,joyandescape;thedignityofhumanity;thesacrednessofhumanfreedom;andthepowerandbeneficenceofGod.美国文学课件a)Poems1821《诗选》b)TheFountain1842《泉》c)TheWhite-FootedDeer1844《白蹄鹿》d)AForestHymn1860《森林赋》

e)TheFloodofYears1878《似水流年》

Poe’sreputationwasfirst美国文学课件f)“ToaWaterfowl”1815《致水鸟》g)“Thanatopsis”1817《死亡随想》h)“TheYellowViolet”《黄色堇香花》1814美国文学课件Bryanthashereusedanolddeviceofdrawingalessonfromnature.Unusualmetricalstructureofthestanzas:the1stand4thlinescontainthreefeet(trimeter),and2ndand3rdlinescontainfivefeet(pentameter).Therhymeschemeisabab.美国文学课件Midst:amidstThelaststepsofday:theevening“峥嵘赤云西，日脚下平地”杜甫《羌村三首》

Rosydepths:thecrimsonskyatduskFowler’s:hunter’sSeeagainstthecrimsonsky:“雁背夕阳红欲暮”周邦彦《玉楼春·桃溪不作从容住》宋词Plashy:swampy美国文学课件Marge:margin,borderChafed:raging,furiousPOWER:Cap.神明Teachesthyway:guidesyouDesert:deserted,lonelyLanewandering:wanderinglonelyWeary:thoughwearyAbyssofheaven:greatdepthofskyCertainflight:surepath美国文学课件背景：此诗是1815年12月诗人去Plainfield联系工作的途中所作。据他自己说，当时他感到十分孤独凄凉，在广阔世界中前途茫茫，忽然看到一只孤鸟从天边飞过，他觉得宇宙间默默有神灵为众生引路，从而得到了安慰。本诗各行独立成句，诗行参差多变化，暗示水鸟掠过空中的意境。美国文学课件Bryant’scriticalandpoeticworkscenteraroundandareinformedbyaninnatefeelingforAmericannatureanditsimplicationsforart.Hispoetictheoryandpractice,foundedonromanticprinciplesofemotionalexpression,naturalness,simplicity,spontaneity,irregularity,andfreedom,sethimsquarelyintheRomanticMovementthatheanticipatesinAmericabyoveradecade.美国文学课件HeimitatedByronforatime,andby1812hewasapermanentadmirerofWordsworth,fromwhomhederivedmoreintechniquethaninthought.Heisrememberedasacelebratorofthewilderaspectsofnaturethestormsandruggedhills,aswellastheflowersandbirds.美国文学课件Hewasskillfulintheuseofverseforms;inhisowndayhewasconsideredaninnovator.Hewrotestatelyandsonorousblankverse,adoptedtheSpenserianstanza(ababbcbcc).美国文学课件Alliteration:Therepetitionofconsonants,usuallyinitialconsonants.

Practicemakesperfect.Consonance:Therepetitionofconsonantswithchangesintheinterveningvowels.Slip,slap,slopterrorhorrorstoriesAssonance:Therepetitionofvowels.Theseargantaskedhimtobombthelawnwithhotpots..美国文学课件Afootisoneofseveralcombinationsofstressedandunstressedsyllables.Itisthebasicunitofpoetry.(音步)Afootusuallyconsistsofonestressedandoneortwounstressedsyllables.Meter:whenstressesrecuratfixedintervals,theresultiscalledameter.格律,韵律Scan:toanalyze(verse)intometricalpatterns.分析韵脚：将（诗）划分音步美国文学课件Afootisthebasicunitofmeasurementinpoetry:alinehassomanyfeet.Onefoot:monometerTwofeet:dimeterThreefeet:trimeterFourfeet:tetrameterFivefeet:pentameterSixfeet:hexameterSevenfeet:heptameterEightfeet:octameter美国文学课件Iamb（抑扬格）

Agen/tleknight/wasprick/ingon/theplain.(Spenser,TheFaerieQueene,1.1.1.)Thisisanexampleofiambicpentameter:alinewithfiveiambicfeet.Unrhymediambicpentameterisblankverse.美国文学课件Trochee(扬抑格)Tyger/Tyger!/Burning/brightInthe/forest/ofthe/night(WilliamBlake,“TheTyger,”lines1-2)Thisistrochaictetrameterthatiscatalectic.Therearefourtrochaicfeetperline,withthelastunstressedsyllableomitted.

美国文学课件Anapest（抑抑扬格）

Inthenight,/whenit’sdarkWedon’tgo/throughthepark=AnapesticdimeterDactyle（扬抑抑格）Justfora/handfulof/silverhe/leftus=dactylictetrameterSpondee（扬扬格）One,two!/Buckle/myshoe!Three,four!/Knockatthedoor!=Spondaictrimeter美国文学课件美国文学课件1.Lifeprecarious,impoverished2.Reputationsnotrecognizedinhisownday—TheFrenchusedPoeasthemodelfortheirsymbolistschool—Europeanwriters—20thcentury,popularwithFreudianpsychologicalcritics.美国文学课件3.Literarytheoriespoetry:Themostimportantpurposeofpoetryisthecreationofbeautywhichisthesolelegitimateprovinceofapoem.Thetoneofitshighestmanifestationisoneofsadness./Musicisessentialtocreateamoodappropriatetothetheme.(alliteration,assonance,andrepetition)

美国文学课件fiction:a.preferredthetaletootherfictionalforms/stressedtheprincipleofconcentrationandthematictotality.b.Writershoulddecidetheeffectfirst,andtheninventevents.c.Truthistheaimofthetale.d.Worksshouldbejudgedbytheirpsychologicaleffectuponthereader.美国文学课件28annabellee.wma美国文学课件I.GrowthandDevelopmentII.MajorconceptsIII.SignificanceIV.Weaknesses美国文学课件Inessence,romanticidealismonPuritansoil3sources:Unitarianism/IdealisticphilosophyfromFranceandGermany/OrientalmysticismasrevealedinHinduandChineseclassics美国文学课件1.Powerofintuition2.Spiritfirst,mattersecond3.NatureassymbolicofspiritorGod4.Individualasthemostimportantelementinsociety/self-reliant5.Religionasanemotionalcommunicationbetweenanindividualsoulandtheuniversal“oversoul”6.Commerceasdegrading/paylessattentiontothematerialworld美国文学课件InspiredEnglishpoetsandGermanidealistphilosophersAclarioncalltoactionAnethicalguideGreatimpactonAmericanwriters美国文学课件NeverasystematicphilosophyRampantindividualismratherthanademocracyofmutualhelpfulnessDenialoftherealityofevilDenialofitsrealspiritualorigin美国文学课件NathanielHawthornewroteanovel,TheBlithedaleRomance(1852),satirizingthemovement,andbaseditonhisexperiencesatBrookFarm,ashort-livedutopiancommunityfoundedontranscendentalprinciples.EdgarAllanPoehadadeepdislikefortranscendentalism,callingitsfollowers"Frogpondians"afterthepondonBostonCommon.Heridiculedtheirwritingsinparticularbycallingthem"metaphor-run,"lapsinginto"obscurityforobscurity'ssake"or"mysticismformysticism'ssake."Oneofhisshortstories,"NeverBettheDevilYourHead",isaclearattackontranscendentalism,whichthenarratorcallsa"disease".ThestoryspecificallymentionsthemovementanditsflagshipjournalTheDial,thoughPoedeniedthathehadanyspecifictargets.美国文学课件Americanphilosopher,poetandessayist.ThemosteloquentspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism.美国文学课件1.LifeHarvard—Unitarianism(itrejectedtheCalvinistideasofpredestination,unconditionalelection,limitedatonement,andtotaldepravity)–Unitarianminister—lectures—spokesmanoftranscendentalism美国文学课件2types:essaysandpoetryEssays:Nature

(1836)(ThemanifestoofAmericantranscendentalism),Essays(1841)Poems:

Poems(1847)*“TheAmericanScholar”

(“America’sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence)美国文学课件美国文学课件1.LifeBorninConcordahandymaninEmerson’shouselivedaloneinWaldenPonddevotedmostofhistimetostudyandmeditationlectures美国文学课件Deceptivelycasual,likeadiaryofanaturelover.It’saspiritualbook.美国文学课件ImportanceofthoughtovermaterialcircumstanceConfidenceintheindividualTheescapefromthepoweroftimeToworkhardtobeclosetonature美国文学课件DirectforcefulsentencesConversationalintoneHumorProverbialexpressionsBrieftales,fablesandallegoriesMetaphorsPropheticvoice美国文学课件Aprosestylist,aloverofnature,aNewEnglandmystic,asocialphilosopher,aparticularkindofromantic,andathoroughtranscendentalistWalden,aclassicinAmericanliterature(nonviolencestruggleasexpressedinhis“CivilDisobedience”)美国文学课件1.Life美国文学课件Twice-ToldTales(turningpoint)TheScarletLetterTheBlithedaleRomanceMossesfromanOldManseTheHouseoftheSevenGables美国文学课件ThismovieisafaithfulrenderingofNathanielHawthorne'sclassicnovelofadultery,punishment,guilt,hypocrisy,andrevengeincolonialNewEngland.Thebookandthefilmare

anexcellentintroductiontothePuritansandtheireffectonoursociety.Hawthorne'snovel,TheScarletLetterisnoteasyreading.Thisfilmissotruetothetextthatitcanserve

asasubstituteforreadingthebookforthosechildrenwhodonothaveadequatereadingskills.Forchildrenwhoreadthenovel,themoviecanserveasareward,althoughitisquitelong.Watchingthefilmwillconfirmandextendtheirunderstandingofthestoryandtheinsightscontainedinthenovel.

TheScarletLetter(1979)

美国文学课件the1995versionstarringDemiMooreisnotrecommend.

美国文学课件TheScarletLetter1650,BostonHesterPrynneArthurDimmesdale(reverend)ChillingworthPearl美国文学课件“Thereisevilineveryhumanheart,whichmayrem