福建工程学院《大学英语》2019-2020学年期末试卷

福建工程学院《大学英语》2019-2020学年第一学期期末试卷SectionIUseofEnglishAncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedcontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes2heartanditsbloodvessels,3heartrateandoxygencoisunlikelytohave5benefitstheway,say,walki 6,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter8Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughinproduceothertypesof10feedback,thatimproveanindividual’semotionalstourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physic 13theyaresadAlthoughsadnessalso14tears,evidencesupublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto__16apeitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)expressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround__20__,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimpromood.SectionIIReadingCReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnsThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-mworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeentheleast.“Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTommasiOneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert’sappointmentintheTimes,callsformidableconductorabouthim.”AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulFormypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelfDevotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Fandmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,thcompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’sltheycanbe“consumed”atatimeandplaceofthelistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrebroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewinterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhiturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization.”Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewa23.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconc[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperforman[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformanc[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformance24.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?[A]Theyareoftenin[B]Theyareeasilyaccessi[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.[D]Theyhaveonlycover25.RegardingGilbert’sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraicloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofBroadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision,”McGeesays.WithintwoboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptemberMcGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeiAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.responsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon’tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspirThedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconvetotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/Carey:”Ican’tthinkofasinglesearchI’vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittiThosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven’talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyIntWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.HefinallyManyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefjobsortoleaveabadone.“Thetraditionalrulewasitoneheadhunter.“Thepeoplewho’vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho’vestayedtoolong.”26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribeda27.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives’quittin[A]theirexpectationofbetterfinancialsta[B]theirneedtoreflectonth[C]theirstrainedrelationsw[D]theirpursuitofnewcareergoals.28.Theword“poached”(Line3,Paragraph4)mostproba[A]approvedof.29.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastpa[A]topperformersusedtocling[B]loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.[C]topperformerscaremoreabou[D]it’ssafertostick30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements–stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“owned”customersregisteredwithitsWebsite.ThewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactoPaidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirowninitiatorforusers’responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer’sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer’sthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersJohnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatproproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,tolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies’marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficfThesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmohavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquickeways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.MemlearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatIfthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompany’sresbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviateandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichin31.Consumersmaycreate“earned”mediawhen[B]inspiredbyproduct-pr[C]eagertohelptheirfriendspromoteq[D]enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfa32.AccordingtoParagraph2,so33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3[A]inviteconstantconflictswithpassi[B]canbeusedtoproducenegativeeff[C]mayberesponsibleforfierc[D]deserveallthenegative[A]respondingeffectively[B]persuadingcustomersintoboy[C]cooperatingwithsup[D]takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?[B]Conflictbetweenhijacked[C]Dominanceofhijackedmedia.[D]PopularityofownedmediIt’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsarousingmuchchatter–nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildfulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitheweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglySeniorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.”Themagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlythisweek.TherearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptiveAnistonispregnant”news.PracticallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebrityInasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderthatadmittadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesn’tseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirbaby-sizeholesintheirliOfcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especwhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthcouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringtoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellit,raisingakidontheir“own”(read:witIt’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecaglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagestress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributintheactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachel”mightmakeuslookjus36.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatrais[A]celebritymomsareaperma[B]singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegr[C]newsaboutpregnantcelebrities[D]havingchildrenishighlyvalue38.ItissuggestedinParag[A]areconstantlyexpo[C]failtofulfilltheirsocial[D]arelesslikelytobe39.AccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbycelebritymagaz40.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?[A]Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymom[B]Celebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetoward[C]Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisf[D]WesometimesneglecttheThefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,ycoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedboxes.placed.Markyourans[A]Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmucbecamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheir[B]Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:ofstyle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateverpersonshouldposses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwnotes,“thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread”-theyformasort[C]Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstsubjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelor’sdegrefewerteachers.So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavetheprowhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.[D]Onereasonwhyitishardtodesignanduniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparatestudentsexperiencebothvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,doctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-specialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembark[E]Besidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparation,topAmericanuniversitieshaveprofegrowthinpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:fede1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadointoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccideabehindprofessionalisation,arguesMrMenand,isthat“theknowledgeandskillsneetransmissiblebutnottransferable.”Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.[F]Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMrMenand,istoalterthewayinproduced.”Otherwise,academicswillcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachestudy,investigateandcriticize.”Academicinquiholistic.”Yetquitehowthathappens,M[G]ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookTheMarketplaceofIdeas:Rereadbyeverystudentthinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.TheymaythasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities,andLouisMenand,aprofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversity,caReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmWithitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaver,”creatingourbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.(46)Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatter,wethinkthatthoubehiddenandmadepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanother.However,Allenbelievgeneratesasmuchacti