(通用版)高考英语一轮复习-考点二十一-说理议论类练习(含解析)-人教版高三全册英语试题

wordword/word考点二十一说理议论类A限时7分钟Irecentlycameincontactwithcelebritymagazines.Myfamilyisn'tonetogivemoneyforpicturesofskinny,drunkcelebritieswithparagraphsabouttheirrelationshipsandshoppingcarttimes.Thus,Iwasexcitedtofinallygetachancetoreadaboutotherpeople'sattractiveyettroubledlives.RightawayInoticedhoweachmagazineseemedtobeacopyoftheother.Theyhadheadlinesandpicturesthatwerealmostthesame.Still,thepicturesofperfectlyconstructedfaceswithcutedesigneroutfitsgoingonwiththeirdailylivesmademereadon.Wait,celebritiestakingtheirdogsforawalk?Spendinganafternoonatapark?Allofthesethingsseemedsoordinary—thingsmyownfamilyandIdotogetheroften.Isuddenlyrealizedhowunextraordinarythepeopleinthesemagazineswere.Theyaresimplynormalpeoplewhohappentohaveacooljobandmuchmoney.Forsomereason,picturesofthemdoingthingslikebuyingmilkatthestoreappealtomillionsofreaders.Then,whentheseregularpeoplemessup,theirmistakesarepaintedontohundredsofnewspapersandInternetsites.Whatifeverytimewemadeamistake,itwasmadepublic?Haveyoueverfailedatest?Imagineseeingpicturesofyouonthefrontofanewspaperwithheadlineslike,“RegularSchoolingIsn'tEnough〞.You'dbeembarrassed.Now,I'mnotnecessarilytakingthecelebrity'sside.I'mmorerealizingthefactthatthesepeoplewearecrazyaboutarejustordinaryhumanbeingswithmanyphotographsfollowingthemaround.Rolemodels?I'dthinknot.Personally,I'dratherlookuptopeopleinanycommunitywhohaveaccomplishedalotinsteadofanordinarypersonwalkinghisdoginBerverlyHills.篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了作者通过阅读时尚杂志，发现名人只不过是受大家关注的普通人而已，而作者更喜欢的是做了大事的普通人，进而呼吁我们应该正确看待名人。1．Whatdoweknowabouttheauthor'sfamily?A．Theyadmirecelebritiesverymuch.B．Theyoftenbuycelebritymagazines.C．Theyarenotinterestedincelebrities.D．Theyarecuriousaboutthelifeofcelebrities.答案：C推理判断题。根据第一段第二句可推知，作者家人对名人的八卦新闻不感兴趣，应当选C。2．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofcelebrities?A．Theyliveahappylife.B．Theyseldomdousualthings.C．Theydeservepeople'sadmiration.D．Theyarejustordinarypeoplelikeus.答案：D细节理解题。根据第三段第四、五句可知，作者突然明白，名人都是些普通人，只不过他们从事着看似光鲜、收入丰厚的工作，应当选D。3．Whoismostlikelytobetheauthor'srolemodel?A．Celebritieswholiveanordinarylife.B．Commonpeoplewhodogreatthings.C．Extraordinarypeoplewhoaccomplishalot.D．Peoplewhomakegreatcontributionstocommunities.答案：B推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，作者更喜欢以那些虽生活在社区里，但能做出不平凡事情的普通人为榜样，而不是那些虽生活在BerverlyHills而事实上很平庸的人，结合选项可知选B。4．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?A．Todescribetheactuallifeofcelebrities.B．Toaskustoberealisticaboutothers'mistakes.C．Toshowpeople'sdifferentattitudestowardscelebrities.D．Toadviseustohavearightattitudetowardscelebrities.答案：D推理判断题。根据本文可知，在作者看来名人只不过是受大家关注的普通人，我们需要以正确的态度去看待他们，应当选D。B限时8分钟It'snoteasyfeelinglikeyou'realwaysunderthespotlightbeingjudgedforeachlittlemistakeyoumake.Yourmindisinanendlesscircleplayingwhatyousaidanddidoverandoveragain.Youwishyouhadatimecapsule(时间囊)togobackandmakethingschangeifyoufindmistakes.Youfearwhatotherswillthinkaboutyouandthattheywillrejectanddislikeyou.Youseektobesociallyperfect.Academically,youworklongendlesshoursjusttomakethoseexcellentmarks.Althoughmostwouldsay“it'sgoodtohavehighstandards\〞，theyhavenoideaabouttheinternalhellyouputyourselfthroughtoachieveperfection.Ifyoudon'tachievethedesiredgoalyoufeelasthoughyouhavefailed,butyou'refarfromfailing,youjustdon'tseeitthatway.Soinsteadyouaretellingyourselfthatyou'restupidandnotsmart.Thepressureyouplaceonyourselfweighsyoudownandyouwearthe“notgoodenough\〞labeleachandeveryday.Younotonlyhavehighstandardsforyourselfbutyoualsohavethemforothers.Ifpeopledon'tperformuptoyourexpectations,thenyouthinkthemincompetent.Thiscausesalotoffrustrationbecauseyoucan'ttrustanyonetogetthingsright.Soinsteadorbeingateamplayeryouflysolo(单飞)andtrytodotwoorthreejobsatonce.Yourunrealisticexpectationscauseyoutocriticizeandjudgeothersandthatleadstoproblemsinotherareasofyourlife.Theattempttobeperfectiscalledperfectionismandit'sdamagingouremotionalandmentalhealth.Westriveforperfectionwithourbody,inourperformance,andinourrelationships.Inasocietythatoverstatesmistakes,isitanywonderthatsomanyyoungpeopleattempttheimpossibletaskofbeingperfect?Weallhaveflaws,fearsandmakemistakes,andthat'sperfectlyOK.It'sourimperfectionsthatmakelifeinterestingandtheyhelpusgrowintoastrongerandmoreadaptableperson.Wedon'thavetobeastrongerandmoreadaptableperson.Wedon'thavetostrivetoachievetheimpossiblegoal.Wearedesignedtobeperfectlyimperfect.篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。过度追求完美不仅影响身心健康，还会对别人苛求进而产生很多问题。我们注定不完美，我们要承受自己的不完美。5．Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A．Adiary. B．Anovel.C．Amagazine. D．Aguidebook.答案：C推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文是一篇议论文，主要观点是：过度追求完美影响身心健康和人际关系进而导致其他问题，因此我们不必追求完美。据此可推知，本文最可能摘自杂志，故C项正确。6．Whichofthefollowingisaperfectionistmostlikelytoagree?A．Begenerouswithpraise.B．Nobodyisperfect.C．Thereisnobest,onlybetter.D．Acontentedmindisaneverlastingfeast.答案：C推理判断题。根据第四段第一句中的“Theattempttobeperfectiscalledperfectionism〞可推知，“没有最好，只有更好〞是典型的完美主义者的观点，故C项正确。A项“不要吝惜赞美〞、D项“知足常乐〞均不属于完美主义，故排除。7．WhatcanweinferfromParagraph4?A．Thesocietyispartlytoblameforperfectionism.B．Moreandmorepeoplearetoleratingmistakes.C．Manyyoungpeoplefinditimpossibletobeperfect.D．It'sunusualforasocietytoseekperfectionismnowadays.答案：A推理判断题。根据第四段尾句“Inasocietythatoverstatesmistakes,isitanywonderthatsomanyyoungpeopleattempttheimpossibletaskofbeingperfect？〞可知，在这个过分夸大错误的社会里，有那么多的年轻人尝试变得完美这一不可能完成的任务是不足为奇的。据此可推知，社会应当对完美主义承当一定的责任，故A项正确。8．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofimperfection?A．It'sunbearable.B．It'spartofourlife.C．Itdeservestobeovercome.D．Itdoesharmtoourmentalhealth.答案：B推理判断题。根据末段内容尤其是最后一句“Wearedesignedtobeperfectlyimperfect.〞可推知，作者认为不完美是我们人生的一局部，故B项正确。C限时8分钟GrowingPainsTheterm“adulting\〞startedasasortofjoke—wheneveramillennial(千禧一代)woulddosomethingage－appropriate,thiswasanactof“adulting〞.Now,though,millennialsobviouslyrequiretraininginbeinganadult.RachelFlehingerhasco－foundedanAdultingSchool,whichincludesonlinecoursesonsimplesewing,conflictresolutionandcooking.Thecauseforsuchclassesisthatmanymillennialshaven'tleftchildhoodhomes—inAmerica34percentofadultsaged18to34stilllivedwiththeirparentsasof2015,upfrom26percentadecadebefore.There'sagooddealoftruthtothis.Ifyou'relivingathome,withMomandDaddoingtheirbesttospoil(溺爱)you,you'relesslikelytoknowhowtodolaundry,cookorbalanceacheckbook.Dependency_breeds_enervation.Butlivingathomedoesn'tnecessarilyleadtodependency.Asof1940,morethan30percentof25－to29－year－oldslivedathomewithparentsorgrandparents.Theywereadulting,evenwhilelivingathome.Parentsexpectedtheirkidstodochores,toprepareforlife.Insteadofblaminglivingathome,then,wehavetoblameourstyleofparenting.Thetruthisthatwe'vesimplybecomelazierasparents.Sowhat'stherealproblem?We'remorelikelytoletourkidscrashonourcouches(长沙发)thantellthemtogetajobandpayrent.Wedon'tpushourkidstobuildfamiliesoftheirown,aslifeexpectancyhasincreased,sohasadolescence.Americansaren'texpectedtostartbuildingalife,particularlymiddle－andupper－classAmericans,untilthey'renearingtheir30s.Thenthequestionishowwecanencourageyoungpeopleto“adult\〞innon－circumstance－drivenfashion.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。千禧一代的孩子承受着父母的宠爱，他们很多人不能独立生活需要承受生活技能培训。事实上，是父母的养育方式导致孩子不能独立。9．Whatdoesthelastsentence“Dependencybreedsenervation\〞inthethirdparagraphmean?A．Parentswouldliketodohouseworkbythemselves.B．Presentkidsaretoolazytodohousework.C．Dependencymakeskidsunabletodothings.D．Kidsdependontheirparents.答案：C句意理解题。根据第三段第二句可知，如果你住在家里，爸爸妈妈竭尽全力溺爱你，你就不太可能知道如何洗衣服、做饭或平衡收支。画线句为进一步的总结，据此可推知，画线句意在表达，过度依赖父母会使孩子丧失做事情的能力，故C项正确。10．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A．Millennialswouldliketobetrainedinbeinganadult.B．Parentsaretoolazytodochores.C．Millennialsdon'tadultbecausetheystillliveintheirchildhoodhomes.D．Inthe1940skidswereadultingevenwhentheywerelivingathome.答案：D细节理解题。根据第四段第二、三句可知，自20世纪40年代起，有超过30%的25至29岁的人与父母或祖父母一起住在家里；但即使和家人同住，他们也很成熟。故D项正确。11．Whichofthefollowingstatementsisthemainideaofthepassage?A．“Adulting\〞ishard,butonlybecauseparentsaretoolazytoteachtheirkids.B．Millennialsshouldleavehomeearlytoadult.C．Americansaren'texpectedtostartbuildingalifeuntilthey'renearingtheir30s.D．Adultingschoolswithonlinecoursesarepopular.答案：A主旨大意题。根据第四段末句“Thetruthisthatwe'vesimplybecomelazierasparents.〞并结合全文其他内容可知，本文主要论述了由于父母的过分宠爱和懒得教孩子们生活技能，现在许多千禧一代的孩子不能独立，不知道如何洗衣、做饭、管理生活收支等。故A项正确。12．Accordingtothepassage,whatwillbewrittenaboutnext?A．Thegovernmentshouldputofftheageofadulthood.B．Parentsshouldleavekidsinchargeofsociety.C．Parentsshouldputresponsibilityonyoungpeople.D．Pushingkidstoadultispainfulforparents.答案：C推理判断题。根据本文最后一句可知，接下来的问题是，我们如何鼓励年轻人以非环境驱动的方式“成年〞。据此可推知，下文将介绍家长如何鼓励孩子们承当生活的责任，故C项正确。D限时8分钟Whenaskedtoidentifythequalitiesthatleadtosuccessinlife,expertsoftenlisttheabilitytoovercomeobstacles.Gettingoverthedifficulties,throughdeterminationandpersistence,isthecharacteristicofthegreatestleaders,themostsuccessfulparentsandthemostprizedemployees.Thosewhomakenoexcuses,whodowhateverittakestogetsomethingdone,aretheoneswhohavethecapacitytoachievegreatness.Ineducation,wefocusalotonmeetingourstudents'needs.It'sourjobtoteachthem.Buttotrulyhelpthembesuccessful,weourselveshavetohavethe“noexcuses〞attitude.Theproblemisthatbyallowingourselvesnoexcuses,anddoingwhateverittakestomakestudentssuccessful,weoftenfindourselvesacceptingexcusesfromthem.Studentsdon'tcompleteanassignment,andwegivethemasecondchance.Atestisfailedandweprovideachancetoretakeit,ordotestcorrectionsforextracredit.Butthere'salwaysareasonforachild'sbehavior.It'simportanttounderstandthereason,butit'sequallyimportanttorememberthatareasonisnotanexcuse.There'sagirlinmyclasswithterriblehandwriting.“MaybeifIhadamotherwhohadtaughtmethat,Iwouldhavebetterhandwriting！〞shesays.Shehasbeeninandoutoffostercare(寄养照管)foryears.Shehasanexplanationforherbadhandwriting,butwhendoesitbecomeanexcusethatreducesherabilitytocommunicatefortherestofherlife?Wemustunderstandthekidsandworktofindwaysforthemtosucceed.Simultaneously(同时),wemustdrawlines,setlimits,showthemthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong.Therealworkisfiguringoutwhenwestoplettingreasonsbeexcuses,andstarttoteachkidsabouttakingresponsibilityforthemselves.Maybethereisfailureonthepathtosuccess.Sometimesachildhastofailinordertodiscoverthelinethathecannotcross.篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文，主要介绍教师在教育学生的过程中要培养他们“不找借口〞的态度，使他们对自己的言行负责。13．TheexampleofthegirlinParagraph4showsthat________.A．childrencan'ttellareasonfromanexcuseB．childrenneedtoimprovetheirabilitytocommunicateC．children'sbehaviorisgreatlyaffectedbytheirparentsD．childrenhavereasonableexplanationsfortheirbehavior答案：A推理判断题。结合第三段尾句中的“butit'sequallyimportanttorememberthatareasonisnotanexcuse〞可知，原因不等于借口，女孩的例子正是说明了孩子们往往无法区分借口和原因，应当选A。14．Whatisateacher'srealworkintheauthor'sopinion?A．Toshowkidsthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong.B．Tohelpkidsbecomeresponsibleforthemselves.C．Tosetspecificlimitstothebehaviorofkids.D．Tomeettheneedsofdifferentkids.答案：B细节理解题。从倒数第二段最后一句可知，一个教师真正的工作是弄清楚什么时候不再让理由变成借口，并开始教孩子们要对他们自己的言行负责，应当选B。15．Whatdoestheauthortrytoexpressinthelastparagraph?A．Childrenshouldtrytoavoidfailure.B．Failuremaybenefitchildreninthelongrun.C．Childrenshouldbecarefulontheirwaytosuccess.D．Failureiseasytoconquerifchildrenareconfident.答案：B推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第二句“Sometimesachildhastofailinordertodiscoverthelinethathecannotcross.〞可以推断，从长远来看，让孩子经历失败并不一定是坏事，孩子们能从中受益，应当选B。16．Thepassageisprobablywrittenby________.A．aworkingparentB．acollegestudentC．anexperiencedteacherD．anewspaperreporter答案：C推理判断题。根据第二段第一、二句“Ineducation,wefocusalotonmeetingourstudents'needs.It'sourjobtoteachthem.〞以与第四段首句“There'sagirlinmyclasswithterriblehandwriting.〞可推知，这篇文章很可能是由一个有经验的教师写的。A限时15分钟(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.Popularityisawell­exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories：thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables'plays­well­with­othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump­startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere'sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence：statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,DrPrinstein'sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are“mostlikelytoengage(从事)indangerousandriskybehavior.〞Inonestudy,DrPrinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents,scoringtheleastliked,themostlikedandthehighestinstatusbasedonstudentsurveys(调查研究).“Wefoundthattheleastwell­likedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus.〞DrPrinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate—sharing,kindness,openness—carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch,DrPrinsteincametoanotherconclusion：Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too.“Beinglikedcreatesopportunitiesforlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage，〞hesaid.篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。文章从社会心理学视角讨论青少年小学与中学阶段的成长经历，论述了个体受欢迎程度这一青少年心理健康话题。1．Whatsortofgirlwastheauthorinherearlyyearsofelementaryschool?A．Unkind. B．Lonely.C．Generous. D．Cool.答案：C推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词“earlyyearsofelementaryschool〞可定位到第一段第一句，根据句意和sharing一词可推知，作者上小学的时候是一个慷慨大方的人，应当选C项。2．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theclassificationofthepopular.B．Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C．Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D．Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.答案：A段落大意题。根据第二段第二句可知DrPrinstein，一位临床心理学教授将受欢迎的人分为两类，第三句和第四句分别用“Thelikables'...〞和“Thenthere'sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence...〞引出后文内容，恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时本段第二句中的关键词sort...into...(把……分成……)与A项中的classification相呼应，所以A项可以概括本段大意。3．WhatdidDrPrinstein'sstudyfindaboutthemostlikedkids?A．Theyappearedtobeaggressive.B．Theytendedtobemoreadaptable.C．Theyenjoyedthehigheststatus.D．Theyperformedwellacademically.答案：B推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句中的“likabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment〞可知，DrPrinstein的研究发现，最讨人喜欢的孩子往往适应性强。B项中的adaptable与第四段中的adjustment相呼应。应当选B项。4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．BeNice—YouWon'tFinishLastB．TheHighertheStatus,theBetterC．BetheBest—YouCanMakeItD．MoreSelf­Control,LessAggressiveness答案：A标题判断题。根据最后一段第一句可知，本文主要介绍了研究者发现讨人喜欢与积极的人生结果有关，因此A项作为标题最适宜。B限时10分钟(2020·成都市高中毕业班摸底测试)Pleasetakeafewsecondsandthinkofyourpersonalbiggestgoal.Imaginetellingsomeoneyoumeettodaywhatyou'regoingtodo.Imaginetheircongratulationsandtheirhighimageofyou.Doesn'titfeelgoodtosayitoutloud?Don'tyoufeelonestepcloseralready?Well,badnews:youshouldhavekeptyourmouthshut,becausethatgoodfeelingwillmakeyoulesslikelytodoit.Anytimeyouhaveagoal,thereissomeworkthatneedstobedonetoachieveit.Ideally,youwouldnotbesatisfieduntilyou'dactuallydonethework.Butwhenyoutellsomeoneyourgoalandheacknowledges(承认)it,psychologistshavefoundit'scalleda“social_reality\〞.Themindiskindoftrickedintoafeelingthatit'salreadydone.Andthen,becauseyou'vefeltthatsatisfaction,you'relessmotivatedtodotheactualandnecessaryhardwork.Thisgoesagainstthetraditionalwisdomthatweshouldtellourfriendsourgoals,right?In1982,PeterGollwitzer,aprofessorofpsychology,wroteawholebookaboutthis.Andin2009,hedidsomenewteststhatwerepublished.Itgoeslikethis:163peopleacrossfourseparatetests—everyonewrotedowntheirpersonalgoal.Thenhalfofthemannouncedtheircommitment(承诺)tothisgoaltotheroom,andhalfdidn't.Theneveryonewasgiven45minutesofworkthatwoulddirectlyleadthemtowardstheirgoal,buttheyweretoldthattheycouldstopatanytime.Finallythosewhokepttheirmouthsshutworkedtheentire45minutesonaverage,andwhenaskedafterwards,saidtheyfelttheyhadalongwaytogotoachievetheirgoal.Butthosewhohadannounceditquitafteronly33minutesonaverage,andwhenaskedafterwards,saidthattheyfeltmuchclosertoachievingtheirgoal.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。实现一个目标需要做一些工作。试验明确，在实现目标之前就告诉别人你的目标并得到别人的认可，如此有可能使你感到满意，陷入目标已完成的错觉，从而动力减少，不能很好地去工作；而在实现目标之前没有说出目标如此会使你工作更努力。5．Whatdothewords“socialreality〞inParagraph2mean?A．Completionofthegoal.B．Necessaryhardwork.C．People'sacknowledgement.D．Asenseofsatisfaction.答案：A推理判断题。根据画线词组后一句“Themindiskindoftrickedintoafeelingthatit'salreadydone.〞并结合画线词组所在句可推知，socialreality在此处意为“目标的完成〞。6．WhatdoesPeterGollwitzertrytotellus?A．Writingdownthegoalisveryhelpful.B．Achievingpersonalgoalneedsmoretime.C．Keepingthegoalsecretmakespeopleworkharder.D．Makingthegoalpublicmakespeoplelesssatisfied.答案：C推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句“Finallythosewhokepttheirmouthsshut...toachievingtheirgoal.〞可推知，PeterGollwitzer想告诉我们：没有说出目标让人们工作更努力。7．HowdidPeterGollwitzerprovehisideaaboutpeople'sgoal?A．Bygivingfigures.B．Bygivingexamples.C．Bymakingasurvey.D．Bymakingcomparisontests.答案：D细节理解题。根据最后一段的内容可知，PeterGollwitzer把所测试的对象分成两局部，一半说出自己的目标，一半没有说出目标，每个人都给了45分钟，他们可以随时停止。试验明确，没有说出目标的人平均工作了45分钟，而说出目标的人平均工作33分钟。由此可知，PeterGollwitzer是通过进展比拟测试来证明他的观点的，应当选D。8．Whatwillprobablyhappenifyoutellyourfriendsyourgoal?A．Youwillbemoreconfident.B．Youwillnotgainsatisfaction.C．Youarelesslikelytorealizeit.D．You'llbemuchmoremotivated.答案：C推理判断题。根据第一段的内容，尤其是最后一句中的“becausethatgoodfeelingwillmakeyoulesslikelytodoit〞可推知，如果你把目标告诉你的朋友，你实现目标的可能性会变小，应当选C。C限时10分钟(2019·兰州一中高三月考)We'veconsideredseveralwaysofpayingtocutinline:hiringlinestanders,buyingticketsfromscalpers(票贩子),orpurchasingline­cuttingprivilegesdirectlyfrom,say,anairlineoranamusementpark.Eachofthesedealsreplacesthemoralsofthequeue(waitingyourturn)withthemoralsofthemarket(payingapriceforfasterservice)．Marketsandqueues—payingandwaiting—aretwodifferentwaysofallocatingthings,andeachisappropriatetodifferentactivities.Themoralsofthequeue—“Firstcome,firstserved.〞haveanegalitarian(平等主义的)appeal.Theytellustoignoreprivilege,power,anddeeppockets.Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.Butthemoralsofthequeuedonotgovernalloccasions.IfIputmyhouseupforsale,Ihavenodutytoacceptthefirstofferthatcomesalong,simplybecauseit'sthefirst.Sellingmyhouseandwaitingforabusaredifferentactivities,properlygovernedbydifferentstandards.Sometimesstandardschange,anditisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.Thinkoftherecordedmessageyouhear,playedoverandover,asyouwaitonholdwhencallingyourbank:“Yourcallwillbeansweredintheorderinwhichitwasreceived.〞Thisisessentialforthemoralsofthequeue.It'sasifthecompanyistryingtoeaseourimpatiencewithfairness.Butdon'ttaketherecordedmessagetooseriously.Today,somepeople'scallsareansweredfasterthanothers.Callcentertechnologyenablescompaniesto“score〞incomingcallsandtogivefasterservicetothosethatcomefromrichplaces.Youmightcallthistelephonicqueuejumping.Ofcourse,marketsandqueuesarenottheonlywaysofallocatingthings.Somegoodswedistributebymerit,othersbyneed,stillothersbychance.However,thetendencyofmarketstoreplacequeues,andothernon­marketwaysofallocatinggoodsissocommoninmodernlifethatwescarcelynoticeitanymore.Itisstrikingthatmostofthepaidqueue­jumpingschemeswe'veconsidered—atairportsandamusementparks,incallcenters,doctors'offices,andnationalparks—arerecentdevelopments,scarcelyimaginablethreedecadesago.Thedisappearanceofthequeuesintheseplacesmayseemanunusualconcern,butthesearenottheonlyplacesthatmarketshaveentered.篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。讲述了生活中购物、买票等时的插队问题，作者通过举例子、讲道理来解读道德和市场的平衡问题。要想得到快速的服务，就要额外付更多的费用。作者还对在道德和市场竞争之间产生的矛盾进展了探讨。9．Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingseemsgovernedbytheprinciple“Firstcome,firstserved.〞？A．Takingbuses.B．Buyinghouses.C．Flyingwithanairline.D．Visitingamusementparks.答案：A细节理解题。根据第二段第二句、第三段第一句“Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.〞可知，等公共汽车是受“先到先得到服务〞这一标准制约的。10．TheexampleoftherecordedmessageinParagraphs4and5illustrates________.A．thenecessityofpatienceinqueuingB．theadvantageofmoderntechnologyC．theuncertaintyofallocationprincipleD．thefairnessoftelephonicservices答案：C细节理解题。第四段第一句“Sometimesstandardschange,anditisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.〞说明了适用规如此的不确定性，应当选C项。11．Thepassageismeantto________.A．justifypayingforfasterservicesB．discussthemoralsofallocatingthingsC．analyzethereasonforstandinginlineD．criticizethebehaviorofqueuejumping答案：B主旨大意题。第二段和第六段的第一句都明确了这篇文章的核心话题就是对有关分配的道德问题的探讨。B项所述符合且准确地表现了文章的主旨。D限时12分钟(2019·江苏高考)Whocaresifpeoplethinkwronglythattheinternethashadmoreimportantinfluencesthanthewashingmachine?Whydoesitmatterthatpeoplearemoreimpressedbythemostrecentchanges?Itwouldnotmatterifthesemisjudgmentswerejustamatterofpeople'sopinions.However,theyhaverealimpacts,astheyresultinmisguideduseofscarceresources.ThefascinationwiththeICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnology)revolution,representedbytheinternet,hasmadesomerichcountrieswronglyconcludethatmakingthingsisso“yesterday〞thattheyshouldtrytoliveonideas.Thisbeliefin“post­industrialsociety〞hasledthosecountriestoneglecttheirmanufacturingsector(制造业),withnegativeconsequencesfortheireconomies.Evenmoreworryingly,thefascinationwiththeinternetbypeopleinrichcountrieshasmovedtheinternationalcommunitytoworryaboutthe“digitaldivide〞betweentherichcountriesandthepoorcountries.Thishasledcompaniesandindividualstodonatemoneytodevelopingcountriestobuycomputerequipmentandinternetfacilities.Thequestion,however,iswhetherthisiswhatthedevelopingcountriesneedthemost.Perhapsgivingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethingssuchasdiggingwells,extendingelectricitynetworksandmakingmoreaffordablewashingmachineswouldhaveimprovedpeople'slivesmorethangivingeverychildalaptopcomputerorsettingupinternetcentresinruralvillages.Iamnotsayingthatthosethingsarenecessarilymoreimportant,butmanydonatorshaverushedintofancyprogrammeswithoutcarefullyassessingtherelativelong­termcostsandbenefitsofalternativeusesoftheirmoney.Inyetanotherexample,afascinationwiththenewhasledpeopletobelievethattherecentchangesinthetechnologiesofcommunicationsandtransportationaresorevolutionarythatnowweliveina“borderlessworld〞.Asaresult,inthelasttwentyyearsorso,manypeoplehavecometobelievethatwhateverchangeishappeningtodayistheresultofgreattechnologicalprogress,goingagainstwhichwillbeliketryingtoturntheclockback.Believinginsuchaworld,manygovernmentshaveputanendtosomeoftheverynecessaryregulationsoncross­borderflowsofcapital,labourandgoods,withpoorresults.Understandingtechnologicaltrendsisveryimportantforcorrectlydesigningeconomicpolicies,bothatthenationalandtheinternationallevels,andformakingtherightcareerchoicesattheindividuallevel.However,ourfascinationwiththelatest,andourunder­valuationofwhathasalreadybecomecommon,can,andhas,ledusinallsortsofwrongdirections.篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文，文章论述了盲目夸大新科技可能带来的严重后果。因特网和洗衣机哪个更有影响力？如果只是个人观点的话，做出错误判断也无大碍，但是，对新科技影响力的误判对社会却会有切切实实的影响，因为这会导致稀缺资源的浪费。12．Misjudgmentsontheinfluencesofnewtechnologycanleadto________.A．alackofconfidenceintechnologyB．aslowprogressintechnologyC．aconflictofpublicopinionsD．awasteoflimitedresources答案：D细节理解题。由第二段第二句可知，这些误判有真正的影响，因为它们会导致稀缺资源的误导使用，应当选D项“对新技术影响力的误判会导致有限资源的浪费〞。13．TheexampleinParagraph4suggeststhatdonatorsshould________.A．takepeople'sessentialneedsintoaccountB．maketheirprogrammesattractivetopeopleC．ensurethateachchildgetsfinancialsupportD．providemoreaffordableinternetfacilities答案：A细节理解题。由第四段可知，作者认为与其给开展中国家的人们捐钱买电脑与网络设备，倒不如买能切实提高人们生活水平的物品，言外之意，捐献者应该把人们的根本需求考虑(take...intoaccount)进来，应当选A项。14．Whathasledmanygovernmentstoremovenecessaryregulations?A．Neglectingtheimpactsoftechnologicaladvances.B．Believingthattheworldhasbecomeborderless.C．Ignoringthepowerofeconomicdevelopment.D．Over­emphasizingtheroleofinternationalcommunication.答案：B细节理解题。由第五段第一句中的“nowweliveina‘borderlessworld’〞可知，世界已经变得无国界，第五段最后一句的意思是，正是因为相信有这样一个世界，所以许多政府终止了一些非常有必要的规定。应当选B。15．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Peopleshouldbeencouragedtomakemoredonations.B．Traditionaltech