财务管理案例详解(英文版)

ThecasestudyofSonycorporationMembersofourgroup:童士卫财务管理0201012002019106唐虎财务管理0201012002019105王小夏财务管理0201012002019126季春蕾财务管理0202012002019214张亚茹财务管理0201012002019131任课老师:夏新平完成时间:2005年1月28日一.BackgroundinformationofSony1.SonyisfoundedonMay7,1946withtheHeadquartersTokyoandJapan.2.Itscorporatestrategiesarebecominga“knowledge-emergententerpriseinthebroadbandnetworkera”.①Evidencedbyrecentimprovementsinnetworkinfrastructure,thebroadbandenvironmenthasbeguntoexpandatarapidpace.②Inpreparationforthearrivalofthefull-scalebroadbandera,SonyispursuingitsvisionofcreatingaUbiquitous“Value”Network(UVN).3.Itsdevelopmentaspectexpandedfromthefirstmagnetictaperecorderin1950,tothefirst"QUALIA"productsin2003,duringtheseyearswithrepresentativeproductsineachdecade:60th—firsttaperecorderandtransistor70th--videocassetteplayerandheadphonestereoWalkman80th--CDplayerandcamcorder90th--high-densitydiscandDVDplayerInthe21thcentury--ELDisplayandopticaldisc二.Themainoperationsofthecorporationare:①②③④⑤⑥三.Themainstructureofitssalesincome1.FirstistheElectronics:TheElectronicssegmentconsistsofthefollowingcategories:Audio,Video,Televisions,InformationandCommunications,Semiconductors,ComponentsandOther.Thegraphshowstheinformationaboutthis:Theincomeisdecreasing2.SecondistheGame:GameconsoleandsoftwarebusinessisconductedbySonyComputerEntertainmentInc.Wecanseetheinformationfromthegraph:theincomeisalsodecreasing3.ThirdistheMusic:MusicbusinessisconductedbySonyMusicEntertainmentInc.(SMEI)andSonyMusicEntertainment(Japan)Inc.(SMEJ).Thegraphisshowingthebasicinformation:Theincomeisdecreasing4.FourthisthePicture:Motionpictures,televisionandotherbusinessesareconductedbySonyPicturesEntertainmentInc.(SPE).AndalsothebasicinformationisfromtheGraph:Theincomeisincreasing5.Fifthisthefinancialservice:TheFinancialServicessegmentincludesSonyLifeInsuranceCo.Ltd.SonyAssuranceInc.,SonyBankInc.andSonyFinanceInternational.Inc.Asgraphofrightshowtheoperatinginformation:Theincomeisincreasing6.Sixthisotheroperating:TheOthersegmentincludesanInternet-relatedbusiness,So-net,whichisconductedbySonyCommunicationNetworkCorporation,anin-Houseinformationsystemservicesbusiness,anICcardbusinessandotherbusinesses.Withtheinformationintherightgraph:TheincomeisincreasingThemajorProductsofSony①AudioHomeaudio,portableaudio,caraudio,andcarnavigationsystems②VideoVideocameras,digitalstillcameras,videodecks,andDVD-Videoplayers/recorders,andDigital-broadcastingreceivingsystems③TelevisionsCRT-basedtelevisions,projectiontelevisions,PDPtelevisions,LCDtelevisions,projectorforcomputersanddisplayforcomputers④InformationandcommunicationsPC,printersystem,portableinformationPC,broadcastandprofessionaluseaudio/video/monitorsandotherprofessional-useequipment⑤SemiconductorsLCD,CCDandothersemiconductors⑥ElectroniccomponentsOpticalpickups,batteries,audio/video/datarecordingmedia,anddatarecordingsystems四.SalesandOperatingRevenuebyGeographicInformation1.ThemainmarketofcourseistheUSA2.ItisexpandtheEuropeandothercountrymarket,whiledecreasetheUSAandJapanmarket,Whileseemsflatintotalmarket.3.WecanconcludeSonyisfacingaworldwidecompetition.4.Itischangingitsbusinessfromtraditionalareatothenewarea,especiallytheentertainmentmarket.5.Italsoneedfindnewmarket,forexampletheAsianmarket,andbringnewproductwithtechnology.ThisistheSegmentInformationofitssalesincome200220032004ElectronicsCustomers477255045433134758400Intersegment513631397137138995Total528618149404504897395GameCustomers986529936274753732Intersegment171851875726488Total1003714955031780220MusicCustomers541418512908487457Intersegment586338459872431Total600051597506559888PicturesCustomers635841802770756370Intersegment000Total635841802770756370FinancialServicesCustomers480190509398565752Intersegment289322787827792Total509122537276593544OtherCustomers161730168970174680Intersegment99733137323155712Total261463306293330392Elimination-718114-665693-421418Consolidatedtotal7578258747363374963916.DevelopingtrendAnalysisFactorswhichmayaffectSony’sfinancialperformanceincludethefollowing:①marketconditions,includinggeneraleconomicconditions,levelsofconsumerspending,foreignexchangefluctuations②Sony’sabilitytocontinuetoimplementpersonnelreductionandotherbusinessreorganizationactivities③Sony’sabilitytoimplementitsnetworkstrategy,andimplementsuccessfulsalesanddistributionstrategiesinthelightoftheInternetandothertechnologicaldevelopments④Sony’sabilitytodevotesufficientresourcestoresearchanddevelopment⑤Sony’sabilitytoprioritizecapitalexpenditures,andthesuccessSony’sjointventuresandalliances.⑥Risksanduncertaintiesalsoincludetheimpactofanyfutureeventswithmaterialunforeseenimpacts.7.ThebasicfinancialratiosofSonyfromyear2002to2004FinancialratiosofeachitemsofSonycorporation200420032002currentratio1.12781.29531.3044Acid-testratio0.90431.03841.0411DebttototalAssetsratio0.73590.72490.7076LongtermDebttototalAssetsratio0.40780.43400.3950Interestguaranteeleverage1.28501.50901.2024Cashguaranteeleverage1.30561.38281.4109Receivableturnover6.12486.18675.1764Inventoryturnover7.58917.95787.7804CurrentAssetsTurnover2.04662.19262.1152FixedAssetsTurnover5.04275.41015.0003TotalAssetsTurnover0.75720.82620.8623GrossSalesprofitmargin0.26520.28000.2577Salesprofitmargin0.02090.03580.0131ReturnontotalAssets0.01580.02960.0113ReturnonEquity0.06060.10860.0391AssetsIncrementrate1.04260.96221.0237ReturnonFixedAssets0.10550.19370.0657ReturnonlongtermAssets0.03270.06480.0253NetSalesprofitmargin0.01290.01670.0022NetprofitmarginontotalAssets0.00970.01380.0019NetprofitmarginonEquity0.03720.05060.0065Fromtheaboveanalysisandthetable,wecanseethat:TheliquidityratioandAcid-testratioareinayearbyyearup-trend,butcombiningreceivableturnoverandinventoryturnover,theincreaseismainlybecauseoftheincreaseofaccountsreceivableandthedecreaseofcurrentliability.Thecompanyaccountsreceivableturnoverandinventoryturnoverareinup-trend,thisshowsthatSonydowellinaccountsreceivableandinventory,soitsdebt-repayabilityandprofitabilitieswillbeinadvantages.③Itsdebtratioisdecreasingyearbyyear,sowecanseethatSonywillhavealowfinancialleverage,itsfinancialenvironmentwillbegoodforitsoperating④Also,fromanalysisofthetable,Sony’sconsolidatedsales,operatingincome,incomebeforetaxes,andnetincomeareexpectedtodecreasecomparedwiththefiscalyearendedMarch31,2004.WhileweassumethattheyenforthefiscalyearendingMarch31,2005willstrengthenagainsttheU.S.dollarandwillweakenagainsttheeuro⑤Sony’sinvestmentsarecomprisedofdebtandequitysecuritiesaccountedforunderboththecostandequitymethodofaccounting.Ifithasbeendeterminedthataninvestmenthassustainedanother-than-temporarydeclineinitsvalue,theinvestmentiswrittendowntoitsfairvaluebyachargetoearnings.五.AnalysisofSony’sabilities1.Theabilitytomeettheobligation200220032004Currentratio1.30441.29531.1278Quickratio1.04111.03840.9043Interestcoverageratio1.20241.50901.2850DebttototalAssetsratio0.70760.72490.7359Forshort-termobligations:①.Fromthecurrentratio,weseethatthesituationisnotgoodforSonycorporation.Becausethemediancurrentratiofortheindustryis2.1,butthoseofSonyislessthanthisobviously.②.Butifwelookatthequickratio,wewillfindit’sverygood:theindustrymedianquickratiois1.1,andthoseofSonyareveryneartoit.ThisisbecauseSonyhasnotasmuchinventoriesasothercorporations.ThenwecanseethattheabilityofSonytomeetshort-termobligationsisgood.Forlong-termobligations①.Thedebtratiosarelagerthan50%,whichindicatesthatSonyborrowsalargeamountofmoney.Itsevidencedbytheincreasingamountofinterestpayment.②.Itsinterestcoverageratiosareobviouslylessthanthemedianofthatfortheindustrywhichis4.0.ThenwecanseethatSony’sabilitytomeetthelong-termobligationsisnotgood.2.Assetsmanagementanalysis200220032004Receivableturnover5.17646.18676.1248Inventoryturnover7.78047.95787.5891Totalassetsturnover0.86230.82620.7572First,thereceivableturnoversareobviouslylessthanthemedianof8.1fortheindustry,whichtellsusthatSony’sreceivablesareconsiderablyslowerinturningoverthanistypicalfortheindustry.Second,theinventoryturnoversarehigherthanthemedianof3.3fortheindustry,whichshowsSonyhasagoodinventorymanagement.ThisisbecausethatinventoryisasmallportionofassetsThird,thetotalassetturnoversareobviouslylessthanthemedianof1.66fortheindustry.SoitisclearthatSonygenerateslesssalesrevenueperdollarofassetinvestmentthandoestheindustry.SoSony’sassetsmanagementisnotgoodenough3.ProfitabilityanalysisGrossprofitmargin26.52%28.00%25.77%Returnonassets(ROI)0.97%1.38%0.19%Returnonnetprofit(ROE)3.72%5.06%0.65%①Sony’sgrossprofitmarginisabovethemedianof23.8percentfortheindustry,indicatingthatitisrelativelymoreeffectiveatproducingandsellingproductsabovecost.②ButcomparingtothemedianROIvalueof7.8%andthemedianROEvalueof14.04%,thoseofSonyareverypoor.Andthismeansthatitemploysmoreassetsandequitytogenerateadollarofprofitthandoesthetypicalfirmintheindustry.4.AccountsreceivablesecuritizationprogramIntheUnitedStatesofAmerica,SonysetupanaccountsreceivablesecuritizationprogramwherebySonycansellinterestsinupto$900millionofeligibletradeaccountsreceivable,asdefined.Throughthisprogram,Sonycansecuritizeandsellapercentageofundividedinterestinthatpoolofreceivablestoseveralmulti-sellercommercialpaperconduitsownedandoperatedbybanks.Sonycansellreceivablesinwhichtheagreeduponoriginalduedatesarenomorethan90days.aftertheinvoicedates.Thevalueassignedtoundividedinterestsretainedinsecuritizedtradereceivablesisbasedontherelativefairvaluesoftheinterestretainedandsoldinthesecuritization.Sonyhasassumedthatthefairvalueoftheretainedinterestisequivalenttoitscarryingvalueasthereceivablesareshort-terminnature,highqualityandhaveappropriatereservesforbaddebtincidence.TherewasnosaleofreceivablesforthefiscalyearendedMarch31,2003.Lossesfromthesetransactionswereinsignificant.5.EPSattributabletocommonstock:ReconciliationofthedifferencesbetweenbasicanddilutedEPSfortheyearsendedMarch31,2002,2003and2004isasfollows:AsdiscussedinNote2,theearningsallocatedtothesubsidiarytrackingstockaredeterminedbasedonthesubsidiarytrackingstockholders’economicinterest.ThestatutoryretainedearningsofSCN(thesubsidiarytrackingstockentityasdiscussedinNote15)availablefordividendstotheshareholderswere¥209millionasofMarch31,2002,whichdecreasedby¥374millionduringtheyearendedMarch31,2002afterthedateofissuance.TheaccumulatedlossesofSCNwere¥779millionand¥1,764million($17million)asofMarch31,2003and2004,respectively.FortheyearendedMarch31,2002,75,201thousandsharesofpotentialcommonstockupontheconversionofconvertiblebondswereexcludedfromthecomputationofdilutedEPSduetotheiranti-dilutiveeffect.44,603thousandsharesofpotentialcommonstockupontheconversionof¥250,000millionconvertiblebondissueddatedDecember18,2003wereexcludedfromthecomputationofthenumberofweighted-averagesharesfordilutedEPSPotentialcommonstockupontheexerciseofwarrantsandstockacquisitionrights,whichwereexcludedfromthecomputationofdilutedEPSsincetheyhaveanexercisepriceinexcessoftheaveragemarketvalueofSony’scommonstockduringthefiscalyear,were2,665thousandshares,4,141thousandshares,and6,796thousandsharesfortheyearsendedMarch31,2002,2003and2004,respectively.WarrantsandstockacquisitionrightsofsubsidiarytrackingstockfortheyearsendedMarch31,2002,2003and2004,whichhaveapotentiallydilutiveeffectbydecreasingnetincomeallocatedtocommonstock,wereexcludedfromthecomputationofdilutedEPSsincetheydidnothaveadilutiveeffectStockoptionsissuedbyaffiliatedcompaniesaccountedforundertheequitymethodfortheyearsendedMarch31,2002,2003and2004,whichhaveapotentiallydilutiveeffectbydecreasingnetincomeallocatedtocommonstock,wereexcludedfromthecomputationofdilutedEPSsincesuchstockoptionsdidnothaveadilutiveeffect.OnOctober1,2002,SonyimplementedashareexchangeasaresultofwhichAiwabecameawholly-ownedsubsidiary.Asaresultofthisshareexchange,Sonyissued2,502thousandshares.TheshareswereincludedinthecomputationofbasicanddilutedEPS.6.P/EratioLet’sseethethreeyear’sdataofP/ERatio

200220032004P/ERatio401.919635.5299947.97535WecanseethattheP/Eratiosarelarge,andifweinvestonit,wewillneedmanyyearstogetbackourmoney.Soit’snotgoodtoinvestonit.六.DoPontanalysis1.HereI’dliketoanalysistheeffectsofallkindsofitems,suchas‘Returnoftotalassets’and‘Equitymultiplier’,toROE.Then,basedonthecontributionsoftheitems,wetrytofindwaystoimprovetheROE.Atthefirstglanceofthetable,youwillobversethereissogreatdifferencebetweentheROEof2002andtheothertwoyear.---SoIdecidetoanalysisthatoneforexamplethedecreaseoftheROEinyear2002isprimarilybecauseofthedecreaseofotherincome,increaseofcostsandexpensesandotherexpenses.Letusgotothe“incomestatement”toseethedetails------Fromthe‘incomestatement’behind,(1)wecanseethatthedecreaseof‘otherincome’isprimarilybecauseofthedecreaseof‘foreignexchangegain’anddecreaseof‘marketablesecurityandsecuritysales’.Thenewsbehindhasshownthattheforeignexchangeratehaschangedsomuchthattheforeignexchangeriskissohigh,andtheeconomicsinJapanesehasfallendown.Itismaybeoneofthereasonsofthedecreaseof‘foreignexchangegain’中新网香港1月23日消息：尽管亚洲国家对日元继续贬值表示关注，但美国财政部长奥尼尔与日本财务大臣盐川正十郎进行会谈后表态，外汇汇率应由市场决定。有关言论被市场理解为美国容忍日元下跌，日元汇率随即下挫，日元兑美元跌穿一百三十四水平，创近三年来新低。2002年1月23日08:24去年(2002)日本10大消费种类中有6大类物价出现下跌，其中教育娱乐类下跌3%，家居类下跌3.6%，工业制品下跌1.9%，尤其是耐久类工业产品下跌了6.9%。在价格下跌显著的商品中，笔记本电脑价格下跌了38%，台式电脑下跌37%，录像机下跌15%，固定电话通信费减少7.8%等。也即意味着日本正处于通货紧缩状态2.Thepicturebehindshowsthe‘marketablesecuritiesandsecuritiesinvestments’changes3.Theincreaseof‘costsandexpenses’isprimarilybecausethatthe‘costofsales’hasincreasedsomuch.Thistableshowsthechangesofresearchanddevelopmentexpenseschangesinyear20022003and2004.(1)Researchanddevelopmentcosts:ResearchanddevelopmentcostschargedtocostofsalesfortheyearsendedMarch31,2002was¥433,214million($3,257million)(2)Advertisingcosts:Advertisingcostsincludedinselling,generalandadministrativeexpensesfortheyearsendedMarch31,2002was¥401,960million($3,022million),SoBydecreasing‘researcheranddevelopmentcost’,‘advertisingcost’and/or‘shippingandhandlingcost’,trytodecrease‘costofsales’___soastodecrease‘costandexpense’Theincreaseof‘otherexpenses’isprimarilybecause‘foreignexchangeloss’.Theincreaseinotherexpenseswasprimarilyduetoanincreaseinforeignexchangeloss,netandanincreaseinwritedownsofsecurityinvestments.Foreignexchangeloss,netincreasedto31.7billionyencomparedwiththe15.7billionyenrecordedinthepreviousyearprimarilyduetolossesonforeignexchangeforwardcontractsenteredintotohedgetheforeigncurrencyriskassociatedwithreceivablesgeneratedfromsalesoriginatingfromJapan.ThelossesonforeignexchangecontractsresultedfromtherapiddepreciationoftheyensinceDecember2001.Interestexpensedecreasedfrom43.0billionyeninthepreviousyearto36.4billionyenduetoarefinancingoflong-termdebtatlowerinterestratesandadecreaseinU.S.dollarinterestratesonshort-termdebtImpactofForeignExchangeFluctuationsandBasicCountermeasuresDuringthefiscalyearendedMarch31,2002,theaveragevalueoftheyenwas124.1yenagainsttheU.S.dollar,and109.1yenagainsttheeuro,whichwas11.7percentloweragainsttheU.S.dollarcomparedwiththeaverageofthepreviousyear.Operatingresultsonalocalcurrencybasisdescribedin“OperatingPerformance”compareresultsofsalesandoperatingrevenue(“sales”)andoperatingincomeobtainedbyapplyingtheyen’smonthlyaverageexchangerateinthepreviousyeartomonthlylocalcurrency-denominatedsales,costofsales,andselling,generalandadministrativeexpensesforthefiscalyearendedMarch31,2002,asifthevalueoftheyenhadremainedthesame.七.Thecompetitionability1.Acompetitionhaveseveralmeansasfollows:scaleadvantage,HighproductquantityContinuoustechniqueinnovation,Familiarwiththemarketsituation,Dynamicneedsofproduct,Promotetechnology,Talentmanager,Uniteemployees.First----NetsalesNetsales2002200320042003/20022004/20037.58,7666,916,0426,883,47897.98%99.53%Company’smarketshareseemstobeflat,lookingintothewholeelectronicbusiness;companyisfacingastrictcompetition.However,highnetsalesshowshighcompetitionability.Wecananalyzetheincreasesalesrelativewithdividend,commonstockinvestandsoon.Dividendpolicy(1)Ayear-endcashdividendof12.5yenpershareofSonyCorporationcommonstockwasapproved(2)SonyCorporationhadalreadypaid12.5yenpersharetoeachshareholder;accordinglytheannualcashdividendpersharewas25.0yen(3)Bycontinuouslyincreasingcorporatevalue,itsshareholderscanberewardedCommonstockBalanceofMarchin31,2001is919,617,134,BalanceofMarchin31,2002is919,744,355BalanceofMarchin31,2004is926,418,280.(1)In2002:Acquireuptoatotalnotexceeding90millionoutstandingsharesofitscommonstockAnamountinatotalnotexceeding¥650billionandatotalnotexceeding300thousandoutstandingsharesofthesubsidiarytrackingstockAsaresult,nocommonstockandsubsidiarytrackingstockhadbeenacquired(2)In2003:acquireuptoatotalnotexceeding90millionoutstandingsharesofitscommonstockanamountinatotalnotexceeding¥400billion($3,846million)andatotalnotexceeding300thousandoutstandingsharesofthesubsidiarytrackingstockAsaresult,hadacquired2millionoutstandingsharesofitscommonstockatanamountin¥8,200million($79million)Nosubsidiarytrackingstockhadbeenacquired(3)In2004:Sonypurchaseitsownsharestotheretainedearningsavailablefordividendstoshareholders.Retainedearnings:Retainedearnings2002200320041209262130174013670601.071.05Theretainedearningsisincreasingyearbyyear,sowecanconcludedthatthestockmarketofSonyiswell.Itmaygivetheinvestorsasignthatitisacompanyworthinvest.SalesprofitmarginNetsincomeSalesprofitmargin=Netsales2002200320042003/20022004/20030.00210.01670.01297.950.77Sonyhasahighnetsales,thesalesprofitmarginislow,whichmeansthatoneshareofsalecanonlybringlittleprofit.ThecompetitionisintenseSony’sslogan①Continuoustobeoneoftheworld’sleadingconsumerbrand.②Operationalrestructuringaimedatrealizingoutstandingefficiencyandhighaddedvalue③Sonyisdedicatedtocreatingdreamsandexperiencesthatmakeourlivesmoreenjoyableandenriching.④BuildingapowerfuloperatingframeworkthroughstructuralreformsAlloftheaboveanalysishasjustcoveredthemainpartofSony’sFinancialaspect,weneedmoreinformationtohaveadeepanalysisonallthethingsthathaveaffectedthefinancialsituationofSonycorporation,wealsoneedourteacherMr.Xiaandallofourclassmatestohelpustoperfecttheanalysisofourreport.Fromdoingthisanalysisreport,wehavelearnedmuchmoreaboutthemethodofanalyzingFinancialReport,webelievethatwecandomuchbetterinthefutureworkabouttheanalysisofreportofourcourse,wecanimproveourabilityofanalysis,expressing,practice,cooperationandexperience.NowIwouldthanksforOurTeacherMr.Xiatogiveustheopportunitytoshowoureffortsonthecourseandtheknowledgegivenus.总结:经过我们小组5人的共同努力,从最开始的找资料,到最终完成这份报告,大家都做出了很大的努力和工作,对Sony公司2001-2004年Excel报表进行了分析,大家都有了很大的收获,提高了我们分析各方面的能力,然而从中我们也得到了不少的经验和教训,体现出了我们的不足之处,这是在以后的工作中要改进的.参考资料及来源:<<财务管理案例分析>>(第11版)JamesC.VanHorneJohnM.Wachowicz(清华大学出版社)<<现代财务管理基础>>(第七版)[美]ArthurJ.KeownDavidF.ScottJohnD.MartinJayWilliamPetty著朱武祥译(清华大学出版社)

会计要素与会计科目考题一、单项选择题1.（A）就是对\o"会计对象"会计对象进行的基本分类,是会计核算对象的具体化。P13A会计要素B会计科目C会计假设D会计基础2.（A）是指构成\o"会计报表"会计报表的基本要素，同时也是设置账户的依据。P13A会计要素B会计科目C会计假设D会计基础3.（A）是指企业过去的交易或事项形成的,由企业拥有或控制的,预期会给企业带来经济利益的资源。P14A资产B负债C所有者权益D费用4.（A）是指预计在一个正常营业周期内或一个会计年度内变现、出售或耗用的资产和现金及现金等价物。P15A流动资产B非流动资产C长期资产D固定资产5.负债是指企业由过去的交易或事项形成的、预期会导致经济利益流出企业的（A）。P16A现时义务B过去义务C潜在义务D预期义务[解析]：现时义务是指企业在现行条件下已承担的义务。未来发生的交易或者事项形成的义务，不属于现时义务不应当确认为负债。6.（A）也称净资产，是指企业资产扣除负债后，由所有者享有的剩余权益是。P18A所有者权益B收入C费用D利润7.（B）是指由企业非日常活动中形成的、会导致所有者权益增加的、与所有者投入资本无关的经济利益的流入。P19A收入B利得C利润D收益8.（B）是指由企业非日常活动所发生的、会导致所有者权益减少的、与向所有者分配利润无关的经济利益的流出。P19A费用B损失C亏损D支出9.（A）是指企业行政管理部门为组织和管理生产经营活动而发生的各项费用。P22A管理费用B财务费用C销售费用D制造费用10.(C)是指企业在销售产品或提供劳务过程中发生的费用以及专设销售机构的各项经费。P22A管理费用B财务费用C销售费用D制造费用11.(B)是指企业为筹集资金而发生的各项费用。P22A管理费用B财务费用C销售费用D制造费用12.(A)又称实际成本，就是取得或制造某项财产物资时所实际支付现金或现金等价物。P25A历史成本B重置成本C可变现净值D现值E公允价值13.(B)又称现行成本，是指按照当前市场条件，重新取得同样一项资产所需支付的现金或者现金等价物金额。P25A历史成本B重置成本C可变现净值D现值E公允价值14.(C)是指在正常生产经营过程中，以预计售价减去进一步加工成本和预计销售费用以及相关税费后的净值。P25A历史成本B重置成本C可变现净值D现值E公允价值15.(D)是指对未来现金流量以恰当的折现率进行折现后的价值。P25A历史成本B重置成本C可变现净值D现值E公允价值16.(E)是指在公平交易中，熟悉情况的交易双方自愿进行资产交换或债务清偿的金额。P25A历史成本B重置成本C可变现净值D现值E公允价值17.（A）是对会计要素的具体内容进行分类核算的项目。P26A会计科目B会计账户C会计分录D会计凭证18.会计科目的实质是（D）。P26-27A反映会计对象的具体内容B为设置账户奠定基础C记账的理论依据D是会计要素的进一步分类19.会计科目按其归属的会计要素分类分为（D）P27A资产、负债、所有者权益、收入、费用等五类B资产、负债、所有者权益、成本、利润等五类C资产、负债、所有者权益、利润、损益等五类D资产、负债、所有者权益、成本、损益等五类20.总分类科目和明细分类科目，是按提供信息的（D）程度进行的分类。P27A内容B用途C结构D详细21.（A）是指所设置的会计科目应当符合国家统一的会计制度的规定。P28A合法性原则B合理性原则C相关性原则D实用性原则22.（C）是指所设置的会计科目应为提供有关各方所需要的会计信息服务，满足对外报告与对内管理的要求。P29A合法性原则B合理性原则C相关性原则D实用性原则23.（D）指所设置的会计科目应符合单位自身特点，满足单位实际需要。P29A合法性原则B合理性原则C相关性原则D实用性原则24.下列各项中，不属于资产类科目的是(

D)。P29A预付账款B无形资产C应收账款D25.“生产成本”科目属于（C）。P30A资产类B负债类C成本类D26.下列会计科目属于成本类的科目是（D）。P30A原材料B库存商品C财务费用D27.下列项目中，与管理费用属于同一类会计科目的是（D）。P30A固定资产B本年利润C应付账款D主营业务收入28.（B）是根据会计科目设置的，用来分类反映会计要素增减变动情况及其结果的载体。P31A账簿B账户C分录D凭证29.（B）以会计科目作为名称，同时它又具备自己一定的格式，即结构。P32A账簿B账户C分录D凭证30.会计账户是根据(C)分别设置的。P31A会计对象B会计要素C会计科目D经济业务31.设置账户是（D）的重要方法之一。P31A会计监督B会计决策C会计分析D会计核算32.账户分为左方、右方两个方向，当某一账户左方登记增加时，则该账户的右方(B)P33A登记增加数B登记减少数C登记增加数或减少数D不登记任何数33.会计账户四个金额要素是(B)。P33A期末余额、本期发生额、期初余额、本期余额B期初余额、本期增加发生额、本期减少发生额、期末余额C期初余额、期末余额、本期借方增加额、本期借方减少额D期初余额、本期增加发生额、本期减少发生额、本期发生额34.账户的“期末余额”一般在(C)。A账户在左方B账户的右方C增加方D减少方35.“累计折旧”账户按照会计要素分类属于(A)。P30A资产类账户B损益类账户C负债类账户D成本类28.“制造费用”账户按照会计要素分类属于(D)P30A资产类账户B损益类账户C负债类账户D成本类账户29“本年利润”账户的借方余额表示（B）。A本年累计取得的利润总额B本年累计产生的亏损总额C收入总额D费用总额30.会计科目与账户的本质区别在于(D)。P35A反映的经济内容不同B记录资产和权益的内容不同C记录资产和权益的方法不同D会计账户有结构，而会计科目无结构31.下列各项有关会计账户与会计科目的说法错误的是(B)。P35A两者反映的内容是一致的，性质相同B会计科目以会计账户为名称C没有会计科目，会计账户便失去了设置的依据D没有账户，就无法发挥会计科目的作用二、多项选择题1.企业的会计要素包括（ABCDEF）。P13A资产B负债C所有者权益D收入E费用F利润2.下列各项中属于会计要素的是（ACD）。P13A资产B固定资产C负债D费用3.下列各项中表现资金运动的相对静止状态，即反映企业的财务状况的会计要素有（ABC）。P13A资产B负债C所有者权益D收入E费用F利润4.下列各项中表现资金运动的显著变动状态，即反映企业的经营成果的会计要素有（DEF）。P13A资产B负债C所有者权益D收入E费用F利润5.行政事业单位的会计要素包括（ABCD）。P13A资产B负债C净资产D收入和支出6.下列各项中反映行政事业单位财务状况的会计要素有（ABC）。P14A资产B负债C净资产D收入和支出7.作为一项资产，必须具备的基本特征有（ABC）。P14A资产是由企业过去的交易或事项所形成B资产是企业拥有或者控制的资源C预期给企业带来经济利益D与该项资源有关的经济利益很可能流入企业[解析]：预期在未来发生的交易或事项不形成资产，即资产是现实中的资产而不是预期的资产（如谈判或计划中的）；企业虽不享有所有权，但能被企业所控制，也作为企业资产（如融资租入固定资产）。8.一项资源要确认为资产应该满足的两个条件是（AB）。P14A与该项资源有关的经济利益很可能流入企业B该资源的成本或价值能可靠地计量C与该项资源有关的经济利益很可能流出企业D未来流出的经济利益的金额能够可靠地计量9.企业的资产按其流动性可分为（AC）。P15A流动资产B固定资产C非流动资产D无形资产10.流动资产主要包括（ABCD）等。P15A库存现金和银行存款B交易性金融资产C应收及预付款项D存货11.应收及预付款项是指企业在日常生产经营过程中发生的各项债权，包括（ABCD）等。P15A应收票据B应收账款C其他应收款D预付款项12.存货是指企业在日常活动中（ABCD）等。P15A持有以备出售的产成品或商品B处在生产过程中的在产品C在生产过程中耗用的材料、物料D提供劳务过程中耗用的材料、物料13.存货包括（ABCD）等。P15A原材料B周转材料C在产品和半成品D产成品和商品E委托加工物资14.非流动资产主要包括（ABCD）等。P15A长期股权投资B固定资产C无形资产D长期待摊费用15.下列各项中属于资产的有（ABCD）。A货币资金B厂房、机器设备C原材料、库存商品D专利权、商标权16.下列各项中关于无形资产说法正确的有（ABCD）。P16A无形资产是指企业拥有或者控制的B无形资产没有实物形态的C无形资产可辨认D无形资产是非货币性资产17.下列各项中属于无形资产的有（ABCD）。P16A专利权及非专利技术B商标权C著作权D土地使用权18.负债一般具有（ACD）特征。P17A是企业承担的现实义务B未来流出的经济利益的金额能够可靠地计量C负债的清偿预期会导致经济利益流出企业D是企业由过去的交易或事项形成的19.一项义务要确认为企业负债应该满足的两个条件是（CD）。P17A与该义务有关的经济利益很可能流入企业B该义务的价值能可靠地计量C与该义务有关的经济利益很可能流出企业D未来流出的经济利益的金额能够可靠地计量20.企业的负债按其流动性可分为（AB）。P17A流动负债B非流动负债C长期负债D固定负债21.流动负债包括（ABC）。P17A预计在一个正常的营业周期中清偿的债务B自资产负债表日起1年内到期应予以清偿的债务C企业无权自主地将清偿推迟至资产负债表日后1年以上的债务D借款期限在1年以上的债务22.流动负债包括（ABCD）