Argumentative-essay-英文议论文写作课件

Argumentative-essay-英文议论文写作Argumentative-essay-英文议论文写作Argumentative-essay-英文议论文写作Ⅰ.Maincommunicativepurposesoftheargumentativeessay:Toconvinceorpersuadetoagreewithanopinion;todefendanopinion;toattackanopinionyoubelievetobemisguiding,untrue,orevil2021/2/42Ⅰ.Maincommunicativepurposesoftheargumentativeessay:

Toconvinceorpersuadetoagreewithanopinion;todefendanopinion;toattackanopinionyoubelievetobemisguiding,untrue,orevil2021/2/42Ⅱ.BasicfeaturesTheargumentativeessaymusttakeacontroversialissueforanopendebate,i.e.,theissuemustbearguable;Theargumentcannotbegeneralbelief;personalpreference;orfact2021/2/43Twosidesaregenerallyinvolved:

proponents(thoseinfavoroftheissue)andopponents(thoseagainsttheissue);Thethesismusttakeasideofanissue,andfrequentlyproposesacourseofaction;Theargumentativeessayare

highlypersuasiveandlogical

(oftenexpressedwiththemodal“should”);Goodlogicistheheartoftheargumentativeessay.2021/2/44Ⅲ.

StrategiesforlogicalpersuasionBefullyawareofyouraudienceorreader;Asthepurposeofanargumentativeessayistoconvincethereaderofyourposition,youshouldaddressyourreaderbywritingobjectively,logically,andrespectfully.

2021/2/45Trytoidentifyandunderstandyouropponent’spointofviewYoucannotjustpresentyourownopinioninargumentation.Thiscanneverconvincethereader.Youhavetoconsiderthepointofviewofyouropponent’s.2021/2/463.Usetwoformsoflogicalreasoning:inductionanddeduction.Induction（归纳）:theprocessofreasoningfromtheparticulardetailstothegeneralconclusion.Itinvolvesexaminingparticulardetailssuchasspecificcases,facts,orexamples.Theconclusionismadebasedontheevidencecomingfromthespecificdetails.2021/2/47Deduction（演绎）:theprocessofreasoningfromthegeneraltothespecific.Itbeginswithageneralizationandisappliedinaspecificcase.Theconclusionisdrawnbasedonageneralization.2021/2/48Deductioninvolvesathree-stepformofreasoningcalledSyllogism（三段论）:MajorPremise(theinitialgeneralization),MinorPremise(thespecificcase),andConclusion(theresultingstatement).Thisthree-stepformcanbeillustratedasfollows:MajorPremise:Dogsbark.MinorPremise:LittleBrownisadog.Conclusion:Therefore,LittleBrownbarks.2021/2/49

Tobemorespecific,themajorpremiseisageneralizationthatyouandyourreadercanbothagreeon,whetheritisagenerallyacceptedstatementorwhetheryouhavealreadyproveditearlierintheargument. Theminorpremiseisthepartthatyouneedtoproveinyourargument.

2021/2/410e.g.Iftheissueisaboutnuclearpowerplantconstruction,youmaytakethethree-stepformofreasoninglikethis:Majorpremise:Onlysafesourcesofenergyshouldbedeveloped.Minorpremise:Nuclearpowerplantsaresafesourcesofenergy.Conclusion:Therefore,nuclearpowerplantsshouldbeconstructed.

（Notice:Somecomplexissuesrequiremorethanonepremisetobeproved.)2021/2/411Toavoidbeingillogicalinthisreasoningprocess,youneedtokeepthefollowingpointsinmind:Themajorpremiseandtheminorpremisemustbetrueiftheconclusionistobevalid;e.g.,Allpeopleliketosuffer.(MaP)Jonnyisaperson.(MiP)Jonnylikestosuffer.(C)

Theabovereasoningprocessappearsillogicalsincethemajorpremiseisnotbasedonthetruth.2021/2/412Themajorpremiseandtheminorpremisemustbesetuptofollowthecorrectlogicalorder;

Thecorrectlogicalorderisasfollows:A=BAllautomobileshavewheels.C=AHondaisanautomobile.

∴C=BTherefore,Hondahaswheels.

2021/2/413Anincorrectlogicalorderisasfollows:AllA=BAllautomobileshavewheels.C=BHondahaswheels.

∴C=ATherefore,Hondaisautomobile.(Suchanillogicalordermakestheconclusioninvalid,forHondamightbeamotorcycleorawagon.)2021/2/414Thetermsinonepremisemustbeusedthesamewayintheotherpremise.Lookatthefollowingexamples:

Somevegetarianseateggs.Johnisavegetarian.

∴

Johneatseggs.AllAmericansspeakEnglish.MaryisaSouthAmerican.

∴MaryspeaksEnglish.2021/2/415Ⅳ.Planninganargumentativeessay

Whenyouplananargumentativeessay,keepinmindthefollowingpoints:Theargumentativeessayshouldintroduceandexplaintheissueorcase;Theessayshouldofferadequatereasonsandsupportthereasonswithgoodevidence;2021/2/416Theessayshouldrefuteopposingarguments.Thisisaveryparticularcharacteristicwhichdistinguishesargumentativeessaysfromexpositoryessays.Youmustnotonlypresentyourownpointofviewandproveit,butalsorefuteyouropponent’sviewandprovethat

yoursismorevalidorsuperior.2021/2/417Ⅴ.Organizinganargumentativeessay(1)IntroductionTomakeagoodbeginningofsuchanessay,youshouldfirstintroducetheproblemandthethesistoclarifythecontroversialissue

toyourreader.Thenyoushouldprovidebackgroundinformation.

2021/2/418(2)ThedevelopmentalpartConfirmation(2-3paragraphs)andrefutation(1-3paragraphs)arerequiredindevelopingthemainpartoftheessay.Toconfirmyourpersonalpointofview,youneedtogivereasonstosupportyourthesis;2021/2/419thereasonsmustbeconvincingevidencewhichisnormallyfromexamplesfactsauthoritativeorexpertopinionsstatisticalfindingspersonalexperienceorobservations2021/2/420

Torefuteopposingviews,youshouldconsideryouropponent’spointofviewatthesametime;acknowledgethegoodpointsofopponent’sviewsfirst,explainwhyyouropponent’sviewsarenotgoodenough.

2021/2/421

Indevelopingthemainpartoftheargumentativeessay,youmaychooseanypattern

orcombinethepatternstofurtherdevelopthethesisaswedealwithcause-and-effectgenrewriting(description,narration,definition,classification,exemplification,causalanalysis,comparison&contrast,etc.)2021/2/422(3)TheConcludingpart

Tobetterconcludetheessay,youshouldrestateyourthesissummarizeyourmainpointsurgeyourreadertotakeactionpredictthefuture

2021/2/423Ⅵ.SometransitionalwordsandphrasesChronologicalorderfirstofall/first,afterthat/second,then/next,last/finallyExemplification

toillustratethispoint,…canbeillustratedasfollows,agoodcaseinpointis…Additionbesidesthat,apartfromthis,inaddition(to),furthermore,what’smore,moreoverComparison&contrastlikewise/similarly,inthesameway,similarto,conversely/onthecontrary,incontrast(to),ontheotherhand,differentfrom2021/2/424Ⅶ.SometypicalsentencepatternsforargumentationItcanbearguedthat…Peopleargue/maintain/believethat…Somepeopleargue/claimthat…Butmoreoftenthannot,thereverse/theoppositeisusuallythecase/true.Someassumethat…,however,thisprovestobethecontrary/theopposite/theotherwayaround.Theyarerightin…,b