2019年宁波大学考博英语真题（A卷）及答案

内容为网上收集整理，如涉及侵权请联系删除内容为网上收集整理，如涉及侵权请联系删除内容为网上收集整理，如涉及侵权请联系删除2019年宁波大学考博英语真题（A卷）及答案一、UseofEnglishAgreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide—thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthat(1)________doesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwasless(2)________then,however,werethenew,positive(3)________thatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.(4)________,therearereasonstobe(5)________.Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmore(6)________,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess-afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotential(7)________thereare.Moreandmore(8)________,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleft(9)________,wanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbe(10)________together.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewill(11)________ratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolfor(12)________worldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn'ttheonlywayto(13)________poverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithas(14)________potential.To(15)________advantageofthistool,somepoorcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudices(16)________respecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisa/an(17)________oftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryof(18)________(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’thavethecapitaltodoso.Andthatis(19)________America’sSecondWaveinfrastructure-(20)________roads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon-werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.1、

A、divide

B、information

C、world

D、lecture答案:A解析:文章第一句开门见山指出目前存在的信息贫富差距（divide），第三句也“thisloomingdanger”指代的就是这种信息差距，因此可以推断第二句介绍的是这种贫富差距仍存在，选A项。2、

A、obscure

B、visible

C、invisible

D、indistinct答案:B解析:首先注意这句话的时态是过去时，其中提到了“new,positive(3)________thatworkagainstthedigitaldivide”，所以可以推断出作者想说明过去和现在的区别，这种新的对抗力量势必在过去不明显。而visible的意思就是明显的；能注意到的，故选B。obscure和indistinct都有“模糊不清的”的含义，在此处和less搭配在一起与想表达的意思相反了。3、

A、forces

B、obstacles

C、events

D、surprises答案:A解析:第二段主要介绍新的信息获取方式，即因特网，它就属于对抗信息不对等的新的力量之一。故选A项。4、

A、Seriously

B、Entirely

C、Actually

D、Continuously答案:C解析:从下文第二段中可以推断作者想表达要相信现在的对抗信息差距的手段和力量。此空格需要填副词，用来承上启下，选项A、B、D的意思都不符，可以排除，故选C，意思是“事实上”。5、

A、negative

B、optimistic

C、pleasant

D、disappointed答案:B解析:从下文第二段第一句提到“Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow”，暗示的确有依据可以对缩小这种信息差距抱有乐观态度。因此选B项。6、

A、developed

B、centralized

C、realized

D、commercialized答案:D解析:后半句提到企业为了利益普及互联网，所以说互联网也变得越来越商业化。因此选D项。7、

A、users

B、producers

C、customers

D、citizens答案:C解析:该句提到“themorepeopleonline”，随着互联网商业化，这些人也就变成潜在的（potential）消费者了。因此选C项。8、

A、enterprises

B、governments

C、officials

D、customers答案:B解析:上文讲完企业，随即就引出另一个主体，即政府。出于国家利益，它们也支持互联网普及。因此选B项。9、

A、away

B、for

C、aside

D、behind答案:D解析:这题可和上一题一起考虑，政府担心的无非就是在竞争中自己的国家落后。这里考察词组leavesomebodybehind，把某人落在后面。10、

A、netted

B、worked

C、put

D、organized答案:A解析:随着互联网普及，人们的联系更加紧密，A选项可以很形象地描绘出这种互联网人际关系，因为net本身有“网”的含义。而文中没有提及人们一起工作，所以B选项不适合。11、

A、decrease

B、narrow

C、neglect

D、low答案:B解析:本句中“ratherthanwiden”提示我们要选一个widen的反义词。本文主要介绍互联网缩小信息差距，因此选B。12、

A、containing

B、preventing

C、keeping

D、combating答案:D解析:本句意思是互联网是对抗贫穷的最有效方式，故选D，combat在这里作及物动词，意思是“对抗，缓解不良现象”。句中poverty后面的定语从句“thatwe’veeverhad”说明贫穷已经存在，因此选B不太合适。13、

A、win

B、detail

C、defeat

D、fear答案:C解析:重复12题中的对抗解决贫穷，所以选择C选项。而选项A，win一般表示赢得某样东西，所以用在这里不合适。14、

A、enormous

B、countless

C、numerical

D、big答案:A解析:此句强调互联网有巨大潜力。在这里需要选择一个形容词，A符合题意。B选项意思是“数不尽的”，文中没有提及互联网其他的用处。C选项意思是“数字的；用数字表示的”，如numericaldata（数字数据）。15、

A、bring

B、keep

C、hold

D、take答案:D解析:前文明确互联网的作用，那么这一段就讨论如何利用好它，提出建议。此处考察固定搭配takeadvantageofsomething，意思是“利用好某物”，故选D。16、

A、at

B、with

C、of

D、for答案:B解析:此处考察介词搭配。withrespecttosomething意思是“关于，至于”，这里指落后国家应该就外资问题上抛弃他们的偏见。17、

A、offence

B、investment

C、invasion

D、insult答案:C解析:这里的定语从句修饰countries，这些国家把外资视为对其主权的侵犯，所以选C，(invasionofsomething)。而选项D一般不跟介词of，常见为insulttosb/sth。18、

A、construction

B、facility

C、infrastructure

D、institution答案:C解析:此句中括号部分“basicstructuralfoundationsofasociety”其实就是空格所填单词的释义，而下一句中又有industrialinfrastructure出现，可以推知选C。19、

A、why

B、where

C、when

D、how答案:A解析:前文提到美国没有建设基础设施的资金，所以最后利用外资进行建设。这和上文就是一个因果关系，所以选A。20、

A、concerning

B、concluding

C、according

D、including答案:D解析:此处考察“roads,harbors,highways,ports”和infrastructure的关系，很明显后者包括前者，故选D。二、PartA(总题数:4,分数:40.0分)Text1Whenmusingoncitiesovertimeandinourtime,fromthefirst(wheneveritwas)totoday,wemustalwaysrememberthatcitiesareartifacts.Forests,jungles,deserts,plains,oceans—theorganicenvironmentisbornanddiesandisrebornendlessly,beautifully,andcompletelywithoutmoralconstraintorethicalcontrol.Butcities—despitethemetaphorsthatweapplytothemfrombiologyornature(“Thecitydieswhenindustryflees”;“Theneighborhoodsarethevitalcellsoftheurbanorganism”),despitethesentimentaloranthropomorphicdevicesweusedtodescribecities—areartificial.Naturehasnevermadeacity,andwhatNaturemakesthatmayseemlikeacity—ananthill,forinstance—onlyseemslikeone.Itisnotacity.Humanbeingsmadeandmakecities,andonlyhumanbeingskillcities,orletthemdie.Andhumanbeingsdoboth—makecitiesandunmakethem—bythesamemeans:byactsofchoice.Weenjoydeludingourselvesinthisasinotherthings.Weenjoybelievingthatthereareforcesouttherecompletelydeterminingourfate,naturalforces—orforcessostrongandoverwhelmingastobelikenaturalforces—thatsendcitiesthroughorganicorbiologicalphasesofbirth,growth,anddecay.Weavoidtheknowledgethatcitiesareatbestworksofart,andatworstungainlyartifacts—butneverflowersorevenweeds—andthatwe,notsomemysteriousforceorcosmicbiologicalsystem,controlthecreationandlifeofacity.Wecontrolthecreationandlifeofacitybythechoicesandagreementswemake—thebasicchoicebeing,forinstance,nottolivealone,thebasicagreementbeingtolivetogether.Whenpeoplechoosetosettle,likethestarts,notwanderlikethemoon,theycreatecitiesassitesandsymbolsoftheirchoicetostopandtheiragreementnottoseparate.Nowstasisandproximity,notmovementanddistance,definehumanrelationships.Mutualdefense,controlofariverorharbor,shelterfromnaturalforces—alltheseandotherreasonsmayleadpeopletoaggregate,butoncecongregated,theythenlivedifferentlyandbecomedifferent.Acityisnotanextendedfamily.Thatisatribeorclan.Acityisacollectionofdisparatefamilieswhoagreetofunction:Theyagreetoliveasiftheywereascloseinbloodortiesofkinshipastheyareinphysicalproximity.Choosinglifeinanartifact,peopleagreetoliveinastateofsimilitude.Acityisaplacewheretiesofconsiderablepact,acity.Ifafamilyisanexpressionofcontinuitythroughbiology,acityisanexpressionofcontinuitythroughwillandimagination—throughmentalchoicesmakingartifice,notthroughphysicalreproduction.21、Theauthor’spurposeisprimarilyto________.

A、identifythesourcesofpopulardiscontentwithcities

B、definethecityasgrowingoutofasocialcontract

C、illustratethedifferencebetweencitiesandvillages

D、comparecitieswithbloodfamilies答案:B解析:A选项和C选项文中都没有具体体现，首先排除。D选项在最后一段中提到，但是不是本文写作的主要目的。B选项才是作者通篇想表达的内容，即城市是由人们达成一种认同而形成的。如第三段第一句提到人们是通过形成共识才创造了城市。最后一段中第三、四句也提到人们同意的生活方式（agree）。所以选B。22、Theauthorcitesthesentence“Theneighborhoodsarethevitalcellsoftheurbanorganism”(Paragraph1)as________.

A、anexampleofonetypeoffigurativelanguages

B、asimplestatementofscientificfact

C、amomentarydigressionfromhiscentralthesis

D、aparadoxwithironicimplications答案:A解析:题干句子出现在第一段第三句句子中，用来具体解释metaphors的类型，隐喻属于一种修辞语言，所以选A。23、Theauthor’sattitudetowardthestatementsquotedin“Thecitydieswhenindustryflees”;“Theneighborhoodsarethevitalcellsoftheurbanorganism”inParagraph1is________.

A、respectful

B、ambivalent

C、skeptical

D、approving答案:C解析:第一段第三句提到，“Butcities—despite…(Theneighborhoodsarethevitalcellsoftheurbanorganism)areartificial.”，主干是说明城市是人造的，而不是despite后面跟的那部分，所以可推测作者的态度是对题干句子持怀疑的。故正确答案为C项。24、Accordingtothispassage,whyisananthillbydefinitionunlikeacity?

A、Itcanbecasuallydestroyedbyhumanbeings.

B、Itsinhabitantsoutnumbertheinhabitantsofeventhelargestcity.

C、Itisaworkofinstinctratherthanofimagination.

D、Itexistsonafarsmallerscalethananycitydoes.答案:A解析:从21题可知，城市是由人们形成共识而建成的，城市中的人们很难分开，因为城市难以被消灭，这就是其和anthill的主要区别。所以选A项，其他选项在文中没有直接依据。25、Mutualdefense,controlofwaterways,andshelterfromtheforcesofnaturearepresentedprimarilyanexampleofmotivesforpeopleto________.

A、moveawayfromtheirenemies

B、gathertogetherinsettlements

C、welcomehelpfromtheirkinfolk

D、redefinetheirfamilyrelationships答案:B解析:第三段整段围绕“人们聚居从而形成城市”这一话题展开。因为住得近，所以附近的人们需要一起抵御敌人、防止洪灾、寻求栖息避难处。本句“alltheseandotherreasonsmayleadpeopletoaggregate,butoncecongregated…”中的congregate即同义提示，意思为“聚集”。所以选B选项。Text2Democrituswasfascinatedbythequestionofwhatprincipleunderlaythematerialuniverseanddevelopedasolutionthatrevealedthebrillianceofhisthought.Everymaterialthing,Democritusbelieved,ismadeupofafinitenumberofdiscreteparticles,oratoms,ashecalledthem,whosejoiningtogetherandsubsequentseparationaccountforthecomingtobeofthingsandfortheirpassingaway.Theatomsthemselves,hesaid,areinfiniteinnumberandeternal.Theymove,accordingtoanecessarymotion,inthevoid,whichwewouldcallspace.MostofthemaintenetsoftheatomismofDemocrituswereastonishinglymodern.First,theatomswereinvisiblysmall.Theywereallofthesamestuff,ornature,buttheycameinamultitudeofdifferentshapesandsizes.Thoughimpermeable(Democritusdidnotknowthatatomscouldbesplit),theyactedupononeanother,aggregatingandclingingtooneanothersoastoproducethegreatvarietyofbodiesthatwesee.Thespaceoutsidetheatomswasempty,aconceptthatmostofDemocritus’contemporariescouldnotaccept.Second,theatomswereinperpetualmotion,ineverydirection,throughoutemptyspace.Thereisnoaboveorbelow,beforeorbehind,inemptyspace,saidDemocritus.Inmodernterms,emptyspacedidnotvaryaccordingtodirection.Thiswasanextremelysophisticatednotion.Third,thecontinualmotionoftheatomswasinherent.Theypossessedwhatwouldcallinertialmass.Thenotionthattheatomskeptonmovingwithoutbeingpushed,besidesbeinganotherremarkableintellectualconcept,wasnotacceptabletoAristotleandothers.Onlythecelestialbodies,Aristotlethought,keptonmovingofanybythemselves,becausetheyweredivine.ThegeneralrefusalbyAristotleandhisinfluentialfollowerstoacceptthelawofinertiastoodasanobstacletothedevelopmentofphysicsfortwothousandyears.Fourth,weightorgravitywasnotapropertyofatomsorindeedofaggregatesthereof.HereDemocrituswasaswrongaswrongcouldbe.WhetherDemocrituswasrightorwrongaboutafifthpointisnotdefinitelydecidedtothisday.Heheldthatthesoulisbreathandbecausebreathismaterial,andthereforemadeupofatoms,somustthesoulbe.Hemaintainedthat,becausethesoulisaphysicalthing,itmustbedeterminedbyphysicallaws;itcannotbefree.Eventhehardythinkerswhoclaimtoacceptthistheorydonotactasiftheydo.Theymaydenytheinnatefreedomofothers,buttheyactasiftheybelieveintheirown.Thetensionbuiltupbythisantinomyhasprovedtobefruitfuloverthecenturies.However,thenotionthatthesoulwasmaterialprovedsounacceptabletoboththeAristoteliansandtheChristiansthatfornearlytwomillenniatheatomichypothesislanguished.26、AccordingtoDemocritus,emptyspace________.

A、doesnotexistwithregardtoatoms

B、isdirectionlesswithregardtothemovementofatoms

C、isanerroneousnotionconcerningatoms

D、possessesinertialmass答案:B解析:文章第三段主要介绍了原子在emptyspace中运动的情况。比如“ineverydirection”和“Thereisnoaboveorbelow,beforeorbehind,inemptyspace”等都在说明directionless这一特征，因此选B项。27、TheauthordiscussesthebeliefsofAristotleandhisfollowers(inParagraph4)inorderto________.

A、supportthevalidityofDemocritus’theories

B、notethatinfluentialindividualsdelayedtheacceptanceofscientifictruth

C、highlighttheaccuracyofcertainpartsofDemocritus’theory

D、addanelementofphilosophyintoanotherwisescientificdiscussion答案:B解析:根据第四段可知，亚里士多德及其弟子后人并不认可这一关于原子的概念。尤其是最后一句直接点出他们拒绝接受惯性定律（thelawofinertia），这是对科学发展的障碍（obstacle），正好对应了B项中推迟了对科学真相的认可（delay）。28、ItcanbeinferredfromDemocritus’inclusionofthesoulinhistheoriesofthematerialuniverse(inParagraph6)that________.

A、philosophy,religion,andsciencewerenotalwaysthoughtofasseparatefields

B、scientistsareoftenunsuccessfulinmakingphilosophicaltheories

C、hislineofthinkingwasessentiallyunsound

D、hewasattemptinghisthinkingwiththatofAristotle答案:A解析:根据第六段内容可知，德谟克里特斯关于灵魂的理论并没有被证实是对是错，因此不能直接下定论说哲学家没能成功形成自己的理论，B选项错误；C选项也是犯了类似错误，文中没有依据说这一理论是错误的，而且表达太过绝对；本段中也没有提及亚里士多德，所以D选项也错误。而从本段可知，在哲学家眼里，灵魂被物质化、科学化，因此可以理解为哲学、宗教、科学有时不可分割，所以A项正确。29、Democrituswouldmostlikelybelievethatwhichofthefollowingwouldexplainthelifecycleofaflower?

A、Auniquetypeofmatterisdrawntoapointinthevoidandtakesroot

B、Theconstantmotionofatomsproducestheillusionofaflower

C、Thesamematerialthatcomposesthesoulalsobreatheslifeintoplants

D、Atomscometogetherastheflowergrowsanddisperseasitdies答案:D解析:第二段中提到“Theywereallofthesamestuff,ornature,buttheycameinamultitudeofdifferentshapesandsizes…theyactedupononeanother,aggregatingandclingingtooneanothersoastoproducethegreatvarietyofbodiesthatwesee”，由此可推测德谟克里特斯认为花的生长周期是原子的聚集和分散。30、Whichismotanalogoustoa“hardythinkers”(inParagraph6)viewofthesoul?

A、Apolitician’spracticeofusingpublictransportationbecausethatishoweveryoneinhiscitytravels

B、Adoctor’srecommendationthathispatientquitsmokingtoimprovethepatient’shealthwhilethedoctorsmokesapackaday

C、Amothertakingherdaughtertoballetpracticeeverydaybecausethemotherneverhadthatopportunityasachild

D、Amuseumcuratordecidingnottorunanexhibitionbecausehebelievesthepublicwillnotenjoyit答案:B解析:从第六段第四、五两句中可知，这些hardythinkers虽然认可“灵魂是物质的”这一观点，并且认为他人的灵魂是不自由的，但是他们并没有禁锢自己的灵魂自由。这就好比医生让病人别抽烟，但自己却每天抽烟一样，故B项正确。Text3Thedefinitionofaestheticpleasureisapopularsubjectformanydifferentfields.Inthefollowing,adaptedfromanarticlefoundinasciencejournal,aphysicistdiscussestheuniqueperspectivethathisdisciplineallowshim.Sincetimeimmemorial,countlessscholarshaveaskedthequestion:Whatisbeauty?Asphilosophersengageinweightydiscourses,designersupdatethelatestfashions,andartistscreatetheirmasterpieces,whatisconsideredbeautifulchangesatanalarmingpace.Fiftyyearsago,thefull-figuredMarilynMonroeembodiedtheAmericanaestheticvalue;today,alegionofHollywoodactressesvastlydifferentinappearancefromMarilyn'shavetakenherplace.However,aestheticvaluesnotonlydifferfromgenerationtogeneration,butdosoalongculturallinesaswell.TheconventionsthatgovernpaintingandmusicvarygreatlyfromEasttoWest.Often,whatisconsideredrepellenttoonecivilizationisthepinnacleofaestheticappealinanother.Thus,whenlefttothesphereofhumandesign,thesearchforanabsolutedefinitionofbeautyremainsanelusiveoneatbest.Asfundamentalphysicists,mycolleaguesandIliketobelievethatweareinvolvedinasearchforabeautythatdoesnotremainimpervioustodefinition.Thebeautythatwesearchforisnotthatwhichislaiddownthroughtheworkofpeopleandsubjecttoephemeraltastes,butratherthatwhichhasbeenestablishedbyNature.Thosenotinvolvedwithphysicstendtothinkofitasapreciseandpredictivescience—certainlynotafieldofstudyfitforthecontemplationofthebeautiful.Yetoneofphysics’greatestgiftsisthatitallowsitsstudentstolookpastextrinsicappearances,intoamoreoverwhelmingbeauty.Asahumanbeing,Iamcaptivatedbythevisualappealofawavecrashingonthebeach.Asaphysicisthowever,Ipossesstheabilitytobecaptivatedbythemuchdeeperbeautyofthephysicallawsthatgovernsuchaphenomenon.Wherethenon-physicistseesalovelybutinexplicableevent,thewell-schooledphysicistisabletoperceiveabrilliantdesign.Intruth,sincethedaythatAlbertEinsteinfirstproposedthenotionthattheremightbeoneoverarchingphysicaltheorythatgovernstheuniverse,aestheticshavebecomeadrivingforceinmodernphysics.WhatEinsteinandwe,ashisintellectualdescendants,havediscoveredisthis:Nature,asitsmostfundamentallevel,isbeautifullyconstructed.Theremarkablesimplicityofthelawsthatgovernstheuniverseis,attimes,nothingshortofbreath-taking.Andateverystep,asnewdiscoveriesandtechnologiesallowustoexaminethephysicalworldondeeperanddeeperlevels,wefindthatthebeautyitselfbecomesmoreprofound.AsEinsteinhimselfsaid,itwouldseemmorelikelythatweshouldfindourselveslivinga“chaoticworld,innowaygraspablethroughthinking.”Yethereweare,closerthanevertoafullunderstandingoftheuniverse’sbeautifulclockwork.31、Thereferenceto“MarilynMonroe”inParagraph1primarilyservesto________.

A、Provideanexampleoftoday’sstandardsofbeauty

B、Discussherabilitiesasanactress

C、Demonstratehowsusceptibleaestheticsaretochange

D、ComparetraditionsofEastandWest答案:C解析:文章第一段中提到MarilynMonroe，在过去是公认的美人，但是如今的好莱坞女演员取代了她的位置。这说明了美学是随时代变化的，证明了本段中第二句所说的内容“whatisconsideredbeautifulchangesatanalarmingpace”。故选C。32、Theauthor’sassertioninParagraph1(“whatisconsideredrepellent…inanother”)suggeststhat________.

A、culturesarenaturallydestinedtoclash

B、manycivilizationsarepronetodisgustingbehavior

C、individualstendtodisagreeonwhattheyfindbeautiful

D、itisnearlyimpossibletosaywhatistrulybeautiful答案:D解析:尽管题干句子中有生僻词，但是仍旧可以从段落信息中推测这句话是在说明不同文化奉行不同标准的美，因此没有绝对的美的定义，D项符合。A、B、C都与本段主旨无关。33、AsusedinParagraph2,thephrase“laiddown”mostnearlymeans________.

A、created

B、rested

C、slept

D、secured答案:B解析:laydown有“放下；制定；铺设”的意思，从同句中“establishedbyNature”可推测其意思，在这里是指“建立、创立”的意思，B项中的rest作动词时有“休息、使倚靠”的意思，在句子中可以引申理解为通过人们的工作建立起来的美。34、Theauthorusesthewords“ephemeral”and“Nature”(Paragraph2)inorderto________.

A、contrasttheconceptofimpermanentbeautywiththebeautyforwhichphysicssearches

B、evaluatetheeffectivenessofphysicsasanartform

C、discusshowphysicistsvisualizebeauty

D、criticizepeoplewhodon’tunderstandphysics答案:A解析:结合本段后半部分提到的普通人和物理学家看待同一事物、对美有不同理解，可以推测出题干句子表达的也是一种对比。题干中的ephemeral实则就是选项A中的impermanent同义词，且A选项符合文章内容。D选项中作者没有批评的意思，B和C选项与题干句子主题不符。35、Inthecourseofoutliningthevariousgiftsofphysics,theauthorcitesallofthefollowingEXCEPT________.

A、theabilitytolookforabeautythatisunchanging

B、appreciatingthevisualbeautyofawavecrashing

C、agreatercomprehensionofNature’sways

D、seeingadeeperdesigninnaturalevents答案:A解析:最后一段提到“Andateverystep,asnewdiscoveriesandtechnologiesallowustoexaminethephysicalworldondeeperanddeeperlevels,wefindthatthebeautyitselfbecomesmoreprofound”，说明我们寻求美的能力随着技术进步在提高，A项意思正好相反。Text4Weallhaveoffensivebreathatonetimeoranother.Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareother,moresurprisingcauses.Untilafewyearsago,themostdoctorscoulddowastocounselpatientswithbadbreathaboutoralcleanliness.Nowtheyarefindingnewwaystotreattheusuallycurablecondition.Badbreathcanhappenwheneverthenormalflowofsalivaslows.Ourmouthsarefullofbacteriafeedingonproteininbitsoffoodandshedtissue.Thebacteriaemitevil-smellinggases,therestofwhichishydrogensulfide.Mouthbacteriathriveinairlessconditions.Oxygen-richsalivakeepstheirnumbersdown.Whenwesleep,forexample,thesalivastreamslows,andsulfur-producingbacteriagaintheupperhand,producingclassis“morningbreath”.Alcohol,hunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexercise—anythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.Socanstress,thoughit’snotunderstoodwhy.Somepeople’sbreathturnssoureverytimetheygoonajobinterview.Salivaflowgraduallyslowswithage,whichexplainswhytheelderlyhavemorebad-breathtroublethanyoungerpeopledo.Babies,however,whomakeplentyofsalivaandwhosemouthscontainrelativelyfewbacteriahavecharacteristicallysweetbreath.Formostofus,thesimple,dry-mouthvarietyofabadbreathiseasilycured.Eatingordrinkingstartssalivaandsweepsawaymanyofthebacteria.Breakfastoftenstopsmorningbreath.Thosewithchronicdrymouthfindthatithelpstokeepgum,hardcandy,orabottleofwaterorjuicearound.Brushingtheteethwipesoutdry-mouthbadbreathbecauseitclearsawaymanyoftheoffendingbacteria.Surprisingly,onethingthatrarelyworksismouthwash.Theliquidcanmaskbad-breathodorwithitsownsmell,buttheeffectlastsnomorethananhour.Somemouthwashesclaimtokillthebacteriaresponsibleforbadbreath.Thetroubleis,theydon’tnecessarilyreachalloffendinggerms.Mostbacteriaarewellprotectedfrommouthwashunderthicklayersofmucus.Ifthemouthwashcontainsalcohol—asmostdo—itcanintensifytheproblembydryingoutthemouth.36、Thephrase“emanatefrom”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans“________”.

A、thriveon

B、accountfor

C、originatefrom

D、descendfrom答案:C解析:第一段第二句出现题干中的词组，后半句主要讲口气还可能是由于其他原因，所以前半句中提到的口腔细菌应该也是导致口气的原因。所以选C项，originatefrom有“来自，来源于”的意思。thriveon有“生长，以……”的意思，descendfrom“从……下来”的意思，accountfor有“占（比例）、解释说明、导致”的意思，三者均不符题意。37、Whichofthefollowingismentionedasoneofthecausesofbadbreath?

A、Toothtrouble

B、Sulfur-fishfood

C、Toomuchexercise

D、Mentalstrain答案:D解析:第二段主要讲引起口气的原因，该段的第八句提到压力（stress）也会导致口气，对应了选项D。38、Accordingtothepassage,alcoholhassomethingtodowithbadbreathmainlybecause________.

A、itkeepsoffendingbacteriafromreproducing.

B、itssmelladdstobaddeath.

C、itkillssomehelpfulbacteria.

D、itaffectsthenormalflowofsaliva.答案:D解析:第二段第六句提到了酒精也会引起口气，而究其原因，其实第二段的第一句已经讲明，“Badbreathcanhappenwheneverthenormalflowofsalivaslows”，当salivaslow慢下来，细菌滋生，所以选D项。39、Mouthwashesarenotaneffectivecureforbadbreathmainlybecause________.

A、theycan’tmaskthebadodorlongenough.

B、theycan’tgettoalltheoffendingbacteria.

C、theirstrongsmellmixeswithbadbreathandmakesitworse.

D、theycan’tcoverthethicklayersofmucus.答案:B解析:最后一段提到“Thetroubleis,theydon’tnecessarilyreachalloffendinggerms”，正好对应了选项B。A项不是mouthwash无法接触口气的根因，因为口气是因为细菌造成。C和D项均未提到。所以B项正确。40、Wecaninferfromthispassagethat________.

A、offensivebreathcan’teasilybecured.

B、elderlypeoplearelessoffendedbybadbreath.

C、heavydrinkersarelessaffectedbybadbreath.

D、offensivebreathislessaffectedbyalcohol.答案:A解析:可以使用排除法。第二段中提到老年人实则更容易有口气，酒精会让人有口气，所以B、C、D项不符合文章内容。因此只能选A项。三、PartBIfyoushopatWestfield,you’veprobablybeenscannedandrecordedbydozensofhiddencamerasbuiltintothecentres’digitaladvertisingbillboards.Thesemi-camouflagedcamerascandeterminenotonlyyourageandgenderbutyourmood,cueinguptailoredadvertisementswithinseconds,thankstofacialdetectiontechnology.Westfield’sSmartscreennetworkwasdevelopedbytheFrenchsoftwarefirmQuividibackin2015.(41)________.Andoncethebillboardshaveyourattentiontheyhitrecord,sharingyourreactionwithadvertisers.Quividisaystheirbillboardscandistinguishshoppers’genderwith90%precision,fivecategoriesofmoodfrom“veryhappytoveryunhappy”andcustomers’agewithinafive-yearbracket.Moodisaparticularlyvaluableinsightforadvertisers,revealingshoppers’generalsentimenttowardsabrandandhowtheyfeelinparticularstoresatcertaintimesoftheday.(42)________.(43)________.ScentreGroup,WestfieldAustralia’sparentcompany,emphasisesthatalldatacollectedisanonymousandthattheyareusingfacialdetection,notfacialrecognitiontechnology(FRT).Thismeansgenericinformationsuchasashopper’sageandgenderiscollectedratherthanthetechnologyusingphoto-matchingdatabasestoidentifywhocustomersare.AspokespersonwouldnotconfirmwhetherornotWestfieldwouldconsiderusingFRTinthefuture.(44)________.Quividi’shostofinternationalclientsincludeTelstra,7-Eleven,Coca-Cola,OOHMediaandHSBCbank.TerryHartmann,vicepresidentofCognitecAsiaPacific,thecompanythatdevelops“market-leadingfacerecognitiontechnologiesforcustomersandgovernmentagenciesaroundtheworld”,saysusingfacialdetectioncommerciallyisnodifferenttoFacebook’smanipulationofusers’onlinesearchhistoryfortargetedadvertising.“You’renotidentifyingwhothatpersonis,you’rejustidentifyingthecharacteristicsofthatperson.(45)________.”A.Therearenowmorethan1,600billboardsinstalledinto41WestfieldcentresacrossAustraliaandNewZealand.

B.ButMicrosofthasacknowledgedtheconcernsaboutFRTandcalledforgreatergovernmentregulationoftheuseofthistechnology.

C.Theirdiscreetcamerascaptureblurryimagesofshoppersandapplystatisticalanalysistoidentifyaudiencedemographics.

D.That’snodifferenttoFacebookpoppingupadsyoumightbeinterestedinandsocialmediapickinguppeoplebasedontheirclickinghabitsortheshoppingthatthey’vedone.

E.Retailcompaniesareincreasinglyturningtofacialdetectionandfacialrecognitionsoftwaretoattractandengagea